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Standard: APA Citation Basics

This document summarizes guidelines for citing sources and including references in academic writing using APA style. It covers how to format in-text citations whether paraphrasing, quoting or referring to an entire work. It also provides guidance on structuring references in the reference list at the end, including capitalization rules and using quotation marks and italics. Short and long quotes are addressed, noting the need for page numbers in citations.

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81 views3 pages

Standard: APA Citation Basics

This document summarizes guidelines for citing sources and including references in academic writing using APA style. It covers how to format in-text citations whether paraphrasing, quoting or referring to an entire work. It also provides guidance on structuring references in the reference list at the end, including capitalization rules and using quotation marks and italics. Short and long quotes are addressed, noting the need for page numbers in citations.

Uploaded by

Amhara Aammhhaarraa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Standard

Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics : Growth and business cycles. / Sørensen, Peter Birch; Whitta-
Jacobsen, Hans Jørgen.
2. ed. London : McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010. 820 p.
Publication: Education › Book

Harvard
Sørensen, PB & Whitta-Jacobsen, HJ 2010, Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics: Growth and business cycles. 2.
edn, McGraw-Hill Companies, London.

APA
Sørensen, P. B., & Whitta-Jacobsen, H. J. (2010). Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics: Growth and business
cycles. (2. ed.) London: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Vancouver
Sørensen PB, Whitta-Jacobsen HJ. Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics: Growth and business cycles. 2. ed.
London: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010. 820 p.

Author
Sørensen, Peter Birch; Whitta-Jacobsen, Hans Jørgen / Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics : Growth and
business cycles.

follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal
phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...

APA citation basics


When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example,
(Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the
text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining


 Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
 If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters
long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short
words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is
Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new
media.)

 When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born


Cyborgs.
 Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
 Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of
Oz; Friends.
 Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from
edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration:
Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and
the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase
that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially

when it was their first time" (p. 199). 

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what

implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication,
and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but

she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and
omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e.,
in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin,
and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new
margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following: 

Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing  sources. This difficulty could be

attributed to the  fact that many students failed to purchase a style  manual or to

ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)


Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author
and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the
page number (although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time

learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p.

199).

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