Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless

Sensor)

PEST MONITOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM USING WIRELESS SENSOR

NETWORK (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACOUSTIC DEVICE
WIRELESS SENSOR)

NAVIN SRIVASTAVA1, GAUTAM CHOPRA2, PRATEEK JAIN3 & BHAVYA KHATTER4

1,2,3&4
Dept. of Electronics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, PUNE, INDIA

Abstract -Agriculture has increasingly become dependent on chemical pesticides to control the pests that damage the crops.
Heightened concern over the environmental effects of pesticides, coupled with increased pest resistance and secondary pest
outbreaks, severely limits the effective pesticides available to farmers. As weather patterns change, crops mature, and cattle graze
pastures for food, farmers must decide when to irrigate pastures, apply fertilizer, or move cattle to another pasture. A farmer
relies on a combination of experience, visual observation, intuition and he has to perform periodical surveys over a widespread
plantation which is a time consuming activity. Acoustic detection technology is a far better substitute to these laborious tasks.
Sugarcane takes 10-18 months to grow and is therefore liable to be attacked by a number of insects, pests and diseases. Its
production declines by 19 - 20 % by their attacks. To increase the crop productivity, management of insect-pest and diseases is of
great significance. Sugarcane is infested by about 288 insects of which nearly two dozen causes heavy losses to the quality as
well as quantity of the crop. In this project we will be focusing on a pest control and monitoring system for efficient sugarcane
crop production, which is a staple crop grown in Pune. The main pests that affect sugarcane are top shoot borer, stalk borer, rood
borer and sugarcane wooly aphid. Apart from this, the main diseases that affect sugarcane crop are Red rot, Smut, Grassy Shoot
and Wilt. The system uses an acoustic device sensor which monitors the noise level of the pests and gives an indication to the
farmer through an alarm when the noise crosses a threshold. The dissemination of is done via a network of wireless sensors
connected to a control room computer. Transmission and reception of field data is through ZigBee 802.15.4 digital
communication device standard. The system covers large areas with very low energy consumption.

Keywords-SNR-Signal to Noise ratio, AMDF- Average Magnitude Difference Function, ZibBee-802.15.4 protocol for data
transmission.

1. INTRODUCTION spatial information for entire crop fields at frequent

intervals during the cropping season. It is already
1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT known that important changes in plant growth and
function caused by nutrient and water stress, disease
Pests and diseases cause great economic loss to farmers symptoms, etc. are detectable through their canopy
through reduced yields and increased costs of pesticides reflectance (especially in the near infrared) much earlier
and other control measures. The early detection of than these effects become visible to the human eye.
hotspots of insect or disease attack in crop paddocks is Besides the above mentioned technologies, acoustic
critical for timely and targeted application of pesticides. detection is the best and most cost-effective. Acoustic
Precise knowledge of areas where pest or disease sensors are able to distinguish between various pests
activity has started would enable the farmer to apply which give this technology an edge over others. India
just the right amounts of pesticides to the affected areas, is the 2nd largest producer of sugarcane (Saccharum
thereby yielding both economic and environmental spp.) with production of 277,750,000 tons in the world.
benefits. The common method for detection of pest or It is major cash crop of Maharashtra. The main reasons
disease damage in crops is by visual inspection of the for loss in production are pests and insects. Sugarcane
foliage in the field. Such methods are labor intensive is infested by about 288 insects of which nearly two
and costly, and only a limited number of field samples dozen causes heavy losses to the quality as well as
can be examined at any one time. Also with field quantity of the crop, as detail given below in Table.1.
scouting methods small areas of pest/disease onset in The scenario of insect pests and diseases varies in sub-
healthy paddocks may often go undetected. tropical and tropical belt of sugarcane. Top borer and
Furthermore the effects of many pest/disease stalk borer are found pre-dominantly in sub-tropical
infestations are often not noticeable to the human eye, areas whereas internodes borer and early shoot borer
until it reaches an advanced stage when it becomes too and among disease rust & eye spot are prevalent in
late to control the outbreak. Remote sensing provides tropical region. Several management strategies have
an alternative cost effective method to obtain detailed been developed as a result of research and development

International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering 27th Jan 2013, Goa, ISBN: 978-93-82208-58-7
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 Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless Sensor)

work. In order to save environment from chemical

pollution, use of bio-control has been given utmost
attention. The management technologies have been
integrated as per need for increasing the efficiency

Fig 2. Block Diagram

Some of the important features of the acoustic sensor

that makes it the sensor of our choice are: Listening
Device, self-monitoring system, radio Frequency
remote access, wireless Network functionalities, long
battery lifetime / Low power system, no need for
specialists on the field.

Table.1: Extent Of Losses Due To Different Insects &

Pests In India

Fig 3 .Received Signal Waveform

1.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF WSN AND PEST

CONTROL

The first recorded instance of pest control takes us back

to 2500BC when the Sumerians used sulphur to control
Fig 1. Sugarcane Borer insects. Then around 1200BC the Chinese, in their great
age of discovery towards the end of the Shang Dynasty,
Any type of pest control activity is divided into were using chemicals to control insects. The Chinese
three main segments, which are: Analysis of the continued to develop ever more sophisticated chemicals
symptoms causing pests as well estimating the extent of and methods of controlling insects for crops and for
damage caused by them, Identification of pests and people's comfort. No doubt the spread of pest control
differentiating between their types i.e. detection, know-how was helped by the advanced state of Chinese
Management of the detected pests using biological writing ability. Although progress in pest control
control and other available environment friendly methods undoubtedly continued, the next significant
methods. The block diagram given below describes the scrap of evidence does not come until around 750BC
general structure of acoustic detection systems: when Homer described the Greek use of wood ash

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 Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless Sensor)

spread on land as a form of pest control. Around 500BC to another pasture. A farmer relies on a combination of
the Chinese were using mercury and arsenic experience, visual observation, intuition and he has to
compounds as a means to control body lice, a common perform periodical surveys over a widespread
problem throughout history. In 440BC the Ancient plantation which is a time consuming activity. Acoustic
Egyptian's used fishing nets to cover their beds or their detection technology is a far better substitute to these
homes at night as a protection from mosquitoes. . From laborious tasks. Main problem of the project can be
300BC there is evidence of the use of use of predatory defined as the establishment of an acoustic pest
insects to control pests, although this method was detection system comprising of acoustic sensors which
almost certainly developed before this date. The are deployed in the sugarcane field or farm area and are
Romans developed pest control methods and these connected through a wireless sensor network (WSN) to
ideas were spread throughout the empire In 200BC, a computer which runs a database management
Roman censor Cato encouraged the use of oils as a software and detection algorithm. Outdoor field trials
means of pest control and in 70AD Pliny the Elder of WSNs pose problems that do not occur in lab
wrote that galbanum resin (from the fennel plant) experiments. Some of the reasons are harsh
should be added to sulphur in order to discourage environmental conditions (e. g. low temperatures),
mosquitoes. In 13BC the first recorded rat-proof grain long-term unattended operation, and complex
store was built by the Romans. The first known instance deployment process, connection to the wired world, and
where predatory insects were transported from one area large number of nodes. This section discusses the setup
to another comes from Arabia around 1000AD where of a field trial of a WSN and evaluates different
date growers moved cultures of ants from neighboring alternatives. There is a wide range of sensor node
mountains to their oasis plantations in order to prey on hardware available, ranging from small devices with 8-
phytophagous ants which attacked date palm. At this bit microcontrollers as CPUs, 2–100 KB of working
point pest control was carried out by farmers and some memory, 64–1024 KB of flash secondary storage, and a
householders as an everyday activity. By the early low-power radio operating at 10 Kbit/s up to larger
nineteenth century however, this changed as studies and devices with 32-bit CPUs, megabytes of working
writings started to appear that treated pest control as a memory and secondary storage, and supporting the
separate discipline. Increasing use of intensive and Bluetooth wireless standard, such as the Intel Mote.
large scale farming brought matching increases in the Obviously, the performance of an algorithm will
intensity and scale of pest scares such as the disastrous strongly depend on the selected hardware; especially
potato famine in Ireland in 1840. Pest control the quality of the transceiver and communication
management was scaled up to meet these demands, to technology is of high importance. Outdoor applications
the point that dedicated pest controllers began to present an additional set of challenges not seen in
emerge throughout the 20th century. In 1921 the first indoor experiments. Most sensor node hardware is still
crop-spraying airplane was employed and in 1962 of prototypically nature and does not come with a
flying insect control was revolutionized when Insect-o- packaging suitable for outdoor deployment. To
cuter started selling fly killer machines using ultra withstand variable weather conditions, protective
violet lamps. Pest control is still carried out by farmers packaging that minimally obstructs the sensing and
and householders to this day. There are also pest control communication functionality has to be provided. In
specialists (sometimes called pasties’); many are one- most cases custom enclosures are too costly. If the
person businesses and others work for large companies. accuracy of sensor values is not of importance, off the-
In most countries the pest control industry has been shelf rain-proof boxes with a rubber seal, antennae
dogged by a few bad practitioners who have tarnished inside, wrapped in plastic are sufficient. The effect of
the reputation for the highly professional and the packaging on the quality of the communication
responsible majority. must be analyzed prior to deployment. Another aspect
that is usually not present in indoor experiments is the
2. MOTIVATION AND PROBLEM DEFINITION variation in temperature during the trial. Temperature
directly affects battery voltage, which in turn affects
Agriculture has increasingly become dependent on radio communication.
chemical pesticides to control the pests that damage the
crops. There is heightened concern over the 3. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS
environmental effects of pesticides, coupled with
increased pest resistance and secondary pest outbreaks, Pest control plays a crucial role in farming for without
severely limits the effective pesticides available to it, plants will die or not bear fruit. Pests are a natural
farmers. As weather patterns change, crops mature, and enemy to farmers because they hinder farm production.
cattle graze pastures for food, farmers must decide Farmers have to use different methods of controlling
when to irrigate pastures, apply fertilizer, or move cattle pests. Common forms of pest control involve traps,

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 Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless Sensor)

field burning, air guns, hunting, poisoned bait, natural each and every part of the field and perform periodical
rodent control, destruction of infected plants, poison surveys over widespread plantation. This will help to
spray, sterilization, and eliminating breeding grounds reduce time and increase the productivity and help to
via drainage of still water or proper management of grow better and healthier sugarcanes. The collection of
waste. By implementing one of these methods, farmers the noise levels will be done using a number of wireless
can fully maintain the sound health of their farms and sensor nodes spread over an area.
agricultural produce. Monitoring pest insect population
is currently a key issue in crop protection. At farm level
it is routinely operated by repeated surveys by a human
.This is a labor and time consuming activity, and it
would be of great advantage for farmers to have an
affordable system of doing this task automatically. This
system is using an acoustic device sensor that is able to
monitor the noise level of pests and gives an indication
to the farmer through an alarm when the noise crosses a
threshold.

4. AREAS BEING INVESTIGATED Table 2. Complexity Measurements For Different Parts

of The AMDF
Major Insect Pest Management Of Sugarcane Crop
Sugarcane is a long duration crop of 10-18 months and These wireless sensor nodes will be connected to a base
therefore is liable to be attacked by a number of insect station to which the sensors will transmit the noise
pests and diseases. According to an estimate, sugarcane levels whenever the noise level crosses a threshold level
production declines by 20.0 and 19.0 % by insect pests after comparison through a comparator. The base
and diseases respectively. To increase the crop station will then transmit the information to the control
productivity, management of insect-pest and diseases is room computer which will indicate to the farmer where
of great significance. Due to diversity in agro- the infestation is occurring so that the necessary action
ecological conditions the importance of insect pests and can be undertaken. The transmission and reception of
disease varies and therefore, management strategy the data is done through zigbee 802.15.4 digital
should be adopted accordingly. Sugarcane is infested by communication standard. We would like to highlight
about 288 insects of which nearly two dozen causes the details of the setup.
heavy losses to the quality as well as quantity of the
crop, as detail given below in Table.1. The scenario of
insect pests and diseases varies in sub-tropical and
tropical belt of sugarcane. Top borer and stalk borer
are found pre-dominantly in sub-tropical areas whereas
internodes borer and early shoot borer and among
disease rust & eye spot are prevalent in tropical region.
Several management strategies have been developed as
a result of research and development work. In order to
save environment from chemical pollution, use of bio-
control has been given utmost attention. The
management technologies have been integrated as per
need for increasing the efficiency.

5. SYSTEM DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK

Fig 4. Placement of sensor nodes over an area
We are proposing a pest monitor and control system for
efficient sugarcane crop production. The system will be APPLICATION
using an acoustic device sensor which will monitor the
noise level of the pests and whenever the noise crosses The acoustic detection systems can be applied to other
the threshold it will notify the farmer of the area where fields such as termite detection in homes, wetland
the infestation is occurring. This will help to induce monitoring thus making it quite a diverse detection
automation in the field of farming and reduce the technology for pests and insects.
efforts of farmers. Through acoustic detection
technology there will be no need of the farmer to go to

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 Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless Sensor)

5.1 WIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION USING ZigBee Smart Energy, ZigBee Home Automation,
ZIGBEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Telecom Service. The ZigBee Gateway
TECHNOLOGY specification was focused to meet the common
functionality essential to a gateway for ZigBee
Most algorithms developed for wireless sensor standards, or public application profiles
networks must take into account efficiency because of
the limited resources available on the mote. In fact, a 5.2 INDICATION AT THE RECEIVER END
number of algorithms are available that attempt to
reduce energy consumption in WSNs [17]. In an effort Thus data from the various sensor nodes will be
to maintain acceptable performance and speed, we have displayed at the operators end in the form of FFT
analyzed the complexity of the energy and AMDF format of the audio signal as shown in Fig 4. Thus the
calculations on the mote. In Table 2. we list a number operator can continuously observe the noise level being
of operations performed in the program and the collected by the various sensors and a comparator that
corresponding required clock cycles and time. It is is set to a particular threshold level, if it detects a sound
apparent that the operation requiring the most clock level above this threshold level , it will immediately
cycles is the AMDF. This is because of the nested loops give an alarm signal to turn inform the operator about
(0(n2) complexity) required to implement it. For future abnormal situation of the pest attack over a particular
implementations of the algorithm, we are seeking less area of the field. We have given a snapshot of the
costly ways of computing pitch periods of acceptable operator’s screen monitoring the signal form various
quality. Taking into account all computations, for a nodes in Fig 5.
single frame of 64 samples, a total of 11312 clock
cycles are required, which translates to approximately
2.8 Msec in actual time.In this analysis, additions,
multiplications, and lower level subroutines that are
called as TinyOS are not taken into account. Although
the additions and multiplication may not change total
complexity of the algorithm significantly, the lower
level subroutines can potentially have a large impact.
As there are a number of Issues related to the efficient
transmission of the acoustic data over the wireless
network, thus we are aking use of the zigbee
technology. The acoustic wireless device sensor will
send the information over the Zigbee network in an
Fig5. FFT waveform of the audio signal from sensor node
FFT algorithm format The Zigbee Gateway Device is a
stand-alone device that can meet the IP connectivity
requirements of most applications. The specification In this analysis, additions, multiplications, and lower
level subroutines that are called as TinyOS are not
and hence the devices that stem from the specification
taken into account. Although the additions and
were purposely designed to be generic in nature,
multiplication may not change total complexity of the
stopping at a level that was in no way Zigbee public
algorithm significantly, the lower level subroutines can
application profile specific. This flexibility allows host
potentially have a large impact. As there are a number
applications to use generic gateways to communicate
with any public application profile installation without of Issues related to the efficient transmission of the
modification. Application-specific details are relegated acoustic data over the wireless network, thus we are
making use of the zigbee technology. The acoustic
to the host. However, it was also envisioned that the
wireless device sensor will send the information over
Zigbee Gateway specification and the resulting
implementation would serve at an Application the Zigbee network in an FFT algorithm format The
Programming Interface specification so that developers Zigbee Gateway Device is a stand-alone device that can
meet the IP connectivity requirements of most
of Gateways could build application-specific devices.
applications. The specification and hence the devices
The main idea was that the specification would provide
that stem from the specification were purposely
a foundation so that developers could add their
designed to be generic in nature, stopping at a level that
application-specific code, whether in the form of an
was in no way Zigbee public application profile
energy service portal or an in-home device, to allow
homeowners to interact with any number of specific. This flexibility allows host applications to use
applications, including lighting or entertainment control generic gateways to communicate with any public
application profile installation without modification.
infrastructure. This would allow for standardized
gateways to be used in any Zigbee standards, including Application-specific details are relegated to the host.

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 Pest Monitor and Control System using Wireless Sensor Network (with Special Reference to Acoustic Device Wireless Sensor)

However, it was also envisioned that the Zigbee 7. CONCLUSION

Gateway specification and the resulting implementation
would serve at an Application Programming Interface Our primary objective is to create a pest monitoring and
specification so that developers of Gateways could control system for Sugarcane using WSN in order to
build application-specific devices. The main idea was check the infestation and notify the agriculturist of the
that the specification would provide a foundation so area of the field where the infestation is taking place so
that developers could add their application-specific as to reduce the efforts of farmers to go to every part of
code, whether in the form of an energy service portal or the field and check the growth of pests. This will help
an in-home device, to allow homeowners to interact farmers make optimal decisions pertaining to efficient
with any number of applications, including lighting or use of pesticides. This results in inducing automation
entertainment control infrastructure. This would allow in the field of farming in order to grow better and
for standardized gateways to be used in any Zigbee healthier Sugarcanes.
standards, including ZigBee Smart Energy, ZigBee
Home Automation, ZigBee Telecom Service. The 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ZigBee Gateway specification was focused to meet the
common functionality essential to a gateway for ZigBee We would like to thank Mahatma Phule Krishi
standards, or public application profiles Vidyapeeth College of Agriculture, Shivaji Nagar, Pune
and National Institute of Pest Management for their
5.2 INDICATION AT THE RECEIVER END contribution in the development of our project and
sharing their valuable database on pest management
Thus data from the various sensor nodes will be with a over 100+ years of research. We also like to
displayed at the operators end in the form of FFT thank the Department of Electronics Engineering,
format of the audio signal as shown in Fig 4. Thus the Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune for
operator can continuously observe the noise level being accepting our project and providing us all the research
collected by the various sensors and a comparator that facilities and guidance.
is set to a particular threshold level, if it detects a sound
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