Lecture Notes: Prof. Dr.

Yasin FAHJAN

GEBZE TECNICAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Architecture
Faculty of Architecture

ARCH 162
STATICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Spring 2020-2021

Dr. F.İlknur KARA

E-mail : [email protected]

Araştırma Görevlisi Çetin SÜALP Araştırma Görevlisi Ali YEŞİLYURT

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
 DEFINITION OF A TRUSS

The truss is one of the major types of engineering structures. It

provides both a practical and an economical solution to many
engineering situations, especially in the design of bridges and
buildings especially for large spans.
TRUSS SYSTEMS
TRUSS SYSTEMS

• We will discuss the determinacy, stability, and analysis of

three forms of statically determinate trusses.

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Analysis of Truss Structures

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Analysis of Truss Structures

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Analysis of Truss Structures

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Analysis of Truss Structures

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TRUSS SYSTEMS

Robin Hood Airport, Doncaster National Composites Centre, Bristol

 Definition of a Truss

• A truss consists of straight members connected at

joints. No member is continuous through a joint.

• Most structures are made of several trusses joined

together to form a space framework. Each truss
carries those loads which act in its plane and may
be treated as a two-dimensional structure.
• Bolted or welded connections are assumed to be
pinned together. Forces acting at the member ends
reduce to a single force and no couple. Only two-
force members are considered.
• When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is in
tension. When the forces tend to compress the
member, it is in compression.
 Definition of a Truss
Members of a truss are slender and not capable of supporting large lateral loads.

Loads must be applied at the joints.

Definition of a Truss
 Simple Trusses
• A rigid truss will not collapse under
the application of a load.

• A simple truss is constructed by successively adding two

members (such as BD and CD) and one connection to the
basic triangular truss.

• A simple truss does not always contain triangular elements, it is possible to have
trusses as

• In a simple truss, n=m+r-2j=0

where m is the total number of members
and j is the number of joints.
 Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Joints
• Dismember the truss and create a freebody diagram for each
member and pin.

• The two forces exerted on each member are equal in

magnitude, have the same line of action, and
opposite sense.
• Forces exerted by a member on the pins or joints
at its ends are directed along the member and
equal in magnitude and opposite.
• Conditions of equilibrium on the pins provide 2j equations for 2j unknowns. For
a simple truss, n=m+r-2j or n = m + 3-2j. May solve for m member forces and 3
reaction forces at the supports.

• Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss provide 3 additional equations
which are not independent of the pin equations.
 Determinacy of Coplanar Trusses

Determinate Truss systems;

n=m+r-2j=0
n= degree of Determinancy
m= the total parts of structure members
r= the total number of unknown reactive force
and moment components
j= the total number of connection points

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Trusses Made of Several Simple Trusses
• Compound trusses are statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
constrained.
n = m+r −2j = 0
• Truss contains a redundant member
and is statically indeterminate to n
degree.
n = m+r −2j  0
• Additional reaction forces may be
necessary for a rigid truss.

• Necessary but insufficient condition

non-rigid rigid for a compound truss to be statically
determinant, it is Unstable System
m + 3 − 2n  0 m + 4 − 2n  0

n = m+r −2j 0
Analysis of Truss Structures

m=5, r=3, j=4

n=m+r-2j
5+3-8=0
statically determinant

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Analysis of Truss Structures

m=10, r=4, j=7

n=m+r-2j
10+4-14=0

statically determinant

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Analysis of Truss Structures

m=14, r=4, j=8

n=m+r-2j
14+4-16=2
statically indeterminant
to second degree

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N=m + r-2j=0
n=35+3-2x19=0
Statically determinant
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
2000 N 1000 N
• Draw the free-body diagram of the entire
6m 6m
truss, and using that solve the 3
equilibrium equations for the reactions at
4m E and C.
• Start with Joint A since it is subjected to
only two unknown member forces.
6m
Determine these from the joint
3m 3m equilibrium requirements.
• Continue with solving unknown member
forces at joints D, B, and E from joint
Using the method of joints, determine equilibrium requirements.
the force in each member of the truss. • All member forces and support reactions
are known at joint C. However, the joint
equilibrium requirements may be applied
to check the results.
 Sample Problem

SOLUTION:
• Draw the free-body diagram of the entire truss, and
using that solve the 3 equilibrium equations for the
2000 N 1000 N Cy reactions at E and C.
6m
M
6m
Cx C =0

4m
= (2000 N )(12 m ) + (1000 N )(6 m ) − E (3 m )

E = +10,000 N E = 10,000 N 
E
6m  Fx = 0 = C x Cx = 0
3m 3m

F y = 0 = −2000 N - 1000 N + 10,000 N + C y

C y = 7000 N 
C y = −7000 N
Sample Problem
2000 N 1000 N C
6m 6m y
C
• Start with Joint A since it is subjected to only two
x
4m
unknown member forces. Determine these from
the joint equilibrium requirements.

E
6m
2000 N FAB FAD
3m 3m
= =
N 4 3 5
FAB = 1500 N Tension
N
FAD = 2500 N Compression

• There are now only two unknown member

forces at joint D.
N FDB = FDA FDB = 2500 N T
FDE = 2 ( 53 ) FDA FDE = 3000 N C
Sample Problem
2000 N 1000 N C
6m 6m y
C
x
• There are now only two unknown member
4m forces at joint B. Assume both are in tension.

F y = 0 = −1000 − 54 (2500) − 54 FBE

6m
E FBE = −3750 N FBE = 3750 N C
3m 3m
N F x = 0 = FBC − 1500 − 53 (2500) − 53 (3750)
FBC = +5250 N
N FBC = 5250 N T

N • There is one unknown member force at joint

E. Assume the member is in tension.
N
Fx = 0 = 53 FEC + 3000 + 53 (3750)
FEC = −8750 N FEC = 8750 N C
N
N
Sample Problem

2000 N 1000 N C
6m 6m y
• All member forces and support reactions are
C known at joint C. However, the joint equilibrium
x requirements may be applied to check the results.
4m

 Fx = − 5250 + 53 (8750) = 0 (checks )

6m
E  Fy = −7000 + 54 (8750) = 0 (checks )
3m 3m

N
 Analysis of Truss Structures
Zero Force Members

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Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Sections
• When the force in only one member or the
forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.

• To determine the force in member BD, pass a

section through the truss as shown and create
a free body diagram for the left side.

• With only three members cut by the section,

the equations for static equilibrium may be
applied to determine the unknown member
forces, including FBD.
 Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.
• Pass a section through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
section as a free body.
• Apply the conditions for static
equilibrium to determine the desired
member forces.
Determine the force in members FH,
GH, and GI.
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-
rium to solve for the reactions at A and L.

M A = 0 = −(5 m )(6 kN ) − (10 m )(6 kN ) − (15 m )(6 kN )

− (20 m )(1 kN ) − (25 m )(1 kN ) + (30 m )L
L = 7.5 kN 
F y = 0 = −20 kN + L + A
A = 12.5 kN 
Sample Problem
• Pass a section through members FH, GH, and GI
and take the right-hand section as a free body.

• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to

determine the desired member forces.
MH = 0
(7.50 kN )(10 m ) − (1 kN )(5 m ) − FGI (5.33 m ) = 0
FGI = +13.13 kN
N

FGI = 13.13 kN T
Sample Problem
FG 8 m
tan  = = = 0.5333  = 28.07
GL 15 m
 MG =0
(7.5 kN )(15 m ) − (1 kN )(10 m ) − (1 kN )(5 m )
+ ( FFH cos  )(8 m ) = 0
FFH = −13.82 kN
FFH = 13.82 kN C

GI 5m
tan  = = 2 = 0.9375  = 43.15
HI 3 (8 m )
M L =0

N
(1 kN )(10 m ) + (1 kN )(5 m ) + (FGH cos  )(15 m ) = 0
FGH = −1.371 kN
FGH = 1.371 kN C
Problem 4.1
The Method of Joints-Example

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Problem 4.1

Equations of motion;

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Problem 4.1
Joint D

Joint E

Joint A

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Problem 4.1

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 Problem 4.2
Determine the forces AF and FG with method of sections.

Equations of motion;

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Problem 4.3
Example: Solve the system with method of sections.

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Problem 4.3

From the equations of motion;

 FX = AX = 0.
From the system symmetry ;
AY = IY = 36 kN
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Problem 4.3
Method of sections;

+ MD = – 36 (8) + 6 (8) + 12 (4) + FML (5) = 0

FML = 38.4 kN ( T )

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Problem 4.3
Method of sections;

+ ML = –36 (12) + 6 (12) + 12 (8) + 12 (4) – FDE ( 4/17)(6) = 0

FDE = –37.11 kN or 37.1 kN (C)

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Problem 4.3
Method of sections;

→ +  FX = 38.4 + (4/17) (–37.11) + (4/41) FDL = 0

FDL = –3.84 kN or 3.84 kN (C)

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Problem 4.4
Problem 4.5
Find the force acting in all members of cantilever truss
shown below.
Problem 4.6
Problem 4.7
Problem 4.7