MT-473 HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

PAST PAPER SOLUTION

Q1.
a. Classify and explain various health hazards.

Hazards and risk PPT complete.

b. List Sources of risk and explain electric failures.

Q2.

a. Explain the term “Safe Handling of Hazardous Material”. List the type
of material handling equipment. What is proper way to carry manually
an object.

CHECK THE PPT OF “MATERIAL HANDLING”

There are 4 main categories of material handling equipment:

• Bulk material handling

• Engineered systems
• Industrial trucks
• Storage and handling equipment

1. Bulk Handling Material Equipment

The term ‘bulk handling equipment’ refers to the storage, control and transportation
of materials by bulk, and in loose form. There are plenty of examples of this
application – the handling of food, beverages, liquids, metal items (such as screws
and nails) and minerals are just a few.
In general terms, these pieces of equipment
primarily handle these items when they are
loose. One example is a conveyor belt that is
used to move items from one part of the
production process to another. Drums and
hoppers may be used as well, to ‘funnel’
these loose items into a stage where they can
be more easily manipulated, or packaged.

Conveyor belts are used for horizontal

transportation. For vertical transportation, elevators are most commonly used.

Types of bulk handling material equipment

• Bucket and grain elevators

• Conveyor belts
• Hoppers and silos
• Reclaimers
• Stackers

2. Engineered Systems
An engineered system is one that is typically automated. Such systems are also
usually created from a variety of units. When combined, they work to enable both
storage and transportation.
An ‘Automated Storage and Retrieval System’ (or a AS/RS for short) is one example
of a system that is engineered. This is a large, automated device that comes complete
with racks, shelves and aisles. These storage solutions are accessed by a ‘shuttle’ –
a mechanized device that’s similar to a cherry picker.
This device can be used by the system operator to manually select the items as
needed.
An AS/RS can be integrated with a production facility’s existing computer network
to keep on top of stock control, plus other logistical systems. It can also be integrated
with other stages of the production process, so that as much automation can be
offered as possible.
Types of engineered systems
• Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)
• Conveyor systems
• Robotic delivery systems
3. Industrial Trucks
This term is another broad definition that can be applied to many different types of
equipment. Such pieces of equipment do have one thing in common, though – they
all provide transportation.

The scope of this term can include both small, hand-operated devices, and large-
scale motorized vehicles. Some items can be driven, while others – such as pallet
trucks – simply add mobility to the materials that are being handled.

Many of these types of trucks have useful characteristics such as forks or a flat
surface that can be inserted under pallets or other types of storage platforms. Other
trucks need a separate item of equipment to use for lifting.

Trucks have the capability to lift via powered or manual means, and can be ridden
upon in a driver’s cab, or simply power-assisted when pushed. Such tucks can also
be steered by human intervention, or can be completely automated.
following a pre-defined track on the production
floor, sunken or raised tracks, or coloured strips that
are laid out and sensed by optical sensors. Such
automated industrial trucks also have anti-collision
technology that senses when an employee or other
obstacle is nearby.

Stacking trucks are used to stacks items, while a non-

stacking truck is just used for transportation, and not
for product loading.

Types of industrial trucks:

• Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)

• Hand, platform and pallet trucks
• Order pickers
• Pallet jacks
• Side-loaders
• Walking stackers

4. Storage and Handling Equipment

Equipment that is used for storage usually only encompasses items that are not
automated. Storage and handling equipment that is automated falls under the term
‘engineered systems’
Storage equipment is equipment that is used to hold products and materials when
they are not being used, or when they are waiting to enter or leave the production
process. These periods could be long-term, or short-term in order to allow a suitable
build-up of stock or finished items.
Most items that can be described as storage and handling equipment refers to pallets,
racking or shelves. Materials are stored in a neat and convenient manner to await
transportation, or their entry into the production process if necessary.
Having suitable storage equipment will add to any company’s production efficiency.
The efficiency of any production system is maximized by the ease at which each
stage of the entire system operates. Any inefficient section creates a bottleneck that
will have an effect on all other sections of the system further down the production
line.
Space is also at a premium if you run a production environment. The better utilized
your available space is, the more items you’ll be able to store. This means you can
keep your workflow in operation for much longer without worrying about re-
stocking. This helps further increase your efficiency.
Types of storage and handling equipment
• Drive-through or drive-in racks
• Pallet racks
• Push-back racks
• Shelving
• Sliding racks
• Stacking frames

b. Explain the basic type of hazardous mechanical motion

Hazardous Motions and Actions

A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions may present hazards to the
worker. These can include:
 • Movement of Rotating Members
• Reciprocating Arms
• Moving Belts
• Meshing Gears
• Cutting Teeth
• Any parts the Impact or Shear

These different types of hazardous mechanical motors and actions are basic in
varying combinations to nearly all machines, and recognizing them is the first step
toward protecting the workers from the danger they present. The basic types of
hazardous mechanical motions and actions are:

Rotating – Rotating motion can be dangerous; even smooth, slowly rotating shafts
can grip hair and clothing, and through minor contact force the hand and arm into a
dangerous position. Injuries due to contact with rotating parts can be severe. Some
examples of common rotating mechanisms, which may be hazardous, include:
• Collars • Shaft Ends
• Couplings • Spindles
• Cams • Meshing Gears
• Clutches • Horizontal or Vertical Shafting
• Flywheels

The danger increases when projections such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions,
and projecting keys or set screws are exposed on rotating parts.

Examples of Hazardous Projections on Rotating Parts

In-Running Nip Points – In-running nip point hazards are caused by rotating parts
on machinery. There are three main types of in-running nips.

Rotating Parts - Parts can rotate in opposite directions while their axes are parallel
to each other. These parts may be in contact (producing a nip point) or in close
proximity. In the latter case, stock fed between two rolls produce a nip point.

Examples of Common Nip Points on Rotating Parts

Rotating and Tangentially Moving Parts can create nip points.

 Examples of Common Nip Points on Rotating and Tangentially Moving Parts

Rotating and Fixed Parts can create nip points which create a shearing, crushing,
or abrading action.

Examples of Common Nip Points on Rotating and Fixed Parts

Reciprocating – Reciprocating motions may be hazardous because, during the back-

and-forth or up-and-down motion, a worker may be struck by or caught between a
moving and a stationary part.
Example of Hazardous Reciprocating Motion

Transverse Motion – Transverse motion is movement in a straight and continuous

line, which creates a hazard because a worker may be struck or caught in a pinch or
shear point by the moving point.

Example of Transverse Motion of a Belt

Cutting Action – Cutting action may involve rotating, reciprocating, or transverse

motion. The danger of cutting action exists at the point of operation where finger,
arm and body injuries can occur and where flying chips or scrap material can strike
the head, particularly in the area of the eyes or face. Such hazards are present at the
point of operation in cutting wood, metal, and other materials. Examples of
mechanisms involving cutting hazards include:

• Bandsaws

• Circular saws

• Boring and Drilling machines

• Turning machines (lathes)

• Milling machines

Punching Action – Punching action results when power is applied to a slide (ram)
for the purpose of blanking, drawing, or stamping metal or other materials. The
danger of this type of action occurs at the point of operation where stock is
inserted, held, and withdrawn by hand. Typical machines used for punching
operations are:

• Power press

• Iron workers
Shearing Action – Shearing action involves applying power to a slide or knife in
order to trim or shear metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of
operation where stock is actually inserted, held, and withdrawn. Examples of
machines used for shearing operations are:

• Mechanically powered shears

• Hydraulically powered shears

• Pneumatically powered shears

Bending Action – Bending action results when power is applied to a slide in order
to draw or stamp metal or other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of operation
where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn. Equipment that uses bending action
includes:

• Power presses

• Press brakes

• Tubing benders

Q3.

a. Illustrate different classification type of fire? Discuss the means of escape

and which actions are required to take during a fire incident?

Check the PPT of “Fire and its Classification”.

b. Describe the safety management system.

Check the PPT of “Safety management system”.

Q4.

a. Explain types of wastes and how it can be converted into useful energy.
 1. Liquid waste

Liquid waste refers to all grease, oil, sludges, wash water, waste detergents and
dirty water that have been thrown away. They are hazardous and poisonous to
our environment and are found in industries as well as households. Wastewater,
as it is often called, is any waste that exists in liquid form.

2. Solid Waste

Solid waste is any garbage, sludge, and refuse found in industrial and commercial
locations. The five major types of solid rubbish are;

Glass and Ceramics: Numerous companies readily recycle ceramics and glass.
The catch here is that you have to dispose of them correctly.

Plastic waste: Plastic waste is any container, jar, bottle, and bag that is found in
companies and houses. Plastics are non-biodegradable, and most of them cannot
be recycled. Do not mix plastic rubbish with regular waste. Instead, sort them out
before throwing them away.

Paper rubbish: This refers to all newspapers, packaging materials, cardboards,

and other paper products. Paper is recyclable.

Metals and Tins: You can easily find tins and metals in homes because food
containers and household materials are made from them. Most metals are
recyclable, so take them to a scrap yard or recycling depot after use. You should
get a skip hire and use it to transport your solid waste.

3. Organic Waste

Organic waste refers to rotten meat, garden and food waste. This type of rubbish is
commonly found in homes. With time, they decompose and turn into manure by the
action of microorganisms on them. But be careful; you should not dispose of them
anywhere you like.

When decomposing, organic waste produces methane, so, it must not be thrown
away with regular waste. Instead, get a green bin and dispose of this type of waste
properly.

4. Recyclable Waste

All discarded items like metals, furniture, organic waste that can be recycled fall
under this category. Not all items are recyclable, so you have to be careful when
putting things into the recycle bin. If you are not sure whether an item is recyclable
or not, then check the item’s packaging.

5. Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste includes flammable, corrosive, toxic and reactive materials. In a

nutshell, they are wastes that pose a significant or potential threat to our
environment.

Types of Waste

Waste can be solid or liquid. Both types of waste can be hazardous. Liquide waste
can come in non-solid form. Examples of liquid waste include wash water, liquid
used to clean in industries. On the other hand, solid waste is any garbage and rubbish
we make at our home or any places. Examples of solid waste include car tires,
newspapers, broken glass, broken furniture and even food waste. Hazardous or
harmful waste is a threat to human health and environment. This type of waste can
easily catch fire, explode and be poisonous to human health. Example of these types
of waste are chemicals, mercury-containing equipment, fluorescent bulbs, battery
etc.
Turning Waste into Energy

The wastes we are producing every day can be turned into something good. Such as
electricity, heat or fuel. The solid wastes can be converted into gas to produce
energy. We can generate electricity by burning solid waste found in the landfills. A
community must have a waste to energy facility that incinerates garbage and
transforms chemical energy into thermal energy.

The following methods are used to turn waste into energy

The most common technology for waste to energy conversion is incineration. In

this process, the organics collected from the waste has burnt at a high temperature.
This type of treatment is called thermal treatment. The heat generated from this
thermal treatment then used to create energy.

Depolymerization

This technology uses thermal decomposition in the presence of water. In this

process, organic compounds from waste are heated at a high temperature to create
thermal energy. In this process, we can generate fossil fuels from the waste. The
process of thermal decomposition is also called Hydrous Pyrolysis.

Gasification

This a developing process to create energy from waste. In this process, carbonaceous
substances are converted into carbon dioxide, carbon mono oxide and a small
amount of hydrogen at a high temperature in the presence of oxygen. In this process,
Synthesis gas is generated which is a good means of alternate energy. Synthesis gas
is then used to produce electricity and heat.
Pyrolysis

This process is widely used in the industrial process to create energy from waste.
This is like Hydrous Pyrolysis. Unlike Hydrous Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis process uses
organic or agricultural waste from industries.

Plasma Arc Gasification

In this process, a plasma torch is used to ionize gas which is generated from
compressing the waste. Syngas or Synthesis gas then used to produce electricity.

b. List the type of injuries and explain restricted work injuries.

Check the ppt of “ Types of Injuries”