Terminologies
Systematics – the scientific study of the kinds & diversity of
organisms & of any & all relationships among them.
Taxonomy – the theory & practice of classifying organisms
Classification – the grouping & ordering of organisms on the
basis of their relationships, i.e. of associations by contiguity,
similarity, or both (Simpson,1961).
Identification – placing individuals by deductive procedures
into previously established classes
Hierarchy – an orderly array composed of a series of inclusive
levels called categories.
Nomenclature – the naming of organisms
Binomial system of classification – uses two names, the genus
name & the species name – comprise the Scientific name
Carolus Linnaeus – the Father of Taxonomy
“Super Kingdoms” or Domains of Living
Organisms
SIX-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Eukaryotic,
multicellular
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Photosynthetic Absorptive Ingestive
Eukaryotic ,
unicellular/ Kingdom Protista
Algae- Photosynthetic
multicellular Slime Molds - Absorptive
Protozoa - Ingestive
Prokaryotic,
absorptive
Kingdom Kingdom
Monera Archaea
True Bacteria Extreme Bacteria
8-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Eukaryotic,
multicellular
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Absorptive Ingestive
Photosynthetic
Eukaryotic , Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Archezoa
unicellular/ Chromista Protozoa - Ingestive
Protista
multicellular Algae-
Slime Molds -
Photosynthetic
Absorptive
Prokaryotic,
absorptive
Kingdom Kingdom
Monera Archaea
True Bacteria Extreme Bacteria
HIERARCHY OF CATEGORIES
Super Kingdom (Domain): Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Homonidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Scientific Name: Homo sapiens
Common Name: Man
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA)
Multicellular
Possess nerve & muscle cells, mouth
Ingestive or/& phagocytic
Heterotrophs
Most form tissues (all except Porifera)
Most are diploid
Most are motile
Complex development
Diversified in nature
Groups called Phyla – possess distinct bauplan, or body
plan
Ways to organize animal diversity
No organized tissue vs organized tissue
Two Tissue Types (Diploblastic) vs Three Tissue Types
(Triploblastic)
Radial Symmetry vs Bilateral Symmetry
Body Cavity Type: Acoelomate vs Psuedocoelomate vs Coelomate
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Tissue types
Endoderm - the innermost tissue - forms the digestive
tract
Mesoderm - the middle tissue - forms the musculature,
blood, bone, reproductive
Ectoderm - the outermost tissue - forms the skin, nervous
tissue, sensory organs
KINGDOM
ANIMALIA
No Tissue
Triploblastic Diploblastic
No Symmetry
Radial Symmety
PHYLUM PORIFERA
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Pseudocoelomata
Acoelomata Eucoelomata
False body cavity
No body cavity True body cavity
PSEUDOCOELOM
MESENCHYME COELOM
Body cavity not lined by
Mesoderm Fills the space in the body wall Body cavity is lined by
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES Mesodem
PHYLUM NEMATA
Protostomia
Deuterostomia
Blastopore becomes the mouth
Blastopore becomes the anus
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
PHYLUM CHORDATA
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
SOME COMMON PHYLA
1. Phylum Porifera
“pore-bearing” – for passage of water
Radial symmetry
Lack tissues & organs
Simplest
Reproduce sexually & asexually
exoskeleton w/ calcerous or silicious spicules
Mostly marine or aquatic
Two major openings: 1) ostium – an opening thru w/c
water enters; 2) osculum – an opening where water is
expelled
Examples: Spongilla, Leucosolenia
Some Representatives of Poriferans
Colonial sponge Bath sponge Venus flower basket
2. Phylum Cnidaria
Greek “knide” – “nettle” or stinging cells
Radial or biradial symmetry
Aquatic or mostly marine
Polymorphism is common – 2 main types of individuals: 1)
polyps – attached; 2) medusae –free
Alternation of sexual(medusa) & asexual (polyp) phases of
life cycle = alternation of generation or metagenesis
Lack central nervous system- no brain, instead nerve nets
Lack internal organs, instead w/ sac-like gastrovascular
cavity (w/ mouth but no anus)
Examples: Hydra, Sea anemones (flower animals), Jelly
fish (cup animals), corals
Some Representatives of Cnidarians
Hydra (hydra-like animals)
Jelly fish (cup animals) Sea anemones (flower animals)
Obelia, a colonial hyoroid
Some Examples of Corals
3. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
(FLAT WORMS)
Dorsal ventral flattening & a definite head end – most
obvious feature
Bilateral symmetry
Unsegmented body, 3 germ layers
No circulatory & respiratory systems, no skeleton, but with
excretory system
Classes:
1) free-living marine (Class Turbellaria) - Dugesia
(Planaria)
2) freshwater & terrestrial (Class Cestoda)– Taenia
(tapeworm)
3) parasitic (Class Trematoda) – Fasciola (liverfluke)
Some Representatives of Platyhelminths
Dugesia, the planaria Taenia, the tapeworm
Fasciola (liver fluke)
4. PHYLUM NEMATODA /NEMATA
(ROUND WORMS)
Vermiform or cylindrical, unsegmented body
Bilateral symmetry
Complete digestive system but lack circulatory &
respiratory systems
Sexual reproduction
Mostly dioecious (separate sexes), some are
hermaphroditic
Examples: Ascaris, Trichinella
Some Representatives of Nematodes (Roundworms)
5. PHYLUM ANNELIDA (Segmented
worms)
Latin “annelus” –ring
Bilateral symmetry
segmented body (rings)
Closed circulatory system
Nervous system is more centralized
Complete digestive system
Examples: earthworm, leech
6. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (Soft-
bodied Animals)
Moist, soft body w/ exoskeleton protected by shells of
calcium carbonate
Bilateral symmetry
Complete organ systems
Open circulatory system – mostly
Radula usually present (except in Bivalvia) - used in
scraping food
Dioecious or hermaphroditic
Examples: snails, clams, octopus, squids
Some Representatives of Molluscans
7. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (Joint-
footed)
Largest Phylum
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)
Paired or jointed appendages
Chitinous skeleton
Complete organ systems
digestive system- complete
respiratory sys - trachea, gills, lungs, body surfaces
nervous sys – brain, nerve cord, some ganglia (primitive
form)
circulatory sys – open
Examples: insects, crustaceans (shrimps & crabs), centipedes,
spiders, millipedes
8. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
(Spiny skinned animals)
Projecting spines & tubercles/protrusions in the body
(rough or spiny appearance)
Radial symmetry (pentamerous)
Calcerous exoskeleton
No central nervous system (no brain), instead nerve nets
No circulatory & excretory sys, instead water vascular
system w/ podia (for feeding, locomotion, respiration,
sensory perception)
Sexual reproduction by internal fertilization, asexual by
fragmentation/regeneration
Mostly marine
Examples: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
Some Representatives of Echinoderms
9. PHYLUM CHORDATA
Most are with backbone (vertebrates)
Bilateral symmetry
Endoskeleton
Sexual reproduction
Presence of endostyle, or thyroid gland
Distinguishing features at some stage of development:
1. nerve cord – dorsal hallow tubule connected to the brain
2. notocord – rod-like structure extending the entire
length of body (attached to muscles)
3. pharyngeal or gill slits – paired lateral opening
4. post anal tail
Examples: 1) lancelets; 2) tunicates; 3)vertebrates –
mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds
Subphylum Cephalochordata - the lancelets possesses all of the chordate characteristics throughout
life cycle
•burrow into sand and use mucous-secreting organs to filter-feed
•are feeble swimmers
Subphylum Urochordata - the sea squirts larval stage possesses all of the chordate characteristics;
most of these characteristics are lost when the larvae undergo metamorphosis and emerge as adults;
adult stage are primarily sessile filter-feeders
Subphylum Vertebrata
BONE - reduction of notochord (vertebral disks)
Class Agnatha - the jawless fish
Examples: lamprey, hagfish
Class Chondrichthyes - the cartilaginous
fish
Examples: sharks, rays, skates
Class Osteichthyes - bony fish
Examples: marlin, bass, catfish, anglefish,
eels
Class Amphibia - amphibians
Examples: frogs, salamanders
Class Reptilia - reptiles
Examples: lizards, snakes, gators
Class Aves – birds
Examples: robin, jays, emu
Class Mammalia - mammals
Examples: elephant, bats, man
