Digital Data Transmission

Harish Chandra, Harshit Kumar Singh

Department of electrical engineering (Power System), National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra Hariyana India
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract- This paper is concerned with the transmission of C. Encoder

information by electrical means using digital data transmission
techniques. It focuses on the complete process of digital data After conversion of data into the binary form it
transmission such as digitization of analog signal, line coding comes to the encoder. Encoder generates suitable
technics, modulation technics, modes of transmission, signals which represents the binary data and also
communication channels, applications etc.
perform some coding action for the protection of
I. INTRODUCTION data.
In the electronics world data is available in three D. Modulator
form analog signal, digital signal, and binary form.
Binary equivalent signals coming out form the
Analog signals are continuous in nature both in time
encoder is not suitable for transmission over the long
and amplitude. It consists of infinite set of values in
distance. A high frequency carrier wave is required
time and amplitude domain while digital signals are
to convey the data from the transmitting end to
of discrete in nature and have finite set of values in
receiving end. Technic of imposing of data over the
time and amplitude domain. Binary form of data has
carrier way is called modulation and this action is
at most two values “1” and “0”. For the transmission
performed by the modulator.
of data in the digital manner data must be available
in binary form before transmission so all other form E. Channel
of data such as analog form, digital form is required Channel is a medium over which data is travelled
to convert first it in binary from. after the transmission. Generally, there are two types
Digital data transmission is mode of transmission of channel wired and unwired.
in which all information to be transferred, such as Wired channels may be twisted pair cable,
voice, image or text data, is converted in the digital coaxial cable, optical fibre etc.
(mainly binary numbers) before transmission. Unwired channels are air and vacuum.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DDT SYSTEM F. Demodulator
The block diagram of digital data transmission At the receiving end signal first receives at the
system is shown in Fig. 1. The function of all the demodulator. This signal consists of data as well as
blocks are described below one by one. carrier. It is must to separate data form the carrier
wave. Technic of separation of data from the carrier
A. Source
is called demodulation and this action performs by
It is a source of data. Data may be analog, digital, the demodulator.
and binary form.
G. Decoder
B. Analog/Digital Converter
After the demodulation data comes to the
As described above data coming from the source decoder. At that time data in the coded form or
may be of analog or digital so it is required to convert binary equivalent signal form because the encoder at
it in the binary form. This action performs by the the transmitting end had performed this action.
analog/digital converter. Analog/digital converter Decoder converts again binary equivalent data
coverts the analog data to binary form. If the data is signal or coded form of data to real binary data and
already in binary from this block is not required. sends to the digital/analog converter
 Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Digital Data Transmission System

H. Digital/Analog Convertor of the highest frequency component of the signal

After decoding, analog to digital convertor otherwise reconstruction of signal is not possible
converts the binary data to again in analog form and from the samples.
the user gets the real data. If data required in digital
form this block is not required.
III. DIGITIZATION OF ANALOG SIGNAL
To convert an analog signal into a digital signal
there are three steps Sampling, Quantization, and
Binary Encoding in which it is done.
Analog signals are in continuous in both time and
amplitude domain. It is must to digitize it in time as
well as in amplitude.
The technic of digitization of time axis is known
as sampling and the part that deals with the Fig. 2 Analog signal
digitization of amplitude is known as quantization.
A. Sampling
To explain the sampling a simple analog signal
is taken shown in Fig. 2 which varies from 0 to 330
millisecond in time domain and -100 to 100 volt in
in amplitude domain. In this single, we could take a
sample every 30 milliseconds that gives us 12
sample of the signal between 0 and 330 milliseconds.
The sampled signal shown in Fig. 3. This step
reduces the continuous time domain into a series of
discrete intervals.
A criteria associated with the sampling called
Fig. 3 Sampled signa
Nyquist criteria is that sampling rate must be double
By sampling time axis get digitize and we get In Fig. 4 orange line shows the actual amplitude of
discrete value of a time at a fixed interval but the signal at a particular sample and purple line shows
amplitude is not digitized and the magnitude of the quantized amplitude which is the closed round figure
sample is not round figure value and not a multiple value of multiple of 25. Quantized amplitude value
of any constant value. The amplitude of a signal at of sample is listed in Table 2 and the complete digital
sample interval of 30 milliseconds is shown in Table form of analog signal of Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 5.
1. TABLE ІІ
TABLE І QUANTIZED AMPLITUDE VALUE OF SAMPLE
MAGNITUDE OF SAMPLE
Time(ms) Voltage(V)
Time(ms) Voltage(V) 0 0
0 7 30 100
30 95.98676803710936 60 -75
60 -71.43289186523432 90 -100
90 -106.55949554687498 120 -100
120 -97.21617085937501 150 -75
150 -70 180 -25
180 -29.045472375000003 210 0
210 6.171340345703143 240 25
240 24.439022283203116 270 -75
270 -74.45763529492186 300 -25
300 -31.31245312500002 330 25

330 24

C. Quantization
As shown in Table 1 the amplitude of samples
are not round figure values so four our signal, where
amplitude varies from -100 to 100 volts we can apply
a quantization interval of 25 volts. Quantized signal
is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 5 Digital form of analog signal shown in Fig. 1

E. Binary Encoding
By the sampling and quantization signal gets
digitized but still it is not in the binary form. Our
signal varies from -100 to 100 in amplitude and
quantized interval of 25 resulted 9 values in
amplitude. These 9 values can be map by binary
Fig. 4 Quantized signal
number 0000 to 1000 as shown in Fig. 6
 A. Unipolar
In unipolar technics, voltage high (+V) map “1”
and no voltage 0-volt map “0” as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Unipolar line coding

B. Polar
In polar line coding technics, voltage level high
(+V) represents 1 and voltage level low (-V)
Fig. 6 Binary encoding of digital signal represents 0 as shown in Fig. 8.
Binary mapping of signal has to be done in
amplitude axis but the sequence of binary cad will
according to time axis. Therefore, binary code
sequence of digital signal will 0100, 1000, 0001,
Fig. 8 Polar line coding
0000, 0000, 0001, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0001, 0011,
0101. Now the analog signal is completely converted C. Bipolar
into the binary form. In bipolar line coding technic, three signal level
is used +V, 0, -V. +V and –V represents binary logic
IV. BASEBAND AND BANDPASS TRANSMISSION
1 in alternate way and 0 voltage represents binary
In baseband transmission channel is physically logic 0. Graph for bipolar line coding technic is
connected or may say that two devices which shown in Fig. 9.
shearing data are physically connected through the
cable. It may be twisted pair cable, coaxial cable,
optical fibre, etc. In bandpass transmission channel
is not any connected cable. In bandpass transmission
channel is air or vacuum.
After conversion of data into binary form it can Fig. 9 Bipolar line coding
be transmitted through baseband transmission using
D. Manchester
line coding technique and transmission via bandpass
modulation technique is used. In Manchester line coding for the first half
duration of binary logic 1 is represented by +V and
V. LINE CODING
last half duration of logic 1 is represented by –V but
Line coding is a technique of converting a string for the binary logic 0 for the first half duration is
of 1s and 0s into a sequence of signal that denotes 1s represented by –V and last half duration is
and 0s. For example, a voltage level (+V) could represented by +V. Graph for the Manchester line
represent as “1” and a low voltage level (0 or -V) coding is shown in Fig. 10.
could represent a “0”. There are four type of line
coding technique: -
Unipolar
Polar
Bipolar
Fig. 10 Manchester line coding
Manchester
 VI. MODULATION
Modulation technique is used for transmission of
data through bandpass channels. In this data imposed
over high frequency carrier wave and transmit it over
channel for the long distance transmission.
Imposing of digital data or binary data over high
frequency carrier wave is called digital modulation.
There are three types of digital modulation: -
Amplitude shift keying
Frequency shift keying
Fig. 12 Frequency shift keying
Phase shift keying
C. Phase Shift Keying
A. Amplitude Sift Keying
In phase shift keying phase of carrier wave varies
In amplitude shift keying amplitude of carrier
according to binary data as shown in Fig. 13.
wave is varied according to the binary data as shown
Modulator not changes the phase of carrier for binary
in Fig. 11. For the binary data 1 modulator sends the
logic 1 and sends the wave with 0 phase difference
carrier wave and for data 0 it blocks the carrier wave
while for binary logic 0 it generates of phase shift of
now this manner we will get the wave as shown in
1800.
Fig. 11.

Fig. 11 Amplitude shift keying Fig. 13 Phase shift keying

On the receiver side demodulator looks for phase of

On the receiver side demodulator looks for wave if
carrier wave. If it receives wave which has no phase
demodulator receives wave the output of
change, output of demodulator will 1 and of there is
demodulator will 1 otherwise 0.
change in phase of carrier wave output will 0.
B. Frequency Shift Keying
VII. DATA TRANSMISSION BTW DIGITAL DEVICE
In frequency shift keying, frequency of carrier
Data is transferred in the form of bits between
wave varies according to the binary data as shown in
two or more digital devices. There are two methods
Fig. 12. Modulator sends high frequency carrier
used to transmit data between digital devices:
wave for binary logic 1 and low frequency carrier
parallel transmission and serial transmission.
wave for binary logic 0.
Parallel data transmission sends multiple data bits at
On the receiver side demodulator looks for
the same time over multiple channels. Serial data
power because high frequency wave has high power
transmission sends data bits one after another over a
therefore if demodulator receives high power wave
single channel.
output will 1 and for low power output 0.
A. Parallel Transmission organized in a specific order, since they can only be
When data is sent using parallel data sent one after another. The order of the data bits is
transmission, multiple data bits are transmitted over important as it dictates how the transmission is
multiple channels at the same time. This means that organized when it is received. It is viewed as a
data can be sent much faster than using serial reliable data transmission method because a data bit
transmission methods. See Fig. 14 is only sent if the previous data bit has already been
received. See Fig. 15.

Fig. 14 Parallel data transmission Fig. 15 Serial data transmission

Given that multiple bits are sent over multiple Serial transmission is normally used for long-
channels at the same time, the order in which a bit distance data transfer. It is also used in cases where
string is received can depend on various conditions, the amount of data being sent is relatively small. It
such as proximity to the data source, user location, ensures that data integrity is maintained as it
and bandwidth availability. Parallel transmission is transmits the data bits in a specific order, one after
used when: - another. In this way, data bits are received in-sync
A large amount of data is being sent. with one another.
The data being sent is time-sensitive. There are two types of serial transmission: -
The data needs to be sent quickly. 1) Asynchronous Serial Transmission: Data bits can be
sent at any point in time. Stop bits and start bits are used
between data bytes to synchronize the transmitter and receiver
A scenario where parallel transmission is used to and to ensure that the data is transmitted correctly.
send data is video streaming. When a video is The time between sending and receiving data bits is not
streamed to a viewer, bits need to be received constant, so gaps are used to provide time between
quickly to prevent a video pausing or buffering. transmissions.
Video streaming also requires the transmission of 2) Synchronous Serial Transmission: Data bits are
large volumes of data. The data being sent is also transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock.
The data transmitter and receiver both operate using a
time-sensitive as slow data streams result in poor
synchronized clock frequency; therefore, start bits, stop bits,
viewer experience. and gaps are not used. Data moves faster and timing errors are
1) Advantages: The main advantages of parallel less frequent because the transmitter and receiver time is
transmission over serial transmission are: synced.
It is easier to program. In comparison with asynchronous serial transmission, this
Data is sent faster. method is usually more expensive.

2) Disadvantages: Although parallel transmission can See Fig. 16 for asynchronous and synchronous serial
transfer data faster, it requires more transmission channels than transmission.
serial transmission. This means that data bits can be out of sync,
depending on transfer distance and how fast each bit loads.
B. Serial Transmission
When data is sent or received
using serial data transmission, the data bits are
 B. Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables, commonly called coax, are
copper cables with metal shielding designed to
provide immunity against noise and greater
bandwidth. Coax can transmit signals over larger
distances at a higher speed as compared to twisted
pair cables.
Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor
for transmitting signals. This is covered by an
insulating material. The insulator is encased by a
closely woven braided metal outer conductor that
Fig. 16 Synchronous and asynchronous data transfer
acts as a shield against noise. The outer conductor is
again enclosed by a plastic insulating cover. Coaxial
VIII. COMUNICATION CHANNEL cable is shown in Fig. 18. Its application areas are:
There are two types of communication channel: - Cable TV distribution, long distance telephone
Wired transmission, etc.
Wireless
Wired channels are: -
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
Wireless channels are: -
Radio transmission
A. Twisted Pair Cable
One of the earliest guided transmission media is
twisted pair cables. A twisted pair cable comprises
of two separate insulated copper wires, which are
twisted together and run in parallel. A typical view Fig. 18 Coaxial cable
of twisted pair cable is shown in Fig. 17. The copper
wires are typically 1mm in diameter. One of the C. Optical Fibre
wires is used to transmit data and the other is the Optical fiber is the technology associated with
ground reference. It has low cost and its application data transmission using light pulses travelling along
areas are: with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or
Telephone subscriber loop from customer to CO, glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in
Old trunk plant connecting telephone COs and Intra- optical fiber communication as signals travel with
building telephone from wiring closet to desktop. fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by
electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable
uses the application of total internal reflection of
light. See Fig. 19. The fibers are designed such that
they facilitate the propagation of light along with the
optical fiber depending on the requirement of power
and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is
used for long-distance transmission, while
multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The
Fig. 17 Twisted pair cable
outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection IX. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
than metal wires. 1) Immunity to transmission noise and interference.
2) Regenerative of the coded signal along the
transmission path is possible.
3) Communication can be kept “private” and
“secured” through the use of encryption.
4) It is possible to use a uniform format for different
kinds of baseband signals.
5) It is possible to store the signal and process it
further.
6) Digital signals are better suited for processing
and multiplexing
7) Digital transmission systems are more immune
to noise
8) Measurement and evaluation of digital signals is
simpler.
Fig. 19 Optical fiber 9) It is possible to evaluate error performance of
Very fine glass cylindrical core surrounded by digital systems.
concentric layer of glass (cladding). Core has higher
X. DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
index of refraction than cladding. Light rays’
TRANSMISSION
incident at less than critical angle, are completely
reflected back into the core.
1) The required bandwidth is increased due to
D. Radio Transmission digital technology.
In radio transmission a radiating antenna is used 2) System Complexity is increased.
to convert a time-varying electric current into an 3) In order to convert the analog signal to digital
electromagnetic wave. It freely propagates through a prior to transmission and then from digital to
non-conducting medium such as air or space. The analog receiver, we need to use the additional
transmitted electromagnetic wave is picked up by a encoder and decoder circuit.
remote receiving antenna and reconverted to an 4) Synchronization is necessary for digital
electric current. Radio wave propagation is not systems (between transmission and receiver
constrained by any physical conductor or waveguide. clocks).
The applications of Radio Transmission are: 5) Digital transmission systems are not
Radio Transmission is ideal for mobile compatible to older analog transmission
communications, satellite and deep-space systems.
communications, broadcast communications, and
other applications in which the laying of physical XI. APPLICATION OF DIGITAL DATA
connections may be impossible or very costly. Radio
frequency spectrum is shown in Fig. 20 1) Communication systems (broadband, cellular).
2) Networking and data communications.
3) Digital interfaces for programmability.
4) Digital audio recording.

Fig. 20 Radio spectrum

 REFERENCES
[1] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Coaxial-Cable
[2] https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagnetic-
radiation/Microwaves
[3] https://www.quantil.com/content-deliveryinsights/content-
acceleration/data-transmission/
[4] khanacademy.org
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[6] “ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OF DATA”
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES –
Vol. I - Analog and Digital Transmission of Data – Simon Haykin
[7] Introduction to Digital Data Transmission-Book