British Red Cross

Caring for people in crisis

Anyone can save a life

Road Accidents
and First Aid

Within 20 years, road accidents are likely to

be the third biggest killer.

We may have the power to change that.

Contents

S
Europea
n
Transpor
t Safety
Council
(ETSC),

A case
study

A
strategic
road
safety
plan for
the
Europea
n Union,

• The
medical
evidence

Brussels,
1997.

page 7

First aid
and road
accidents
- a real
life-
saver?

page 8

The role
of the
British
Red
Cross

•
Voluntar
y service
-
Commun
ity
responsib
ility

First aid
expertise
• The
British
Red
Cross
emergenc
y
response
role

• Post-
accident
care in
the
communi
ty

page 9

How to
ensure
first aid
skills are
learnt

Targetin
g drivers

•
Existing
provision

First aid
training

First aid
training
as a pre-
requisite

for
acquirin
ga
driving
licence?

page 10

Proposals
• First
aid
training
for
drivers
in the
UK

• The
British
Red
Cross

• The UK
governm
ent

• Putting
commitm
ent into
action -

Europea
n
Commiss
ion
Directive
2000/56/
EC

page 12

The
British
Red
Cross
recomme
ndation

page 13

Appendix

British
Red
Cross
First Aid
Kit

page 16

Resource
s
Author:
Samantha
Fiander

Advisor:
Anit
Kerwin-
nye

May 2001

Road
Accidents
and First
Aid page 2
Introduction

Introduction

In this the new millennium, the prevalence of road accidents is so

frequent and fatal it is an issue uppermost in the minds of
individuals, decision-makers, governments and Non Government
Organisations (NGOs) worldwide. The British Red Cross Society -
as part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement -
is seeking to develop its commitment to the health and safety of all
citizens by addressing this issue as part of its overall disaster
preparedness and emergency response responsibilities.

As an auxiliary to the emergency services, the British Red Cross and

its trained volunteers are on standby 24 hours a day, 365 days a year,
to support and assist the emergency services whenever and wherever
there is a need. First aid has always been a vital part of an effective
emergency response and disaster preparedness strategy for the
general population.The most vital and practical of these skills - first
aid have been learnt and used by members of the public effectively
in times of emergency from the time of war-time Voluntary Aid
Detachments (VADs) to modern-day trained volunteers helping tend
victims of disasters such as crashes, floods, earthquakes, and
explosions as these occur.

This report seeks to highlight the current situation regarding road

accidents and their consequences and propose a recommendation by
the British Red Cross which addresses one way in which the impact
of road accidents can be reduced. The report’s recommendation aims
to develop greater first aid knowledge amongst the general
population be they drivers, car-users or pedestrians involved in, or
bystanders to, road accidents.
Road Accidents and First Aid page 3
The picture of carnage on our roads

The picture of carnage on our roads

World Health Organisation and World Bank,
showed road traffic accidents were the leading
3,423 people were killed in the UK in 1999 cause of death among men, and the fifth likeliest
cause of death for women aged 15-44. Most
alarmingly though, the study projected that little
over two decades after the report was published,
39,122 people were seriously injured in the UK road accidents could be the third leading burden
in 1999 on health worldwide, exceeded only by
cardiovascular diseases and depression.3

277,765 people were slightly injured in the UK

in 1999 The global picture

of the total 320,310 casualties, 205,735 were car Road accidents claimed 30m lives world-wide in
users, 42,888 were pedestrians and 42,051 were the last century. In one year alone road accidents
children
now account for 700,000 deaths, 10m injuries
and cost the global economy US$500m.4
40% of all pedestrian casualties were children

over 20 million people world-wide are injured Closer to home - the UK

and disabled by a road accident every year perspective

1 in 3 Europeans will need hospital treatment at In Northern Ireland the number of road accidents
some point in their lives because of a road and casualties is increasing each year. In England
accident and Wales, local and unitary authorities are
required to include planned road safety measures
as part of their transport plans. In Scotland, local
authorities are required to set out plans for
1 in 80 European citizens will have their life cutting the number of road accident casualties in
expectancy shortened by 40 years through death their strategies for transport. In the UK, it is clear
on the road.1
there is a heightened intention to address the
shocking reality of what amounts to an
average of 10 deaths a day on the UK’s roads.5

It doesn’t matter which statistic is reported,

whether the total is a percentage up or down on
the last recorded set of figures, it all paints a grim
In 2000, the government announced its road
picture of carnage on our roads.
safety strategy -

Serious injuries can result in disability, fatalities Tomorrow’s Roads - Safer for Everyone - aiming to
and life-long psychological, emotional and reduce the number of fatalities and serious injuries
economic damage to loved ones. by 40% in the next 10 years.6

The Global Burden of Disease Study,2 undertaken

The European picture
by Harvard University in 1996 on behalf of the
 they are amongst the highest number involved in
accidents.
Every year, over 42,000 people die on roads in the
European Community - more than 800 persons
every week and over 115 daily. The numbers of
people who are involved in serious or slight The Parliamentary Advisory Council for
accidents are 1.7 million. Being killed in road traffic Transport Safety (PACTS) reports that car drivers
is the most common cause of death for children and between 17 and 20 are six times more likely to be
all EC citizens under 45 years old. involved in a collision which causes injury than a
driver over 40, with Royal Society for the
Prevention of Accidents research indicating that
with just the first year’s driving experience,
The EC certainly feels it has a challenge to face. accident risk reduces for new drivers by 34%.7
At the European Council’s Hearing on Pedestrian
Protection held in February 2001, Ewa Hedkvist
Petersen, MEP and a member of the Parliament’s
Committee on Regional Policy,Transport and Certainly there is already a perception that our
Tourism, commented in her address: “These roads are unsafe and young people, including
numbers are shocking and unacceptable…it is child pedestrians, are at risk. In England, for
unimaginable that we would accept the same example, parents’ fear of traffic is said to be a
death rates in, for example, air transport.” significant reason behind the fall in the number
of children who are allowed to play in the street
or walk to school: the percentage of seven- and
eight-year-olds walking to school dropped from
Young people most at risk 80% in 1971 to 9% in 1990.8

Globally and locally, statistics reflect one clear It is not difficult to see why the issue of road
fact: young people (17-29) are most at risk, as safety is being addressed by organisations and
governments world-wide.

Road Accidents and First Aid page 4

The issue of road safety

The issue of road safety and the International

Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The Plan of Action 2000-2003 from the XVIIth International Putting this commitment into practice, the International Federation of
Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent held in 1999, the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) hosts the Secretariat
proposed the goal of “improved health for vulnerable people based of the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP)11 - a ‘global strategic
on strengthened co-operation between states and National [Red alliance’ consisting of 70 organisations world-wide, including the
Cross and Red Crescent] Societies”. One of the specific areas the World Bank Group and the IFRC. The British Red Cross is an active
Red Cross Movement turned its attention to in aiming to achieve member of the GRSP. The Group has undertaken to identify and
address ways in which road safety can be promoted by the public and
this goal was the issue of road accidents, already a priority topic
private sectors and by individual members of society.
discussed in the Movement’s World Disasters Report 1998.
Accordingly, the following point was set down in the plan,
pledging:

Furthermore, this IFRC Secretariat now has the opportunity to

address road safety regulations and legislation globally after being
“States will respond to the growing global problem of road accidents through,
invited by the Economic and Social Council of the UN to be part
for example, the further development of road safety measures in collaboration of its road safety working group.This shared expertise and
with all concerned partners, in particular their National Societies.” 10 commitment to address this fundamental threat to the health and
economics of each and every nation could provide the very
platform on which road safety measures might eventually succeed.
Road Accidents and First Aid page 5
Responding to road accidents

Responding to road accidents

responses to these cases to be within this
time.12

Some needs are time-

limited

Robert Gifford, Executive Director of

One of the most common causes of a road PACTS notes:“The importance of the
accident fatality is the casualty suffering ‘golden hour’ - the first hour after a road
from an anoxia - loss of oxygen supply - crash - has been recognised for some time”.
caused by a blocked airway. On average, it Indeed, this is demonstrated in France,
takes less than four minutes for a blocked where specialist medical staff - such as
airway to cause death. Ambulance response anaesthetists - are taken by the Samu
time targets for ‘Category A/urgent cases’ emergency service directly to the scene of
in the UK are set at ‘within eight minutes’ serious accidents so that they can attend
and in a metropolitan area such as London, patients before they are transferred to
the current target is for three quarters of hospital.14

Immediate intervention - the one doesn’t need to imagine:

‘golden hour’

There is a wealth of medical evidence to

suggest a ‘golden hour’13 exists for Making the case: a case
casualties after an accident. Within this study
time, road accident victims stand a
greater chance of survival and a
reduction in the severity of their injuries,
if first aid and medical (paramedic or In May 2000, when 22-year-old Stuart Strachan
ambulance) assistance can be went to the aid of a motorcyclist who crashed his
bike near Stuart’s home, he didn’t know what to
immediately administered. expect. Running down an embankment where the
man, suffering from shock, was trying to get up,
Stuart saw that the man had been badly injured in
the crash and part of one of his legs had been
severed. Stuart had learnt first aid as part of the
One may be presented with all kinds of Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme as a student at
scenario when considering road school, and had since become a Red Cross volunteer,
accidents - delays to receiving hospital but he had never been in such a situation. He knew
he had to apply his first aid knowledge to what was
treatment may be caused, for example, facing him now. He laid the man down, talked to
by a casualty being trapped in the him, and tried to stabilise the situation.As he tried to
wreckage. In such circumstances, raise the man’s legs, he could see that already a
great deal of blood had been lost and knew that he
immediate on-the-scene assistance is
had to apply pressure to the artery.When the
vital. Dr Eric Bernes, First Aid Manager, ambulance arrived, due to the nature of the injury
IFRC, says: “Imagine that a victim has a and the scene of the accident, the crew asked Stuart
haemorrhage following a road accident: if he was alright and if he could carry on applying
pressure to the wound. Stuart continued to help,
if nobody applies pressure to the applying pressure whilst the crew tried to stabilise
wound to stop the bleeding, even the the man until an A&E doctor arrived. Stuart had
most sophisticated or the quickest been attending to the man for over 40 minutes.The
man, once stabilised, was transferred to
emergency service in the world will
hospital.Whilst medics were unable to save the
only arrive on the scene in time to man’s leg, his life was saved. Stuart received a
certify death.” In fact commendation from the District Ambulance Officer,
and the police and medical team believe that had it
not been for his knowledge and intervention, the
outcome for the man, a married father of two, may
have been very different.
The medical evidence

“…Indisputable findings [show] that

pre-hospital deaths from injury are
not inevitable and that at least some
can be prevented by simple first aid
measures” British Medical Journal,
1994 .15

If the emergency services are unable to

be on scene immediately, could others
play a role in the ‘golden hour’ which
could affect the outcome for road
accident casualties?

A study carried out in Staffordshire by

Hussain and Redmond16 into pre-hospital
deaths “showed that at least 39% and up
to 85% of preventable pre-hospital
deaths may be due to airway obstruction”
and all the pre-hospital deaths reported
occurred before the arrival of medical
help or a paramedic/ambulance crew.17

Discussing the study, Dr Matthew Cooke,

Senior Lecturer at Warwick University and
Consultant in Emergency Medicine at
University Hospitals, Coventry, and
Warwickshire NHS Trust, argued: “Neither an
anaesthetist nor a paramedic would have been
of any use”. In his opinion, “preventable
deaths in pre-hospital care are rarely due to
availability of advanced techniques but more
often to failure [for example] to treat basic
ABC [airway, breathing, and circulation]
problems.” 18

According to the clinical implications listed

in the study:“Pre-hospital deaths from
injury are not always inevitable; a third of
people whose deaths are not inevitable
have airway obstruction…” and the study
concluded: “There was no suggestion that
the emergency services were slow to
respond, although in some cases a delay
occurred before they were called. If death
could have been prevented, it would

have to have been through the actions

of the public.”

Indeed, much earlier, a cardiovascular

study in the USA in 1980 reported that
“[where] bystanders had initiated
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
the percentage of patients who survived
and returned home with little or no
neurologic deficit was twice that of The consensus here is clear: many pre-
patients for whom CPR was not begun hospital deaths may be preventable and
until the arrival of the [emergency injuries may have less long-term impact
services]…” 19 if casualties could be treated
immediately by non-medical people who
had basic first aid knowledge.20

Road Accidents and First Aid page 6

First aid and road accidents - a real life-saver?

First aid and road accidents - a real life-saver?

First Aid is one of the activities of the management of the
casualty which is a crucial determinant of the severity of
In the UK, the commitment to road safety is clear: when injury eventually received and the chance of survival.”
delivering the government’s strategy, Transport 2010 - the 10 Year
Plan, John Prescott, the Secretary of State for DETR, impassioned:
“…Over 3,000 deaths on our roads every year are a vivid reminder
that we can never afford to be complacent”. But every day, whilst Commissioner Kinnock, addressing delegates at the European
the £21billion pledged for a strategic road network is being spent, Parliament’s Road Safety in Europe: A Shared Responsibility
the £43m National Cycle network is being developed and the conference in 1997, stated that the Commission was committed to
“reducing the consequences of accidents when they occur”.24 By the
‘home zone’ pedestrian areas are being trialled, our roads are
time the European Commission’s Priorities in EU Road Safety
claiming more and more lives.
Progress Report and Ranking of Actions was released in 2000, it was
agreed that one measure which could be adopted in order to reduce the
consequences of accidents would be the application of first aid. 25

Whilst the UN, EU, EC, IFRC, and governments world-wide try
to address the daily tragedy of thousands of road fatalities by
looking at road safety, the British Red Cross, alongside its IFRC States which attended the XVIIth Conference of International
colleagues, is seeking to encourage simple practical steps in the
immediate care of road accident victims.

Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement agreed in the Plan of

Action:
The arguments for the immediate administering of first aid are
clear and logical and have widespread proponents.

“Concerned National Societies will develop their role in support of first

aid training and public awareness activities to reduce levels of road
With evidence to suggest that over half 21of all road accident accidents and the resulting casualties, especially among vulnerable
populations”.26

deaths occur within the first few minutes at the scene, and over
20% during transfer to hospital or within the same day of the For the ambulance crews and paramedics called to the scene of
accident, Robert Gifford of PACTS agrees that “these figures an accident, having a first aider already on scene can make a
obviously argue for greater knowledge of first aid among all road significant difference. Of utmost importance when tending to a
users.This is an area now included in the Theory Test as part of the casualty is the ability to ascertain some understanding of the
driving test. It is also highlighted in the Highway Code.” history of the incident and the casualty’s condition. If a first aider
is able to provide details such as any changes in conditions/levels
of consciousness and pulse rates, this can prove vital.

The medical evidence would also appear to make the case clear.
Matthew Cooke argues22 that in the Hussain and Redmond study:
“There is no reason to suspect that the airway problems were It is important for paramedics to have an accurate history for the
complex: they might have been resolved by simple manoeuvres. casualty if they can. The information first aiders can give is
The deaths might have been prevented if the public was able to essential: on arrival at hospital, assessment is vital and the details
undertake simple airway manoeuvres”. provided help give the doctors a true record. This is especially
important when it comes to the matter of consciousness levels.

In Europe, the European Transport Safety Council, addressing a

strategic road safety plan for the EU in 1997,23 stated: “Delivery In fact, as shocking as the statistics are, in the UK, fatalities
of actually account for little more than 1% of all road accident
casualties reported. Therefore the chance for first aiders’
intervention to really make a difference, particularly in relation to
reducing the severity of injury, is very clear.
Road Accidents and First Aid page 7
The role of the British Red Cross

The role of the British Red Cross

(How to) Summon help - report the
accident to the emergency services, and give
relevant information;
Voluntary service - community
responsibility

(How to) Make an emergency removal - from the

scene, of an injured person - when necessary and
Practical first aid skills and knowledge possible;
amongst the general public has always
(How to) Assess the physical state (check vital
proved to be an important way in which
functions - consciousness,
communities can play a part in emergency
preparedness and response in much the same
way the British Red Cross and its volunteers
do every day. The capacity for community circulation, breathing) as well as the
members to help each other at these times is physiological needs of those affected;
invaluable. The British Red Cross has seen
this in action in times of emergency such as
Omagh, or when helping those affected by
severe weather conditions. (How to) Respond to visible bleeding,
unconsciousness, breathing problems, and
shock, and offer psychological support, to enable
the injured person to survive whilst awaiting the
arrival
First aid expertise
of the emergency services.

The British Red Cross has been training

members of the public in first aid skills since This hands-on training is vital.Whilst any
its founding in 1870.27 In one year alone, the learning of first aid is wholly worthwhile,
British Red Cross now trains more than practising these skills through scenarios,
250,000 people in first aid skills - individual with trainers, builds confidence in using
members of the public, its own volunteers them. First aid books, guides, CD-Roms
and commercial clients - and provides and internet information are all very
trained first aid volunteers to local and helpful in strengthening the knowledge
regional sporting, cultural and social events but it is learning through experience
and in support of the emergency services which really makes the difference.
when necessary.

The British Red Cross

Across Europe, National Red Cross
Societies already provide a European first emergency response role
aid certificate as part of their first aid
training for the public. The certificate has
agreed common standards for the training
needed and provides an effective model for As an auxiliary to the emergency services,
all. Common ‘core’ training includes: the British Red Cross and its trained
volunteers are on standby 24 hours a day,
365 days a year, to support and assist the
emergency services whenever and wherever
(How to) Protect the scene - to prevent further there is a need.
accidents and minimise the risk for those
rendering assistance;
It has always been a vital part of an effective Hospital service can draw on the British Red
emergency response strategy for the general Cross Transport and Escort service -
population to have practical first aid skills: providing transport home and/or to and from
from the time of war-time VADs to trained hospital appointments, which may prove
Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers difficult to those who may no longer be able
tending the scene of a disaster or to use their own car.
undertaking a routine first aid public duty
throughout the world every day.

Home from Hospital volunteers provide

practical help and personal care for people
Post-accident care in the leaving hospital after in- or out-patient
treatment, helping them to settle back into
community their home.Volunteers can help by getting
the home ready prior to hospital discharge;
collecting prescriptions; undertaking
shopping; helping to rebuild the person’s
Road accident casualties need care after the confidence and, depending on their needs,
incident and so there are wider implications other tasks with which they may require
for the community and the British Red Cross assistance.The service is available on a
than first aid at the scene. short-term basis to hospital patients, with
trained volunteers complementing any help
that social and community health workers
may provide.
The British Red Cross has been working in
communities throughout the UK for over
130 years. Its current community services,
include Medical Loan and Home from The Medical Loan service provides a variety
Hospital, which can provide vital practical of equipment such as wheelchairs, crutches
and psychological support for road accident and back-rests. This can make the difference
victims. between an individual having to stay on in
hospital or being able to go home and can
enable them to care for themselves with
more ease. With contracts and service
The British Red Cross Community Services agreements held with health authorities and
are designed to complement each other and, social services departments throughout the
in making the needs of individuals UK, the British Red Cross is able to offer
paramount, the skills and approach adopted this service to communities in 900 locations.
are flexible. For example, the Home from

Road Accidents and First Aid page 8

How to ensure first aid skills are learnt?

How to ensure first aid skills are learnt

motorcycle crash can be quite different to that of, say, falling
down the stairs at home or suffering a heart attack.
If this clear case for the intervention of first aid skills can be made
and has support, then how can this be implemented in practical terms?

First aiders are always trained in the basics with an understanding of

the need to adapt their skills, and the basic premises underlying the
treatment, to the situation they have to address.What the experience in
Targeting drivers
Northern Ireland shows is the benefits of being able to have thought
through the possibilities of needing to treat those with road injuries.

In 1999, the Driving Standards Agency (DSA) conducted 1.2m

driving tests,28 32.7m people - over half the UK’s population - held a
driving licence for a car, and car users accounted for 64% of road First aid training as a pre-requisite for
accident casualties in the UK. Today the highest risk group - young acquiring a driving licence?
drivers - are inherently new drivers, with one in five drivers being
involved in an accident within the first year of passing their test.
Given this context, the British Red Cross believes drivers are the most
significant beneficiary group to address and target training towards.
In 1998 a researcher in Poland, believing that road accidents are
now a serious social problem, argued that there was “a necessity to
improve citizens’ ability to give first aid”, and looked to survey
drivers for their opinions of their own ability to give first aid. 30
Existing provision The research revealed that they lacked confidence and the
“drivers’ views on possibilities of decreasing the number of fatal
casualties of the road accidents included, among others, the
following propositions: in addition to the driving licence exam, [a]
The UK’s Highway Code, under the Road Traffic Act 1988, makes first aid exam should be compulsory [with] severe enforcement
some mention of a driver’s responsibility should they be involved in and execution of the law which regulates mandatory first aid
an accident (point 257), and of simple first aid measures which may giving.”
prove vital (Annex point 7), and as Robert Gifford from PACTS points
out, the Theory Test now tests whether learner drivers are familiar
with these.

In fact, first aid training for drivers is not a new idea. In countries
throughout the world, Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
provide information and training in first aid to drivers, often
However, research and the experience of first aid training
supported by their State. Furthermore, in several European
organisations shows that the practical learning of first aid skills gives
the first aider vital confidence to administer their skills effectively. countries such as Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia,
Having to rehearse skills often helps to diminish the reservations one Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Switzerland,
may have when confronted with tending to a casualty in a real life holding a first aid certificate or having completed some form of
situation. first aid training is required before a licence is granted.

First aid training This idea has support far and wide31 and is being promoted
worldwide by the GRSP, which states:“Every effort should be
made to promote the adoption of a regulation requiring drivers to
hold a first aid certificate - to be renewed regularly - and have first
aid material constantly in the vehicle”. 32
Training designed to meet specific needs can also make a big
difference. British Red Cross volunteers who undertake the first
aid duties for all major motorcycle races in Northern Ireland,
including the North West 200, are trained specifically to deal with
“As car occupants account for most pre-hospital deaths from
injuries which may be sustained by drivers. These volunteers are
injury, knowledge of first aid should be tested before a driving
trained to consider the specifics such as whether to remove a
licence is issued”, Hussain and Redmond.33
cyclist’s helmet after a crash. The type of injury sustained in a
Road Accidents and First Aid page 9
Proposals

t
roa
d
saf
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im
pro

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me
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p e.
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An ay
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es es
pla an
ce, d
tho les
se sen
inv the
olv sev
ed erit
an y
d of
tho inj
se uri
in es
the rec
im eiv
me ed.
dia If
te the
vic cas
init ual
y ty
are has
bes a
t blo
pla cke
ce d
d air
to wa
ass y, a
ist. bys
Ve tan
ry der
si has
mp the
le abi
fir lity
st ,
aid by
ski ens
lls uri
ca ng
n the
be air
lea wa
rnt y
in is
as not
litt obs
le tru
as cte
10 d,
mi to
nut sto
es p
- the
ski blo
lls cke
d acc
air ura
wa te,
y vit
res al
ulti inf
ng or
in ma
de tio
ath n.T
. he
lik
eli
ho
Th od
ose is
wh tha
o t
ha the
ve wil
firs lin
t gn
aid ess
kn of
ow bys
led tan
ge der
are s
abl to
e off
to er
ass ass
ist ista
in nce
oth at
er the
fun sce
da ne,
me an
nta d
l the
wa qu
ys, alit
too y
, of
suc the
h ass
as ista
bei nce
ng or
abl int
e erv
to ent
giv ion
e the
par y
am giv
edi e,
cs is
an de
d pe
am nd
bul ent
an on
ce the
cre m
ws ha
vin d
g ex
rec per
eiv ien
ed ce
for wo
ma uld
l see
trai m
nin to
g sug
in ges
firs t
t aw
aid are
. nes
s
an
d
ed
uca
tio
n
can
onl
y
be
eff
ect
ive
up
to
Fi a
poi
rs
nt.
t W
ai hil
st
d
it
tr is a
ai sig
ni nifi
can
n t
g ste
fo p
in
r the
dr rig
iv ht
dir
er ect
s ion
in ,a
typ
th e
e of
U for
ma
K l,
ass
ess
ed
Re trai
sea nin
rch g
an is
wh firs
at t
is aid
ne pra
ed cti
ed. ce
as
par
t of
T the
ov
h era
e ll
Br test
of
iti pro
s fici
h enc
y
R for
e eac
d h
ind
C ivi
ro du
ss al
see
kin
g
Th to
e obt
Bri ain
tis a
h dri
Re vin
d g
Cr lic
oss enc
pro e.
po
ses
tha
t For
wh the
at Bri
is tis
ne h
ed Re
ed d
in Cr
the oss
U ,
K thi
is a s
leg we
isl alt
ati h
ve of
pro evi
vis de
ion nce
for fro
de m
mo me
nst dic
rati al
ng an
d Dr
soc Ma
ial tth
res ew
ear Co
ch, ok
the e-
var no
iet w
y A
of &E
Int ad
ern vis
ati or
on to
al the
an De
d par
Eu tm
rop ent
ea of
n He
wo alt
rki h’s
ng Wi
pra nte
cti r
ces an
, d
an Em
d erg
the enc
su y
pp Ser
ort vic
of es
tho Te
se am
inv -
olv ma
ed ke
in a
the str
iss on
ues g
aro cas
un e
d for
roa thi
d s
acc rec
ide om
nts me
, nd
saf ati
ety on.
an
d
em
erg An
en ita
cy Ke
car rwi
e n-
suc Ny
h e
as arg
ues nd
:“ to
W suc
he ha
n rea
we lity
kn ,
ow sur
tha ely
t firs
car t
dri aid
ver trai
s nin
bet g
we as
en par
17 t of
an dri
d ver
20 s’
are trai
six nin
tim g
es is a
mo nec
re ess
lik ity
ely ?”
to
be
inv
olv Th
ed e
in Bri
a tish
col Re
lisi d
Cr
on
oss
wh
is
ich
aw
ca are
use tha
s t to
inj tar
ury get
tha onl
na y
dri dri
ver ver
ov s
er wo
40 uld
an be
sho
d if
rt-
we
sig
ha
hte
ve d.
it Wit
wit h
hin yo
our un
po g
we dri
r to ver
res s
po les
s ldr
exp en,
eri inc
enc orp
ed ora
beh tin
ind g
the firs
wh t
eel aid
and lea
ove rni
r ng
10 int
% o
of the
the sch
UK ool
’s cur
roa ric
d ulu
fat m
alit is
ies vit
bei al,
ng too
chi .
Road
Accidents
and First
Aid page 10
Proposals

dri
ve
”
is
ne
ed
ed
as
the
exi
sti
ng
tes
ts
“ca
T nn
ot
h ex
e am
U ine
ev
K ery
g thi
o ng
a
v ne
er w
n dri
ver
m ne
e eds
nt to
kn
ow
”,34
Wi the
th go
the ver
U nm
K ent
go wo
ver uld
nm ap
ent pe
co ar
nc to
edi be
ng sh
tha ow
ta ing
“m a
ore wil
str lin
uct gn
ure ess
d to
ap co
pr nsi
oa der
ch me
to asu
lea res
rni wh
ng ich
to ma
y s
see wit
a hin
ch the
an inc
ge ide
nce
in
of
the
roa
pr
d
oc acc
ess ide
in nts
wh an
ich d
lea ho
rne w
r- to
dri ad
ver dre
s ss
are the
tes se.
On
ted
e
an
ide
d
a
de sug
em ges
ed ted
pr is a
ofi ‘ha
cie zar
nt d
bef per
ore cep
sec tio
uri n
ng test
a ’35
-
lic
test
en
ing
ce.
the
abi
lity
of
Th a
e dri
go ver
ver to
nm ma
ent ke
is an
alr ear
ead ly
y ide
loo ntif
kin ica
g tio
int n
o of
pos sit
sib uat
le ion
cau s
sal wh
rel ere
ati tak
ons ing
hip act
ion wo
/s uld
to it
av co
oid nsi
pot der
ent
co
ial
mp
haz
leti
ard
ng
s
ma firs
y t
be aid
nec trai
ess nin
ary g
, as
suc a
h pre
as -
spe req
ed uis
red
ite
uct
to
ion
a
.
lea
rne
r-
dri
Th
ver
e
sec
go
uri
ver
ng
nm
the
ent
ir
ma
lic
y
en
als
ce?
o
In
be
fac
co
t
m
the
mi
re
tte
ma
d
y
to
alr
en
ea
co
dy
ura
be
gin
me
g
asu
wi
res
der
in
fir
pla
st
ce
aid
wh
aw
ich
are
co
ne
uld
ss
pa
an
ve
d
the
tra
wa
ini
y
ng,
36 for
thi
but
s
rec 0
om
me
0
nd 0/
ati 5
on.
6/
E
C
P 37

ut
ti
n Th
g e
Eu
c rop
o ea
m n
Co
m un
it cil
m cat
eg
e ori
nt cal
in ly
bel
to iev
a es
ct tha
t
io “i
n m
- pr
ovi
ng
the

E
ur
o eff
ect
p ive
e ne
a ss
of
n th
C at
o aid
[fi
m rst
m aid
is ] is
on
si e
o of
n the
fac
Di tor
re s
ct wh
ich
iv
e
2
ha lai
s d
hel do
pe wn
d in
to leg
re isl
du ati
ce on
th wo
e uld
nu be
m wh
be oll
r y
of sig
ro nif
ad ica
de nt.
at
hs
”.
If An
the ne
eff x II
ect (2.
ive 13)
ne of
the
ss
Co
is
un
str
cil
en Dir
gth ect
en ive
ed of
by Jul
for y
ma 19
l 91
tra on
ini dri
ng, vin
the g
n lic
enc
the
es,3
su 8
pp
eff
ort ect
of ive
the fro
Eu m
ro Jul
pe y
an 19
Co 96,
m req
mi uir
ssi ed
on tha
for t
dri
a
ver
bin
s
din
mu
g st
me be
as abl
ure e
to rop
de ean
mo co
nst unt
rat rie
e s is
tha it
t no
the wa
y req
ha uir
d em
the ent
abi for
lity tho
to se
ass ap
ist ply
roa ing
d for
acc mo
ide tor
nt ve
vic hic
tim le
s lic
wh enc
ere es
nec to
ess co
ary mp
. let
Ho e
we firs
ver t
, aid
fe trai
w nin
Me g
mb bef
er ore
Sta the
tes y
im are
ple giv
me en
nte the
d ir
me lic
asu enc
res e.
to
sup
por
t In
thi 20
s- 00,
as
Eu
afo
rop
re
ea
me
n
nti
on Co
ed, m
onl mi
y ssi
in on
a Dir
fe ect
w ive
Eu 20
00/ s
56/ mu
EC st
wa be
s un
del der
ive tak
red en
by by
Vi me
ce mb
Pr er
esi sta
de tes
nt inc
Lo lud
yol ing
a tha
De t
Pal of
aci poi
o, nt
am 2.1
en .5
din wh
g ich
the ad
ear dre
lie sse
r s
Di the
rec ne
tiv ed
e un
(9 der
1/4 the
39/ Th
EE eor
C). y
Th Te
is st
ne to
w ass
Di ess
rec :“..
tiv .ge
e ner
set al
sa rul
de es
adl spe
ine cif
(S yin
ept g
em ho
ber w
20 the
03 dri
) ver
wh mu
en st
all be
ne ha
w ve
me in
as the
ure ev
ent It
of is
an the
ac IF
cid RC
ent ’s
co
(se
nte
tti
nti
ng
on
wa tha
rni t
ng thi
de s
vic pro
es vid
an es
d the
rai op
sin por
g tun
the ity
ala for
firs
rm
t
)
aid
an
trai
d nin
the g
me to
as bec
ure om
s e
wh int
ich egr
he al
ca to
n the
tak lea
e rni
ng
to
of
ass
ho
ist
w
roa to
d dri
ac ve
cid an
ent d
vic the
ti rul
ms es
...” of
the
roa
d.
Fur
the
rm
ore
,
Art
icl
e
4.1
.4
ma
kes
me
nti
on
of of
‘H firs
ow t
to aid
be ;’
ha an
ve d
in Art
the icl
eve e
nt 8.1
of .8.
an of
acc ‘be
ide ing
nt; cap
kn abl
ow e
led of
ge tak
of ing
me spe
asu cia
res l
to ve
be hic
tak le
en saf
aft ety
er me
an asu
acc res
ide ;
nt co
or ntr
si olli
mil ng
ar the
occ bo
urr dy,
enc ser
e, vic
inc e
lud do
ing ors
em ,
erg em
enc erg
y enc
act y
ion exi
suc ts,
h firs
as t
eva aid
cua eq
tio uip
n me
of nt,
pas fire
sen ext
ger ing
s uis
an her
d s
bas an
ic d
kn oth
ow er
led saf
ge ety
eq d
uip en
me su
nt’ re
as th
are at
as
the
to
se
be
dri
test
ve
ed
for rs
cer sh
tai oul
n d
cat be
eg abl
ori e
es to
of ap
dri ply
ver thi
. s
kn
ow
led
Th ge.
is In
de the
m U
on K,
str the
ate res
s po
th nsi
e bil
cle ity
ar of
int the
en im
tio ple
n me
of nt
th ati
e on
Co 39

m of
mi thi
ssi s
on res
to ts
m no
ak w
e wit
su h
re the
th go
at ve
dri rn
ve me
rs nt
kn (D
ow ET
fir R,
st the
ai Sc
d ott
an ish
Ex e
ec D
uti ET
ve, R,
th the
e Hi
Na gh
tio wa
na ys
l Ag
As en
se cy
m an
bl d
y the
for DS
W A.
ale
s,
No
rt Th
he is
rn res
Ire po
la nsi
nd bili
As ty
se is
m bor
bl ne
y) out
an of
d a
th ne
e ed
ag not
en onl
cie y
s to
ch ad
ar dre
ge ss
d a
wi life
th -
res thr
po eat
nsi eni
bil ng
ity iss
for ue
tra for
ns citi
po ze
rt ns
an but
d als
saf oa
ety rea
in lis
thi ati
s on
re tha
ga t
rd the
: cos
th t
of llio
roa n-
d po
ac un
cid d
ent ‘kn
s oc
far k-
ex on
ce eff
ed ect
s s’
ev of
en roa
tha d
t acc
of ide
the nts
tra :
gic the
hu cos
ma ts
n of
co da
st ma
for ge
all to
co ve
nc hic
ern les
ed. an
Al d
on pro
gsi per
de ty;
the pol
suf ice
fer an
ing d
ca am
us bul
ed an
by ce
los att
s en
or da
inj nc
ur e;
y ad
to mi
lov nis
ed trat
on ion
es an
an d
d op
‘br era
ea tio
d- nal
ear cos
ner ts;
s’, ho
are spi
the tal
mu tre
lti- at
mi me
nt; ue
ins of
ura a
nc 1%
e; red
los uct
s ion
of in
ear cas
nin ual
gs tie
an s
d inv
los olv
s ing
of dri
co ver
ns s
um in
pti the
on firs
an t
d thr
rec ee
rea ye
tio ars
n. aft
er
pas
sin
Fu g
rth the
er pra
mo cti
re, cal
the tes
De t
par wo
tm uld
ent be
of ap
Tr pro
an ac
sp hin
ort g
’s £2
ow 0m
n illi
stu on
dy ”.40
in Th
19 ese
95 cos
rep ts
ort ad
ed d
“th up
e to
est a
im co
ate nvi
d nci
ec ng
on cos
om t-
ic be
val nef
it d
arg saf
um ety
ent me
for asu
tho res
se to
wo pre
rki ve
ng nt
to acc
de ide
vel nts
op .41
roa

Road
Accidents
and First
Aid page 11
The British Red Cross recommendation

The British Red Cross recommendation

A legislative provision for demonstrating first aid practice as part

of the overall test of proficiency for each individual seeking to

obtain a driving licence.

The British Red Cross recommends:

• the demonstration of first aid skills for all learner-drivers seeking

continuing to address the needs of young drivers. First aid as

part of the school curriculum has long been called for by the
to obtain a driving licence through experiential learning, not British Red Cross and where training has been delivered within
theory; schools voluntarily, children have had cause to use their skills
to save the lives of others. For the child pedestrian, the child
passenger or the young bystander, these skills could prove vital.
For young drivers, who may have only recently left school
assessing other practical measures such as first aid kits for cars (see
appendix). In Belgium it has been a legal requirement 42 for a first
aid kit to be carried in every vehicle since 1975; and quick written
first aid guidance to be available in each and every car; and or college, skills learnt in school-time reinforced by first aid
requiring vehicles to carry warning devices; training whilst trying to gain their licence would leave them
better equipped.
Road Accidents and First Aid page 12
Appendix

British Red Cross First Aid Kit

Basic contents for a first aid kit:

Useful additions:
•

Easily identifiable watertight box

two crepe roller bandages

20 adhesive dressings (plasters) in assorted sizes

scissors

• six medium sterile dressings

• tweezers

two large sterile dressings

cotton wool

• two extra-large sterile dressings

• non-alcoholic wound cleansing wipes

two sterile eye pads

adhesive tape

• six triangular bandages

• notepad, pencil and tags

six safety pins

plastic face shield

•

disposable gloves

for outdoor activities - blanket, survival bag, torch and whistle

• (road-side) warning shield

First Aid Manual - 7th Edition,The Authorised Manual of St. John Ambulance,

St. Andrew’s Ambulance Association and the British Red Cross, Dorling Kindersley
Road Accidents and First Aid page 13
Appendix

e
Ca
su
alt
y
Re
po
rt
(R
A
G
B),
TS
O
Oc
tob
er
20
00;
Ro
yal
So
cie
ty
for
the
Pr
ev
ent
ion
of
Ac
cid
ent
s
(R
oS
PA
)-
w
w
w.r
os
pa.
or
g.u
k;
‘A
Str
ate
gic
Ro
ad
Sa
fet
Ro
y
ad
Pla
Ac
n
cid
for
ent
the
s
Eu
Gr
ro
eat
pe
Bri
an
tai
Un
n:
ion
19
’,
99
Eu
-
ro
Th
pe wo
an rth
Tr no
an tin
sp g
ort tha
Sa
t
fet
cu
y
rre
Co
ntl
un
cil y
19 ho
97 ldi
ng
ni
nt
Gl h
ob pla
al ce,
Bu ro
rd ad
en ac
of cid
Di ent
se s
as are
e alr
Se ea
rie dy
s on
(V e
ol of
u the
me to
I), p
19 ten
96 ca
, us
Ha es
rv of
ar de
d ath
Sc wo
ho rld
ol wi
of de.
Pu
bli
c
He W
alt orl
h, d
Di
Ha
sas
rv
ter
ar
s
d Re
Un po
ive rt,
rsi 19
ty 98,
Pr Int
ess ern
ati
on
al
It Fe
is der
ati Ev
on er
of yo
Re ne,
d Th
Cr e
oss

Go
an
ve
d
rn
Re
me
d
nt’
Cr
s
es
Ro
ce
ad
nt
Sa
So
fet
cie
y
tie
Str
s
ate
(IF
gy
R
an
C)
d
,
Ca
Ox
su
for
alt
d
y
Un
Re
ive
du
rsi
cti
ty
on
Pr
Ta
ess
rg
19
ets
98
for
20
10
,
Br
D
ita
ET
in
R
20
20
01
00
Ye
ar
bo
ok
Ke
,
y
O
Iss
N
ue
S
s,
Ro
SP
A,
To
20
m
01
orr
-
ow
w
’s
w
Ro
w.
ad
ros
s-
pa.
Sa
or
fer
g.
for
uk
 Se
t
W up
orl in
d 19
Di 99
sas ,
ter the
s Se
Re cre
po tar
rt, iat
19 is
98 loc
ate
d
at
Fi the
nal IF
go R
al C’
3. s
1, he
Pl ad
an qu
of art
act ers
io in
n Ge
20 ne
00 va
- an
20 d
03 ca
, n
IF be
R co
C nta
cte
d
at
Fi grs
nal p
go @i
al frc
3. .or
1, g
Po
int
6,
Pl Go
an ve
of rn
act me
io nt
n Pe
20 rfo
00 rm
- an
20 ce
03 St
, an
IF da
R rds
C for
A
m
bu Se
lan rvi
ce ce
Se An
rvi nu
ce al
s, Re
Ap po
ril rt
20 19
00 99
. -
In 20
Sc 00
otl
an
d
dif
fer
ent
lev
els
of
po
pu
lat
io
n
de
nsi
ty
res
ult
in
dif
fer
ent
tar
get
ti
me
s-
ag
ain
the
mi
ni
m
u
m
is
7
an
d
8
mi
nu
tes
-
Sc
ott
ish
A
m
bu
lan
ce
Th tre
e at
ter me
m nt
“g ca
ol n
de be
n cri
ho tic
ur al
” to
wa a
s tra
ori u
gi ma
nal pat
ly ien
coi t’s
ne sur
d vi
by val
Dr if
.R gi
Ad ve
am n
s in
Co the
wl ini
ey, tia
an l
A 60
me mi
ric nu
an tes
W fol
W lo
II wi
Ar ng
m inj
y ur
sur y.
ge Be
on lie
, vi
wh ng
o tha
ad t
vo m
cat ost
ed tra
tha u
t ma
pr pat
o ien
m ts
pt die
an of
d sh
co oc
- k,
or wh
di ich
nat oft
ed en
me res
dic ult
al s
in d
slo res
w tor
or e
no bl
n- oo
exi d
ste pr
nt ess
cir ur
cul e
ati wi
on thi
an n
d on
the e
res ho
ult ur.
in Th
g e
ch ‘g
em ol
ica de
l n
ch ho
an ur’
ge is
s sai
in d
the to
bo be
dy, gi
Dr n
Co at
wl the
ey m
fel o
t me
tha nt
t of
m im
ost pa
tra ct
u of
ma inj
pat ur
ien y.
ts
co
ul
d W
be orl
sa d
ve Di
d sas
if ter
he s
co Re
ul po
d rt,
sto 19
p 98
the
ble
edi
ng Le
an tte
rs, 10
Re 80
d (2
m 3
on Ap
d, ril)
A
D,
B
M Le
J tte
19 rs,
94 Co
;3 ok
09 e,
:5 M
7 B
(2 M
Jul J,
y) (S
ept
em
be
Ar r
e 20
pre
-
00
hos )
pit
al
dea
ths
Ho
fro
m w
acc mu
ide ch
nta to
l do
inj at
ury
the
pre
ven ac
tab cid
le? ent
Hu sce
ssa ne
in, ?
Co
ok
e,
L M
M W,
an Ed
d ito
Re ria
d l
m B
on MJ
19
d,
99;
A
31
D,
9:1
B
15
M 0-
J 11
19 50
94 (3
;3 0
08 Oc
:1 tob
07 er)
7-
 Jul
y
Su 19
dd 80
en
Ca
rdi
ac “T
De he
ath inj
. II ur
Ou y
tco se
me ve
of rit
Re
y
sus
sc
cit
or
ati
on, es
M in
an dic
ag ate
em d
ent tha
an t
d on
Fu ly
tur a
e fift
Di h
rec of
tio
th
ns’
os
,
e
Co
bb, wh
L o
A; die
We d
rne be
r, J for
A; e
Tr rea
ob chi
au ng
gh, ho
G spi
B, tal
M
ha
od
d
ern
inj
Co
nc uri
ept es
s inc
of o
Ca m
rdi pat
ov ibl
asc e
ula wi
r th
Di lif
sea e;”
se, “T
Vo
he
l.X
de
LI
ath
X,
7, of
th of
os the
e air
wh wa
o y.”
die Le
d tte
be rs,
for Re
e d
rea m
chi on
ng d,
ho A
spi D,
tal B
wa M
s J
po 19
ten 94
tia ;3
lly 09
pr :5
ev 7
ent (2
abl Jul
e y);
in Ar
ma e
ny pr
ca e-
ses ho
. spi
M tal
or de
eo ath
ver s
, fro
de m
ath ac
mi cid
gh ent
t al
ha inj
ve ur
be y
en pr
av ev
ert ent
ed abl
by e?
si Hu
m ssa
ple in
fir an
st d
aid Re
pr d
ote m
cti on
on d
Road
Accidents
and First
Aid page
14
Appendix

:
‘A
Str
ate
gic
Ro
ad
Sa
fet
y
Pl
an
for
the
Eu
ro
pe
an
Un
io
n’,
Br
us
sel
s,
Eu
ro
pe
an
Tr
an
sp
ort
Sa
fet
y
Co
un
cil
,
19
97

Le
tte
rs,
Co
ok
e,
Eu M
ro B
pe M
an J,
Tr (S
an ept
sp em
ort be
Sa r
fet 20
y 00
Co )
un
cil
Eu Co
ro m
pe mi
an ssi
Tr on
an er
Ki
sp
nn
ort
oc
Sa
k,
fet Eu
y ro
Co pe
un an
cil Co
: m
‘A mi
Str ssi
ate on
gic
Ro
ad
Sa Fi
fet eld
y III
Pl -
an Po
for st
the ac
Eu cid
ro ent
pe car
an e
Un
io
n’
Fi
nal
go
Ro al
ad 3.
Sa 1,
fet Po
y int
in 6,
Eu Pl
ro an
pe:
of
A
act
Sh
io
are
n
d
Re 20
sp 00
on -
sib 20
ilit 03
y ,
co IF
nfe R
ren C
ce
rep
ort
, In
Oc de
tob ed,
er the
19 ba
97,
sic d
fu Ki
nct ng
do
ion
m,
of ON
the S
Int 20
ern 00
ati
on
al
Re Co
d ho
Cr rt
oss stu
as dy
fo
of
un
lea
de
rn
d
by
er
He an
nr d
y no
Du vic
na e
nt dri
wa ve
s rs,
tha Pa
t rt
of 3,
pr Ac
ovi
cid
din
ent
g
s,
fir
st
off
aid en
ass ce
ist s
an an
ce d
to dri
tho vi
se ng
aff ex
ect pe
ed rie
by nc
co
e
nfl
in
ict.
the
fir
st
Bri
thr
tai ee
n ye
20 ars
01:
of
Th
e dri
Off vi
ical ng
Ye ,
arb
Fo
oo
k rsy
of th,
the E.,
Un M
ite
ay ve
co fir
ck, st
G. aid
an -
d tes
Se tin
xt g
on by
, qu
B, est
19 io
95 nn
, air
De e,
pa Go
rt nie
me wi
nt cz,
of M,
Tr Wi
an ad
sp Le
ort k,.
Pr 19
oje 98
ct ;5
Re 1(
po 3-
rt 4):
P 20
R1 8-
11. 15
Tr
an
sp
ort “E
Re ve
se ry
arc eff
h ort
La m
bo ust
rat be
or ma
y, de
Cr to
ow att
th ain
or as
ne, fin
U al
K ai
m
tha
t
Th ev
e er
abi y
lit m
y ot
of or
dri ve
ve hic
rs le
to …
gi dri
ve
r
sh
ou
ld
be
the
ho
lde
r
of
a
fir
st
aid
cer
tifi
cat
e”,
Re
sol
uti
on
X
LI
X,
X
VI
Ith
Int
er
nat
io
nal
Co
nf
ere
nc
e
of
Re
d
Cr
os Gl
s ob
al
an
Ro
d
ad
Re
Sa
d
fet
Cr y
es Pa
ce rtn
nt ers
So hip
cie -
tie w
s w
w.
wo
rld
ba
nk.
or
g/b
pd
Ar y
e Re
pre du
- cti
ho on
spi Ta
tal rge
de ts
ath for
s 20
fro 10,
m D
ac ET
cid R
ent 20
al 00
inj
ur
y
pre Ha
ve zar
nta d
ble Pe
? rcp
Hu eti
ssa on
in M
an ak
d es
Re de
dm but
on at
d M
oto
r
Sh
To ow
mo ,
rro Dr
w’ ivi
s ng
Ro Sta
ad nd
s- ard
Sa s
fer Ag
for en
Ev cy
ery (D
on SA
e, ),
Th Pr
e ess
Go Re
ver lea
nm se
ent 12
’s Oc
Ro tob
ad er
Sa 20
fet 00
y
Str
ate
gy Po
an int
d s
Ca
3.
su
36
alt
an di
d ng
3. Co
42 un
, cil
Sa Di
vi rec
ng tiv
Li e
ve 91
s: /4
Ou 39
r /E
He E
alt C,
hie pr
r es
Na ent
tio ed
n, by
W Lo
hit yo
e la
Pa De
pe Pa
r, lac
De io,
pa Vi
rt ce
me Pr
nt esi
of de
He nt,
alt Eu
h, ro
19 pe
99 an
Co
m
mi
Eu ssi
ro on
pe
an
Co
un Eu
cil ro
Di pe
rec an
tiv Co
e un
cil
20
Di
00
rec
/5
tiv
6/ e
E 91/
C, 43
14 9/
Se EE
pte C
m
be
r
20 Eu
00 ro
am pe
en an
Co dri
m vi
m ng
un ex
ity pe
Ch rie
an nc
ge e
s in
to the
the fir
Dr st
ivi thr
ng ee
Te ye
st, ars
Co of
ns dri
ult vi
ati ng
on ,
Pa Fo
pe rsy
r, th,
Ja M
nu ay
ar co
y ck
20 an
01 d
, Se
D xt
S on
A

Hi
Co gh
ho wa
rt ys
stu Ec
dy on
om
of
ics
lea
No
rn
te
er No
an .1:
d 19
no 99,
vic D
e ET
dri R,
ve 31
rs, Oc
Pa tob
rt er
3, 20
Ac 00
cid
ent
s,
Ar
off
tic
en
le
ce
81
s
,
an
Ge
d
ne 7:
ral ‘M
Ru ot
les or
, ve
De hic
ce les
m an
be d
r the
9t car
h ts
19 the
75 y
, to
Tit w’
le

Road
Accidents
and First
Aid page
15
British Red Cross first aid information:

Books

Kits

First Aid Manual - 7th edition

First aid kits for the home, the car and the workplace are available from

Practical First Aid Manual

the British Red Cross

First Aid for Children Fast

BBC On-line

Pocket First Aid

Emergency First Aid for Sport

www.bbc.co.uk will feature ten interactive modules designed to

Training
encourage users to develop their first aid skills and knowledge. Designed

in co-operation with the British Red Cross the modules can be used as

www.redcross.org.uk

part of gaining a formal qualification from the British Red Cross.

Advice
www.surgerydoor.co.uk

Internet references

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

British Red Cross Society www.redcross.org.uk

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement www.redcross.alertnet.org

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies www.ifrc.org;

Europe:

European Commission http://europa.eu.int/comm

European Transport Safety Council www.etsc.be

European Federation of Road Traffic Victims www.fevr.org

UK Government:

Department of Environment,Transport and Regions www.detr.gov.uk

Statistical Information/ Office of National Statistics www.statistics.gov.uk

HM Government www.open.gov.uk

Houses of Parliament www.parliament.uk

Northern Ireland Assembly www.ni-assembly.gov.uk

National Assembly for Wales www.wales.gov.uk

Scottish Executive www.scotland.gov.uk

Highways Agency www.highways.gov.uk

DVLA www.dvla.gov.uk

Driving Standards Agency www.dsa.gov.uk

Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) www.rospa.org.uk

Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) www.bpdweb.org/grsp

Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) www.pacts.org.uk

British Medical Journal www.bmj.com

British Red Cross

Caring for people in crisis

National Headquarters 9 Grosvenor Crescent London SW1X 7EJ

Telephone (020) 7235 5454 Fax (020) 7245 6315

A Registered Charity

Road Accidents and First Aid page 16