Do cordyceps have a place in
modern medicine in the US
Milo Ethridge
Senior Project Advisor: Tina Trujillo
Abstract
Cordyceps, also known as the caterpillar fungus, are a parasitic fungus that is known for
its medicinal properties. Even though that is the case, cordyceps aren't used much in America
other than by private organizations or in small companies. That brings us to the motivation for
this paper: to help cordyceps find their place in the US. This paper covers the potential benefits
and some downsides of the cultivation of this fungus. Benefits include cancer research,
anti-aging, athletics and many more. Finding the purpose for this mushroom is the goal of this
paper. The answer was derived from looking at research done in both the US and China.
Discovering how cordyceps can be utilized as a multipurpose fungi and the drawbacks of
production of the fungi commercially. Original research was performed as a test to determine
their potency and other aspects of cultivation. However it will be another month before they are
fully grown and the genetics are not up to par so the mushrooms would not be even comparable
to modern commercial cultivation. Overall my conclusions are very broad because of the sheer
amount of applications for cordyceps.
12 grade humanities
Animas High School
April 17 2021
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Part 1
Introduction
A medicinal fungus known as cordyceps has gained popularity in recent years. One of the
most interesting types of cordyceps is Ophiocordyceps unilateralis. This fungus grows on bullet
ants and infects its prey's brain, controlling it like a zombie. The ant is drawn upward by the light
where the fungus has optimal conditions to fruit. Once a sufficient spot is found the ant locks its
mandibles around a twig or vine, anchoring itself. From then on the mushroom begins to sprout
from the corpse of the now dead ant (BBC Studios, Attack of the killer fungi).
Unfortunately not all types of cordyceps are that exciting and the two types this paper
will explore. These two species are known to have incredible beneficial properties. Thay are
cordyceps sinensis and cordyceps militaris. Theas two types have an impressive amount of
potential beneficial properties. The most well known are their effects on cancer and diabetes.
However that means that many of cordyceps properties are vastly overlooked. Whether it be the
fungus's anti-aging properties or its effects on heart health there seem to be many stones that
have been left unturned. However that doesn't mean that people aren't working towards making
cordyceps readily available. Companies such as Mushroom Revival have done an excellent job
of revolutionising cordyceps’ cultivation in the US. In cordyceps sinensis native country of
China, cordyceps have been a thriving industry for hundreds of years, yet it is only recently the
cordyceps have been introduced to the US. Much of the work done with them is unrefined and
done by private businesses. Despite that fact, the interest in cordyceps has been growing quite
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significantly and you can find supplements with cordyceps as its main ingredients in most health
foods stores.
Cordyceps have been overlooked and pushed to the side up until very recently. Because
Cordyceps are not utilized in Western medicine to their potential, this paper's main goal is to
explain cordyceps many positive properties with the hope that people can unlock their potential
benefits. These potential benefits include positive effects in cancer treatment, diabetes,
depression, anti aging, athletics and many other conditions.
Part 2: Historical Context/Background Knowledge
The practice of using cordyceps was first conducted by the Chinese and Tibetan people. In fact,
the cordyceps industry is a thriving business in China. The first recorded use of cordyceps in
Chinese medicine was in a book titled, Sheng Nung Bon Cas Chien (The Classic Herbal of the
Divine Plowman). According to Panda, the Senior Research Officer at the Ayurveda Regional
Research Institute in Gangtok, India, “[t]his Himalayan aphrodisiac was discovered about 1500
years ago in Tibet, surrounding parts of Sikkim and Nepal by the Yak herders who observed that
their Yak became energetic after eating this fungus”(191). Cordyceps have the potential to take
the place of many different drugs that treat health problems. Because of this, the mushroom’s
aphrodisiac properties should not be surprising.
The cordyceps industry has been growing in China since then but in recent years western
countries (mainly the US) have begun to develop an interest and with interest comes revenue.
The introduction of cordyceps into the US came for many mushroom producers as a brand new
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high value market but without access to cordyceps sinensis in the Himalayanmountains, they had
to be cultivated. The issue with that is best explained by Northeast Sustainable Agriculture
Research and Education:
Commercial cultivation of Cordyceps is still in its infancy in the United States. With the
high cost of labor and current labor intensive methods, cordyceps cannot be
commercially cultivated as shiitake or oyster are. Cordyceps can certainly be cultivated
by a home grower and some commercial growers that have access to a high value market.
(4)
This puts the US thousands of years worth of infrastructure and practice expertise behind the
chinese cordyceps industry. The cultivation difficulty is considered to be rather high especially
when it is done commercially and in high quantities.
Cordyceps cultivation
Cordyceps cultivation has changed and is changing at a very rapid pace at the moment. In fact
we only discovered how to grow cordyceps in 1982. Before that all cordyceps were harvested in
the wild. Out of the two discussed types of cordyceps only cordyceps militaris can be easily
grown while cordyceps sinensis requires a great deal of effort for very little product when
cultivated. This left me with only one choice if I wanted to try growing them myself. I would
have to experiment using cordyceps militaris. As I explained, cordyceps cultivation has grown
by leaps and bounds since its introduction so I had a lot of methods to choose from. They varied
from growing in a monotub to growing in open air. Being inexperienced in this fungus I would
need to pick the safest option, growing the fungus in vitro. In vitro studies are performed inside
of a nearly airtight container that is completely sterile. This helps to avoid contamination and
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provide ideal conditions for your specific fungus to grow. I did that using mason jars and a
pressure cooker. You start the process by filling your jars with a growing medium, then secur a
lid with 4 holes in it on to the jar. Cover each hole with 2 layers of micropore tape and cover the
lid completely with tinfoil. Your jars should now be placed in a pressure cooker and heated at 15
Psi for 90 minutes.(full time not completely necessary but the longer the jars are in the less likely
to see any contaminants) The jars should be left in the pressure cooker until cool and keeped in a
clean place until use. Jars can be inoculated once completely cool. I purchased my spores from
terrestrial fungi and I got two different variants of cordyceps militaris, (Cordyceps militaris GH
F2), (Cordyceps militaris Mound 4). For the experiment I made two batches of jars and used
around half of each variant in each batch. The first was the test batch, I inoculated each of the
jars and let them sit for 1 week to see if they showed any signs of colonization. And low and
behold I began to see little wight dots within 3 days. From then on I let the jars colonize
completely before moving them to the fruiting chamber. Unfortunately it was still a long time
before I started to see pins. Even now I only have seen a couple of mushrooms pop up. We can
blame the genetics for that.
Vocabulary
Monotub: a container used to cultivate mushrooms (usually used in small scale production)
In Vitro: when used in terms of mushroom cultivation it means growing inside of a sealed
container
Growing Medium: the material used to feed the mycelium or what the mushroom grows on
Contaminants: other fungi that can kill the mycelium your growing
Inoculated: injecting the fungi you want to grow in to your growing medium
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Colonization: the process of the mycelium covering your growing medium
fruiting chamber: a container used specifically for sprouting mushrooms.
Pins: sprouting mushrooms
Part 3:Research and Analysis
Cordyceps are full of potential in the medical field. This is shown best by the numerous
diseases and conditions it can treat. Cordyceps have been used as a medicine by the Tibetan
people for thousands of years. Explained by Panda and Swain in Traditional uses and medicinal
potential of Cordyceps sinensis of Sikkim:
“The folk healers of Sikkim use C. Sinensis to cure 21 ailments including cancer, asthma, TB,
diabetics, cough and cold, erectile dysfunction in males and female BHP, hepatitis, etc”.
Additionally it is used for respiratory issues as explained by Tuli, et al in Pharmacological and
therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin:
“Cordyceps has a long history of use as a lung and kidney tonic, and for the treatment of chronic
bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis and other diseases of the respiratory system. The thousands of
years worth of trial and error put in by Himalayan natives has left a substantial amount of proof
of the fungus’s benefits. The amount of uses is very substantial and to some people it is used in
the same way vitamin C is or taken daily in a pill form. The traditional fungus used by the
tubeten people is cordyceps sinensis which is significantly more potent than cordyceps militaris.
If implemented correctly it is a wonderful tool for the treatment of hundreds of diseases, and is
used in the treatment of everything from the coen cold to cancer.
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One of the most well known benefits for cordyceps is its uses in cancer treatment. This is mainly
because of cordycepin, a chemical derived from cordyceps militaris. Jin , et al. explain the effects
of cordycepin as they write:
Cordycepin is one of the most common and crucial types of complementary and
alternative medicine. Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a derivative of adenosine, was
first isolated from the medicine drug Cordyceps militaris. Cordycepin has been widely
used as one compound for antitumor, which has been found to exert antiangiogenic,
anti-metastatic, and antiproliferative effects.
To explain this in a simple manner cordyceps are an alternative medicine that means that they are
another option then mainstream western medicine. Alternative medicines usually are natural and
come in the form of supplements, teas, or ointments. Cordyceps effects on tumor growth is its
most important aspect and is best explained by jen, et al “Cordycepin reduces the growth of
blood vessels, inhibits metastasis antimetastatic activity, and suppresses cell growth”. In most
cases this does not act as a cure for cancer, yet is a good way of decreasing the likelihood of you
contracting it or slowing down the existing tumor. Tuli et al claims “Over two-thirds of
cancer-related deaths could be prevented or reduced by modifying our diet with mushrooms, as
they contain antioxidants”. This makes cordyceps an excellent daily supplement and if paired
with other mushroom extracts it can support a wide variety of bodily mechanisms.
Diabetes and depression Effects
The second condition I will be discussing is cordyceps effects on diabetes. It's surprising just
how suited cordyceps are for diabetes. Mushrooms themselves are a good food for diabetics and
cordyceps benefits only add on to that. This was explained well by Guo, et al as they write:
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Cordiceps militaris and cordiceps senencis have been hypothesizeded to have properties
to help diabetic people.Mushrooms are a low-calorie food with minimal fat and are
highly suitable for obese persons. With no starch and low sugars, mushrooms might be
considered the ‘delight of diabetics’... Fermented C. sinensis improved the
diabetes-induced decrease in serum insulin concentration, and attenuated the
diabetes-induced increases in blood glucose concentrations .
In addition. Cordyceps Sinensis has antidepressant qualities which correlate well with diabetic
patients due to depression that frequently comes with diabetes (Guo, et al.). Guo, et al. explain,
“The two processes, diabetes and depression, negatively interact, in that depression leads to poor
metabolic control”. Since cordyceps have the potential to provide positive effects for both
diabetes and depression, the fungus is an effective natural solution to those two conditions. Due
to this fact, cordyceps are often taken as a long-term cure for these ailments. However this is
only true about cordyceps sinensis, and due to the scarcity of that fungus it is not usable for the
average person. This does not mean that cordyceps militaris, which is significantly easier to
obtain, does not result in the same effects. The similarities between the two fungus are significant
so it is not a shot in the dark to say that cordyceps militaris could produce the same effects.
However, more research is needed to prove this to be true.
When this data is taken into account with the underlying question, (what roles does cordyceps
have in western society) it is clear how important this fungus could become in preventive
medicine. Connection between the Covid Virus and depression were observed by. Maurizio Fava
who claims “The U.S. Census Bureau recently reported that a third of Americans show signs of
clinical depression and anxiety”. With depression on the rise, any sort of relief from this ailment
could help significantly.
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The studies done on cordyceps are numerous and pertain to each of the mushroom’s
many purposes, most of them being done in China,and recently the US has been getting
involved. Many studies have been done on rats, for example a study done on the antidepressant
effects of cordyceps sinensis. The study was conducted using the tail suspension test, which
involved hanging the rat from its tail and observing the stress levels, head twitches, and other
aspects of the rat's wellbeing. The results were as follows “these results suggest that SCCS may
elicit an antidepressant-like effect by affecting the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems, but not
by affecting the serotonergic system.” As explained by Nishizawa, at al. This study brings more
proof of cordyceps antidepressant benefits. As stated this is done using the dopaminergic systems
which are in charge of regulating dopamine that's released. Unfortunately it is not definitive
proof and does not provide any evidence that the same effects will occur in humans. More
research is needed but there is definitely something to look at here.
Revolutionising Cordyceps Cultivation
Not all of cordyceps' many uses have been scientifically proven so there have been a
significant number of experiments being performed with cordyceps. There are two types of
experiments I will be talking about, experiments on the fungus itself and experiments on the
consumption of the fungus. The first of which usually is done to increase the production of the
cordyceps fungus or increase the cordycepin/other beneficial chemical contained within the
fungus. An experiment conducted by Raethong , et al. Focused on increasing the growth and
cordycepin production of cordyceps militaris. They explained this as.
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We developed the POPCORN approach for rational designing of synthetic media
composition for optimizing growth and cordycepin production in C. militaris. Through
determining the optimum proportion of glucose and ammonia, this optimized synthetic
media significantly increased the growth rate of C. militaris and successfully improved
cordycepin production.
To explain that in a little less bizarre way, they controlled the glucose and ammonia contents of
the grain substrate which resulted in an increased the growth rate and cordycepin production.
According to the article there experiment boosted cordyceps militaris by a “3.5-fold increase in
cordycepin production”. This is significant because it could prove cordyceps militaris to have a
higher coricepin content then cordyceps sinensis. Meaning that cordyceps militaris could replace
its endangered cousin cordyceps sinensis. Of course this also makes cordyceps much easier to
produce, with a smaller quantity of cordyceps producing a higher quantity of corisepin. This will
make cordycepin extracts both easier to make as well as more efficient. This works toward
solving one of the major problems behind incorporating cordyceps into modern western
medicine, how inefficient and slow the production of the fungus is. If this could be applied to
commercial grows it could revolutionise cordyceps cultivation in the us. Which at this point
seems to be happening every couple of months now.
Athletic Effects
The next experiment I will discuss is about testing the athletic enhancing properties on cordyceps
sinensis Cs-4. The study was conducted on 20 50-75 year old volunteers who took the fungus
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for 12 weeks before the test. The observed results was a small increase in heart rate, blood
pressure and work rate compared to the baseline data. (Chen, et al.)
This evidence supports the hypothesis that cordyceps sinensis or more specifically Cs-4 has the
ability to enhance aerobic performance in older subjects. This study does not prove cordyceps
benefits in younger subjects however the benefits are more likely than not able to affect younger
subjects as well. While the seem effects are minimal it has to be taken into account that no
exercise was recorded by theas subjects and the effects could be increased when applied to
younger subjects. This is incredibly significant mainly because of the long standing doubt in
cordyceps’ aerobic performance effects. But that is not the only reason it’s significant because
this mushroom has been used by chinese athletes for hundreds of years and with the US recent
discovery of cordyceps, the fungus could easily become a key part of modern athletics. This
means that cordyceps don't need to be solely used for their medical purposes, along with its
aphrodisiac properties it is also an athletics enhancer. Slowly cordyceps are spreading into many
uses all of which are in desperate need for natural replacements.
Cordyceps used in athletics are one of its most popular benefits. Although you rarely hear
about them, in regular athletics circles these mushrooms have shown impressive effects. As
explained by one of the leading cordyceps production companies mushroom revival.
“Cordyceps may support the body during times of occasional stress.* Athletes will be happy to
learn that this mushroom supports the body’s natural energy levels, may support endurance and
stamina in already energized people”. This is also explained “your lungs and exercise”
“Cordyceps is known to promote a healthy circulatory system, supporting the maintenance of
oxygen in the bloodstream, and promoting lung capacity in a healthy respiratory system”. While
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the potential to support endurance and stamina is quite impressive, its potential in supporting the
respiratory system is significant . This was explained in the same article as.
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and
produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to
increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about
40–60 times a minute.
Extra support for your lungs during exercise is essential for modern athletes. The oxygen that is
inhaled through your lungs is used for producing energy, improving blood flow and increasing
the power of your muscles. There is a good reason behind cordyceps' frequent use in chinese
athletics. Overall cordyceps have a definite place in US athletics and if used properly and
consistently cordyceps could replace some of the harmful steroids that are used today.
Cordicepin
Now getting to the star of the show and the compound behind cordyceps effects. Cordycepin is
the most valued chemical found in cordyceps sinensis and cordyceps militaris, its benefits are
seen as significant in the micoligi world. This is better explained by Ashraf et al. As they
write,“Cordyceps contains various bioactive components, out of which, cordycepin is considered
most vital, due to its utmost therapeutic as well as nutraceutical potential.” In the US these
effects are considered potentials however in China cordyceps have been used for these benefits
for thousands of years so they should not be deemed a hoax. In short cordycepin is an extremely
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beneficial substance with various life enhancing effects. This specific chemical makes up most of
the mushroom's value with most of the mushroom's potential revolving around it. It's a cancer
treatment, a diabetes treatment, erectile dysfunction treatment, cardiovascular diseases to just
name the well known ones. In short, cordycepin is the backbone of the cordyceps fungus and its
benefits by themselves provide a significant reason for the fungus's incorporation into modern
medicine.
Cordyceps market
The cordyceps market is booming and is only projected to grow in the coming years. This
is stated clearly by Market Watch in there article “Cordyceps Market Share Worldwide Industry
Growth, Size, Statistics, Industry Key Features, Opportunities & Forecasts up to 2026”
“Cordyceps industry is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period,
between 2021 and 2026. In 2021, the market was growing at a steady rate and with the rising
adoption of strategies by key players; the market is expected to rise over the projected horizon”.
In short cordyceps has a consistently growing market and with the introduction of new
techniques developed to speed up the cultivation process, increase harvest yield or increase
cordycepin content . The cordyceps fungus is expected to rise in popularity with the introduction
of such techniques. This is exactly what this paper is aiming to achieve, to share knowledge. The
only thing standing in the way of cordyceps is notoriety and once that is achieved cordyceps will
be able to grow without limitations.
Downsides to the Fungus
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Both chinese and american researchers such as panda and Alex Dorr have claimed numerous
benefits of cordyceps consumption. Many of which have been backed by scientific proof and
legitimate evidence. Cordyceps have been formally recognised for their medicinal effects by a
wide number of people. Bringing up the question (why have cordyceps not been incorporated
into modern western medicine yet). While the question can't completely be answered here, a little
bit can be revealed. Cordyceps isn't a miracle medicine, all of their abilities don't work as soon as
you eat a mushroom. Many of the effects take a amount of time of taking the supplements before
they show signs of benefits. This means that things like chemo or other modern treatments will
be more effective in the short run. This matches up with the United States tendency to take the
easy route. Ignoring the more difficult task and opting for an easy fix.
Side Effects
Side effects have also been observed when taking cordyceps. While side effects are
scarce and usually require specific conditions, cordyceps have some negative effects. The side
effects are mentioned by John P. Cunha who listed the side effects as follows: “Common side
effects of cordyceps include: Increased symptoms of autoimmune diseases, Slow blood clotting
(increased risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders), Increased risk of bleeding during
surgery”. The two symptoms mentioned are very rare but still need to be mentioned . The first
one tells us that the symptoms of autoimmune diseases can increase. Autoimmune diseases are a
situation where a misdirected immune systems response harms the body as explained by Charles
Patrick Davis. Examples of these conditions are Addison’s disease and gluten-sensitive
enteropathy.
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The next negative reaction is slow blood clotting better known as hemophilia, Mayo Clinic
Marketplace explained the condition as.
“your body lacks the blood clotting proteins so it takes longer for wounds to stop
bleeding”(hemophilia).
Both of these can be dangerous so like all drugs you should talk to your doctor or at least do your
own research before taking cordyceps. Also finding out if cordyceps have a negative reaction
with any other drugs you are taking is important. However cordyceps have a very good track
record so unless you have specific prior conditions they are safe for consumption. If we take this
all into consideration even with these downsides cordyceps still have a lot going for them. If the
risks and benefits were to be compared the benefits would win by a landslide.
Part 4:Discussion and Conclusions
Are cordyceps a good fit for the US medical system and where can they be used in that
field? What has been displayed in this paper clearly shows the numerous places that cordyceps
can be integrated both in the medical industry and out of it. Its uses in cancer treatment is the
most promising. While the effects are mild, cordyceps militaris may serve as an effective cancer
prevention method, possibly serving as a safety measure for patients at high risk for some form
of cancer in their future. Its effects in diabetes and depression should also be noted since when
paired together the two tend to spiral out of control. The most entrancing possibilities of this
medicine is that it is a natural solution to many problems and with its general lack of downsides,
it's likely to be well liked. However those downsides do exist but come in the form of slow
production and higher quality products being unreasonably expensive.
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Larger implications
Cordyceps are just the beginning in mushroom medicine. There are thousands of other fungi with
benefits that are just as good or better than cordyceps. Take penicillin for example, It is treated as
an essential in a wide variety of treatments. The untapped potential of funguses in the medical
industry is a field we need to devote more energy to. A good example besides penicillin would
be turkey tail mushrooms which has been proposed by Paul Stamets in his Ted Talk to have
dramatic cancer prevention effects. Perhaps even rivaling the effects of cordyceps.
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Chen, Steve, et al. “Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps Sinensis) on Exercise Performance in Healthy Older Subjects: a
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