Lab Report
Course Name : Electronic Circuit-I
Course Code : EEE102
Experiment No : 03
Experiment Name : Study of 741 Op-Amp as
Amplifier
Group Number : 02
Group Members :
Name ID Signature
1. Md. Solayman Khan 2013-1-80-022 ____________
2. Faisal Ahmed 2013-1-80-016 ____________
3. Shamima Akter 2012-3-80-014 ____________
Date of Experiment : --/--/2014
Date of Submission : --/--/2014
Rony Kumer Saha __________
Instructor Name Signature
Report approval status: Approved
Partially approved
Not approved
Abstract
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two
diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC
source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed. Single semiconductor diodes,
double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode bridges, are
manufactured as single components. For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped,
then two diodes back-to-back (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon out put
polarity required) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are required on the
transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier, but the power
rating is unchanged.
2.1 Objectives of the Experiment
The main objective of this experiment is to know about the characteristics of a full wave diode
rectifier circuit, how it works. To do so, following should be performed :
1. To design electrical circuit with diode and other relevant sources.
2. To set up the circuit with oscilloscope by proper connections and sources.
3. To find the perfect values and error and comes to an conclusion on how to overcome.
2.2 Significance of the Experiment
Full wave rectifiers have some fundamental significance over their half wave rectifier
counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full
wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother
output waveform. The fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is twice that of the AC supply
frequency (100Hz) where for the half-wave rectifier it is exactly equal to the supply frequency
(50Hz). The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load
resistance (R L ) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load.
2.3 Theory
The average and root-mean-square no-load output voltages of an ideal single-phase full-wave
rectifier are:
V dc = V av = 2V peak /𝛱𝛱
V rms = V peak /√2
Where:
V dc , V av - the DC or average output voltage,
V peak , the peak value of the phase input voltages,
V rms , the root-mean-square value of output voltage.
2.4 Experimental Setup
1. Diode ( 4 pcs)
2. Resistor ( 1KΩ)
3. Capacitor ( 1uF and 10uF )
4. Digital multimeter
2.5 Experimental Procedure
1. Setup a 10 V peak to peak and 1 KHz sine wave signal from the signal generator. Observe it
and write down the value.
2. Connect the circuit shown as fig :
FIG.1: A full wave bridge rectifier circuits
Then observe the output in channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
3. Measured the peak to peak value of the output signal and write it.
4. Measured the time during which the output signal remains zero and write it.
5. A multimeter was used to measure the DC value of the output signal and write it.
6. A 1uF capacitor across the resistor was connected. The output in oscilloscope was observed
and the DC value of output was measured by using multimeter.
7. A 10uF capacitor across the resistor was connected. The output in oscilloscope was observed
and the DC value of output was measured by using multimeter.
2.6 Measurement and Data
R = 0.98 KΩ
V OP = 3.68V
T off = 0.068ms
V DO = 1.92V
For C = 1uF
V DC = 2.77V
Δt = 0.15ms
For C = 10uF
V DC = 2.87V
Δt = 0.13ms
2.7 Necessary Calculation
1. 𝛾𝛾=√{(V P /V dc )2-1}
=√{3.68 /1.92)2-1}
= 1.635V
2. P dc = (V dc )2/RL
= (1.9)2/0.98
= 3.761 Watt
3. P ac =V P 2/2R L
= (3.68)2/(2×0.98)
= 6.909 Watt
4. η =(P dc / P ac )×100%
= (3.761/6.909)×100%
= 54.43%
2.8 Results
1. 𝛾𝛾 = 1.635V
2. P dc = 3.761 Watt
3. P ac = 6.909 Watt
4. η = 54.43%
2.9 Key findings
1. Full wave ac to dc rectification using a rectifier diode.
2. Diode current, voltage, time calculation.
3. Difference between calculated and measured values.
2.10 Answer to the Report Questions
Answer to the Report Question 01
Output voltage,(peak voltage given)
V p = 5V
Cut-in voltage,
V do = 0.56V
V p -2V do = {5-2×0.56)}
V= (5 – 1.12)V
= 3.88V
By measurement, V P = 3.68V
Element Measured value(V) Calculated value(V)
Value 3.68V 3.88V
Comments : There are little difference between the calculated values and measured values.
Answer to the Report Question 02
D1 and D2 are conduct in the positive half cycles and D3 and D4 are conduct in the negative
half cycles.
Answer to the Report Question 03
For no capacitance,
𝛾𝛾=√{(V P /V dc )2-1}
=√{3.68 /1.92)2-1}
= 1.635V
For C=1µF
𝛾𝛾= √{(V P /V dc )2-1}
= √{(3.68/2.77)2-1}
= 0.8746
For C=10 µF
𝛾𝛾 =√{(V P /V dc )2-1}
=√{(3.68/2.87)2-1}
=0.8025
Answer to the Report Question 04
R L =0.983KΩ
Output dc power for no capacitance ,
V dc = 1.92V
P dc = V dc 2/R L
= (1.92)2/0.983
=4.55mW
Output dc power for C=1µF ,
V dc = 2.77V
P dc = V dc 2/R L
= (2.77)2/0.983
= 5.6mW
Output dc power for C=10µF ,
V dc = 2.87V
P dc = V dc 2/R L
= (2.87)2/0.983
= 5.8mW
Input ac power,
P ac =V P 2/2R L
=(3.68)2/(2×0.983)
= 6.9mW
Conversion efficiency for no capacitance ,
η =(P dc / P ac )×100%
= (4.55/6.9)×100%
= 67.94%
Conversion efficiency for C=1µF ,
η =(P dc / P ac )× 100%
= (5.6/6.9)×100%
= 81.16%
Conversion efficiency for C=10µF ,
η =(P dc / P ac )× 100%
= (5.8/6.9)×100%
= 84.05%
Answer to the Report Question 05
V P =3.68V
Average value for dc,
𝜋𝜋
V avg =∫0 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
2𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
= 𝜋𝜋
=2×3.68/3.1416
=2.343mV
Max power of DC,
P max = (V dc 2/R L )
= ((2.343)2/0.98)
= 5.8mW
Max power of AC,
P max = (V P 2 /2 R L )
= (3.68)2/(2×0.98)
=6.909mW
η =(P dc÷ P ac )×100%
R
=(5.8/6.909)×100%
= 83.95%
Answer to the Report Question 06
Fig.2: Graph of the input and output plots
2.11 Conclusion and Discussion
Full-wave rectification can deliver unidirectional current, neither produces a constant voltage.
The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually all
electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of virtually all
electronic equipment.
Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more complicated. One method of
DC-to-DC conversion first converts power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then uses a
transformer to change the voltage, and finally rectifies power back to DC. A frequency of
typically several tens of kilohertz is used, as this requires much smaller inductance than at lower
frequencies and obviates the use of heavy, bulky, and expensive iron-cored units.
2.12 References
1.Morris, Peter Robin (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. p. 18. ISBN 978-
0-86341-227-1.
2.Lander, Cyril W. (1993). "2. Rectifying Circuits". Power electronics (3rd ed. ed.). London:
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780077077143.
3.Williams, B. W. (1992). "Chapter 11". Power electronics : devices, drivers and applications
(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333573518.
4.Hendrik Rissik (1941). Mercury-arc current convertors: an introduction to the theory and
practice of vapour-arc discharge devices and to the study of rectification phenomena. Sir I.
Pitman & sons, ltd. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
5.Kimbark, Edward Wilson (1971). Direct current transmission. (4. printing. ed.). New York:
Wiley-Interscience. p. 508. ISBN 9780471475804.
6.Mansell, A.D.; Shen, J. (1 January 1994). "Pulse converters in traction applications". Power
Engineering Journal 8 (4): 183. doi:10.1049/pe:19940407.
7. Microelectronic circuit, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2009, PP.140-
141.
2.13 Attachment
1. Signed Data sheet.
2.14 Appendices
To realize the lab easily different parameters for full wave rectifier is given below
The average of load current (I dc ) :
Let, the load current be i L = I m sinωt
1 Π
I dc = Π ∫0 𝐼𝐼sinωt
2Im
= Π
2.15 Further Reading
1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
2.http://www.visionics.a.se/html/curriculum/Experiments/HW%20Rectifier/Half%20Wave%20R
ectifier1.html
3.http://www.circuitstoday.com/full-wave-rectifiers
