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Chapter 4
Suspension System

4.1 Introduction
Suspension is the system that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows
relative motion.

4.2 Types of Suspension System

There are three types of height adjustable suspension which are:

Mechanical

pneumatic

hydraulic system

Figure 4.1 Mechanical adjustable concept.

4.2.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEM

This system needs manual adjustment to which can be used to vary a

vehicle ride height.

4.2.2 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Air has been used on vehicles at varying frequencies and with mixed
success. Air systems can also be used as a means of achieving height
adjustment in the vehicle. Air suspension has an added advantage in that
the controller can also perform the task of leveling the car if height
sensors are placed in each spring. Existing air springs do have the
drawback that they cannot simply replace a coil spring in all their
behavioral properties. While the properties of air suit heavy vehicle
transport they are not as easily put to work underneath a light
automobile. Their lack of popularity within smaller vehicles is also due to
their elevated cost when compared to a coil spring.

4.2.3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

⬆
The hydraulic system uses hydraulic to vary the height of the vehicle. The
system uses pressurize fluid; due to different mechanism it can be by
pump or pedal or other mechanism. Hydraulic system has no leaky seals,
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free from compression.
 This condition makes hydraulic the most appropriate when we compare it
with other mechanisms.

Figure 4.2 Pneumatic adjustable concept.

Figure 4.3 Hydraulic adjustable concept.

4.2.3.1 Working Principle of Hydraulic Suspension System

When the pedal is pressed repeatedly by the driver, the fluid is sucked
from the reservoir tank then pressurized into the main cylinder through
the tube. The pressurized fluid pushes the piston, then the vehicle
increases ride height from the ground. If the driver needs to decrease the
ride height of the vehicle he simply opens the valve then the fluid
comeback to the reservoir tank.

4.2.3.2 Major Parts of Hydraulic Suspension System

Pedal

Main cylinder

Piston

Actuator cylinder

Plunger

Reservoir cylinder

Spring

Ball valve

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 Table 4.1 Concept scoring.

Concept variant

Selection criteria Hydraulic Pneumatic Mechanical Ref

Noiseless + - 0 0

Leaky less + - + 0

Cost 0 - + 0

Easy + + - 0

Efficiency + 0 - 0

Plus 4 1 2 0

Minus 0 3 2 0

Same 1 1 1 0

Net 4 -2 0 0

Rank 1 3 2 0

Continue Yes No Yes

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 Table 4.2 Concept screening: (based on this table hydraulic system is
used).

Hydraulic Mechanical

Selection Weight Rating Weighted Rating Weighted

criteria score score

Easy to 25% 5 1.25 1 0.25

operate

Efficiency 35% 4 1.4 3 1.05

Time saver 15% 5 0.75 3 0.45

Cost 15% 2 0.3 5 0.75

Noise less 5% 5 0.25 4 0.2

Life time 5% 4 0.2 3 0.15

Total score 4.15 2.85

rank

Rank 1 2

Continue Yes No

4.3 Design Analysis of Suspension System

Ground clearance 20 cm

Kerb weight 1270 kg

Gross weight 1900 kg

Overall height 1450 mm

Overall length 4505 mm

Overall width 1755 mm

Tires 195/65/R15

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 Figure 4.4 3D view of hydraulic suspension vehicle.

Figure 4.5 Model number of the car that we are working on, Honda
Civic.

4.3.1 DIMENSION AND FORCE ANALYSIS OF THE PEDAL

Hydraulic system uses positive displacement input and output device

require force analysis. Variation in length and points of supports on this
vehicle pedal gives various outputs; thus iteration for acceptable range of
length will be important.

Case 1: when the pump piston or plunger is at its lowest position

Where piston is the force that the driver applies on the pedal.

R1- reaction force b/n the link and pedal

R2- reaction force b/n the plunger and the pedal

The pedal socket can be at equilibrium when the force and the momentum
should be balanced.

Figure 4.6 Reaction force for pedal.

(4.1)

Case 2: when the plunger is at its maximum position

this happens when the operator up strokes or moves the pedal rise up;
this can be shown diagrammatically as follows

this is the maximum height of the plunger and socket

Where hA – the distance through which the piston in the pump moves.

θ – The maximum angle through which the pedal moves with horizontals.

Now,

(4.2)

Considering Pascal’s low of the fluid or oil in the cylinder of the vehicle

When valve 1 is closed then the oil’s route or path is actuating the
cylinders

Valve 2 actuating pipe

⬆
Main cylinder

Fr this route or path the pressure is constant all over the path(if valve
1 is closed)

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Assuming that thesomething
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we can apply
Pascal’s law to the system (the pistons and the path of the oil above)
 If F is the load acting on the piston and R2 be the force acting on the
plunger actuator (piston) then

Where p- is the pressure require in the fluid require to hold the piston in
equilibrium and

Figure 4.7 Maximum position of plunger.

Figure 4.8 Pascal’s law.

A- The area of the main cylinder

The force necessary to keep the actuator piston in equilibrium will be

R2 = P2A2 Where A2 area of the actuator cylinder

From Pascal’s law P2 = P1 thus from the piston

And from the actuating cylinder P2 = R2 / A2

(4.3)

Considering volume relation of the cylinders

In order to bring the piston to its maximum possible position the actuator
cylinder must be moved’ times up and down n is in other words called the
number of stroke needs to which the maximum lift height volume of
cylinder filled to move the piston

= n (volume of cylinder moved by the actuating piston)

Where, V1 - volume of main cylinder

V2 - volume of the actuating cylinder when the plunger up to its

maximum position

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 (4.4)

Now we have got four equations containing the unknown parameter of the
geometry.

Now we can summarize the equation as follows,

But this holds true when the pedal is a horizontal position; when the pedal
is deflected by an angle θ then the reaction force R2 is given by

R2 – Is actuating vertical reaction

P – Is always perpendicular to the pedal axis

Figure 4.9 Force analysis for pedal.

Now taking summation of moment due to all force at A will be zero

When the pedal is at the horizontal position then then the reaction force
becomes then θ = 0 then the reaction force becomes

Which is the same with equation (1) derived earlier

Thus, the reaction force R2 can more generally be written as

Let us summarize the equations,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

D1=dP + 2(lower thickness of piston) + 2(clearance b/n the piston head

and cylinder)

Where, d1 - internal diameter of main cylinder

⬆

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 Figure 4.10 Connection of piston and cylinder.

Let the range of the force the driver can apply on the pedal vary from
200–400N

Length of the pedal and socket

Let the length of the pedal L be vary from 400–600mm

Let the length of the socket b/n the hole of the pin joint X vary from
30–40mm

Now the driver wants to apply a force of 260N on the pedal the iteration
will produce as follow with an objective of finding the possible number of
strokes to practically raise the piston up to the indicated maximum lift
height

As can be seen from Table 4.3, we made five iterations to calculate the
unknown over the indicated range of the assumed value, although many
designers select a different iterative approach objective. We have selected
the optimum and frequently observed number of strokes to be our
objective of the iteration process looks the two extremes of the iteration,
that is, iteration number 1 and number 2. The first one is too much to be
used for 20 KN load and it is mostly stroke number for loads high in
nd
magnitude and number 5 is too small to raise the load, thus the 2
iteration contains the most practicable number of stocks, that is n = 22.2.
Then the processing design analysis of each part will depend on the value
rd
of parameters obtained from the 3 iteration.

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 Table 4.3 Iteration.

Known Assumption Calculated value

No H H P L X d1 θ d2 = hA = R2 = n=
2 2
iter min max d1√R2/20 xsinθ (X+L) d1 *242/d2 *hA
p/XCOSθ

1 270 470 260 400 30 100 30 58.6 13.6 4.3 30

2 270 470 260 450 30 100 35 60 15.67 4.87 22.2

3 270 470 260 480 30 100 40 62.5 17.63 5.46 17.07

4 270 470 260 500 30 100 45 70.6 19.48 6.04 13.65

5 270 470 260 550 30 100 50 75.4 21.2 7.1 10.6

Generally, the geometry analysis of this system can be summarized,

Height of the main cylinder 27cm

Height that the vehicle rises 20cm

The applied force 260N

Diameter of main cylinder 10cm

Angle that the pedal makes with horizontal 35°

Diameter of actuator cylinder 60mm

Maximum rise of the plunger 15.67mm

Vertical plunger pin reaction force 4.87KN

Number of stroke 22.2 ≈ 23

Total Height of the piston = head of the piston + height of piston

= 2+20 =22cm

4.3.2 DESIGN OF PISTON AND PISTON HEAD

Piston rod is made of high tensile Stainless steel materials with chromium
plating to avoid corrosion and wear. The selection of materials depends
on the buckling of the piston rod.

Material selection;

Grade ASTM-A36
Yield strength σy = 250 Mpa
Shear strength τ = 145 Mpa
Modulus of elasticity = 200Gpa

We have a reason to select this material

High compressive strength to support the load

Due to its appreciable hardness

Give good surface finish

⬆
Relatively low cost to other grade of steel

Objectives

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 To check the safety of the piston by comparison of critical load with
applied load.

When F < Fcr the design is safe

Design procedure

The piston rod may fail in two ways:

Fail due to compressive stress (crushing)

Failure due to instability (buckling)

The cross section of the road critical can be calculated on the

following criteria:

If the length of the rod to least cross-sectional dimension ratio is less than
or equal to 11. Then the piston rod is considered as stressed; otherwise it
is considered as column.

L/d ≤ 11 Short column

L/d ≥ 11 Long column

Also, the piston is round shaped d can be substituted b;

d = k√12 Where k is slenderness ratio

If the length of the slenderness ratio is less than 40 so it is short

But length of the piston is L=22cm

Assuming the diameter of piston is:

So, the piston is short and will fail due to compressive stress

Next, we have to check the buckling of the piston

Crushing of the piston

The maximum load F = 5KN

σall = σy/n Where n is factor of safety

Now considering the crushing strength of the piston

2
125 Mpa = Fcr/((πdp )/4) Where dpispiston diameter Fcr =critical load

Now we can conclude from this,

Now this implies that 8 cm piston diameter can sustain up to 6.28KN

load. This piston can sustain the 5KN load to lift. Now it is possible to take ⬆
the 8cm piston diameter; now we can design the cross section of the
piston to sustain the 5KN maximum load.

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 So, we can take the new diameter of the piston to all other parameters
found during the geometry analysis with depend on the geometry of the
piston rod.

Design analysis for buckling

The length of the piston rod for buckling design.

As we have seen before, the piston is considered as a short column. Now

Johnson equation

C=2 for one end fixed and other pivoted since the piston is kept over the
fluid in one end which is move free and the other end is mounted fixed

This is the critical load for buckling so the piston rod will never fail due to
buckling for the given F = 5KN load

4.3.3 PISTON HEAD DESIGN

The head of the thickness is taken as a uniform circular flat plate. The
pressure of the oil acts up in the plate uniformly. We can select the
material that

Figure 4.11 Piston head.

we have used in the piston rod using the previous mechanical property.

Design analysis of piston head

We can use the following equation to find the piston head thickness

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 4.3.4 DESIGN OF MAIN CYLINDER

The basic function of the hydraulic cylinder is to convert fluid power into
linear machine lift force at that time the cylinder is subjected to internal
pressure of the fluid or oil. Since the internal pressure should be high
enough to sustain the load then the cylinder must be a heavy-duty
cylinder which is expected to be thick to sustain the pressure.

Material selection

Both cast and drawn materials can be selected as cylinder materials for
variable height vehicle but the most frequently selected material is called
cold drown deep polished low carbon steel with relatively high stress
value.

But due to the following reasons we have selected the stainless steel with
mechanical properties given below as cylinder material

Manufacturing feasibility

Local availability

Figure 4.12 Main cylinder.

Material selected stainless steel

Grade AISI302

Ultimate tensile stress σu=655Mpa

Yield tensile stress σy=260Mpa

Allowable shear stress τall=150Mpa

Modules of elasticity E=200Gpa

Modules of rigidity G=77Gpa

Design snalysis

The wall develops both tangential and radial stress with valves which
depend upon the radius.

Assuming that the longitudinal fibber of the cylinder is equivalently

strained

We can analyze the design as follows

Now the pressure and the thickness can be analyzed using Lame’s
⬆
equation as follows.

The cylinder is subjected to both radial and tangential stress σr and σt.

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 Figure 4.13 Pressure acting on cylinder.

tangential stress at any radius x

Where, pi = inner pressure

ri=inner radius
ro=outer radius

radial stress at any radius x is given as:

Since there is no external pressure pO = 0. Then,

σt is maximum at x=ri and the minimum at x=ro

is maximum at x =

ri and 0 at x = ro

Now we can use the maximum strain energy theory to evaluate the
cylinder failure, Where Bernie equation is derived to calculate the cylinder
thickness.

ro = ri + t and the maximum strain theory we get the following equation

called Bernie’s equation

Where µ = poison’s ratio

From geometric analysis the internal diameter of the main cylinder was
found to be d1 = 14cm for diameter of the piston rod (dp=8cm), but
during piston design dp was corrected to 7cm
Thus the modified main cylinder is;
d1 = 7+2(head thickness of piston) +2(clearance between piston head and
the cylinder)
d1 = 7+2+2c
= 7+2(1.5) +2(1)
= 10cm

Let us take factor of safety n=2.3

Then

Oil pressure in cylinder tube can be found as:

Balancing force vertically

⬆
Assuming the piston is moving upward with uniform velocity the
acceleration a=0

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 Where, d1- ismain cylinder diameter.

This pressure is the same over the walls of the tube

The thickness of the main cylinder is

Figure 4.14 Force acting on piston.

µ=Poisson’s ratio can be found as follows:

Elasticity and rigidity modulus are related by the following equation :

Then the thickness t is,

The thickness of the main cylinder can be taken as t = 9mm

4.3.5 DESIGN OF RESERVOIR CYLINDER

The reservoir must be stable non-reactive material; it is not subjected to

any type of stress except when the cover plate is tightened the stress
resulting from this tightening action can be neglected since it may not
bring significant effect.

Figure 4.15 Reservoir cylinder.

Material selection

The reservoir only stores the oil and is not subjected to any type of iron
used in pipe manufacture and can be selected as previous cylinder
material but its inner walls are chromium plated to prevent corrosion and
wear. All the oil that fills the main cylinder comes from the reservoir by
way of the tube.

Volume of reservoir =volume of the four cylinders + volume of the tube

From geometric analysis

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 Let assume that h = 50cm

Let us select thickness of the reservoir tr = 5 mm

4.3.6 DESIGN OF THE PUMPING CYLINDER

The pumping cylinder is small in size when compared to the other

cylinder, but is subjected to the same pressure (p = 324.8Kpa).

The analysis is the same with the previous cylinder analysis,

Material for pumping cylinder

Normalize steel of carbon content of 2% yield strength σy =250Mpa. This

material satisfies the following criteria

Availability

Corrosion resistance and mechanical stability

Manufacturing feasibility

Design analysis

The pump is subjected to both tangential and radial stress

Tangential stress

where

d2=internal diameter

o
d2 = outer diameter

r =point of maximum pressure

The maximum pressure at r=d2/2 thus

Figure 4.16 Pumping cylinder.

The tangential stress σt can be

From geometry analysis d2 =60mm

Thus

⬆
o
d2 = 67mm

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 t2=3.5mm = Thickness of the pump cylinder

4.3.7 PLUNGER DESIGN

The plunger is the pump cylinder.

Material selection is the same material as the main piston which can be
used as plunger material.

Design analysis

Force on the plunger in compression force due to pressure

Figure 4.17 Plunger.

Shear force in the hole

If the length hp is large relative to its diameter then the force may cause
buckling

Let us take f.s 2.3

Now to find the plunger lead thickness tpl we use the following equation

where tpl = plunger

lead thickness

d2 = bore diameter of cylinder

pmax = 324.8Kpa

σall = 250Mpa/2.3 = 108.6Mpa

Tearing of the plunger at the hole due to vertical reaction force

The above equation of the tear area can be derived as follow,

As shown in the figure there is two possible tear areas

From Pythagoras tearoom

Considering the crushing of the material diameter of the plunger dpl is

given by:
⬆

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 Height of the piston,

The inner seal is located 8mm below the upper surface of the plate
a=8mm the thickness of the seal t is to be determined in seal design tb =
15mm geometry analysis.

Tb only value greater than 2ts but less than tb.

Figure 4.18 Pipe.

4.3.8 DESIGN OF PIPE

Inside diameter of pipe D = 1.13√Q/V

Thickness of pipe

3 3
Let assume that Q = 40 m /min V = 2000 m /min

From the weight of the car and diameter of cylinder. We got pressure of
324.8Kpa.

From Table 8.2, we find for steel pipe c=3mm there for thickness of the
pipe and σt = 40 Mpa

4.3.9 DESIGN OF SPRING

Mechanical springs are used in machine to exert force to provide

flexibility and to store or absorb energy and I select the helical
compressive spring. These are:

Ease in manufacturing and reliability

Wide range and constant spring rate

Material selection

We select music wire that has

Toughness and tensile strength

Higher stress under cyclic loading

For the material, shear modulus, G = 81.7Gpa

Tension modulus E = 200Gpa ⬆
Gage no = 16
Diameter of wire = 2mm
Design shear stress= 895Mpa

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 Figure 4.19 Spring.

Table 4.4 Number of active coils specification.

Squared & ground end Planed end Ground end

Na N-2 N N-1

To start the design analysis the above standard

And initial specifications are:-

Outside diameter, DO= 12mm

Nt = total Number of coil =12
Rob oust linearity = 0.15

Where, Nt = coil numbers

Na = active coil numbers
Ls = spring solid length
Lo = spring free length

The ends are square and ground ended because springs with this end are
frequently mounted on a bottom-type seat or on a socket with a depth
equal to the height of just a few coil for the purpose of locating the spring.

STEP ONE:

Mean diameter, Dm = Do–Dw = 12mm–2mm = 10mm

Internal diameter, Di = Dm–Dw = 10mm–2mm = 8mm

Spring index, C = Dm/Dw, = 100mm/2mm = 5

Which is safe with typical machinery spring having C value from 5-12

Wahl factor,

STEP TWO: [1]

Stress in spring at F = Fo

Where Fo = operating spring force (calculated from given handle force).

As spring is compressed it gets twisted and thus the shear stress may be
expressed as:

The modified stress equation is given by Wahl as:

So all the factors are found from the above calculation

STEP THREE

Deflection at operating force (fo).

Θ = TL/GJ where θ= angle of twist in radians

T= Torque

L= Wire length

⬆
G= Elasticity modulus of the material in shear

J= Wire moment of inertia

Again, for convenience, we will use a different form of the equation in

order to calculatethe linear deflection of the spring from the typical design
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The resulting equation
 STEP FOUR

Solid length is the shortest possible length that the spring can have as it is
not fully compressed to the solid length during operation.

STEP FIVE

Design stress from the average stress service for ASTM- (music wire) for:-

Dw = 2 & τ = 895 Mpa & operating stress τo = 870 Mpa from the step the
design is safe.

STEP SIX

BUCKLING –If Lo > 2.63 DM/α the spring will buckle at operating
deflection.

So, to evaluate buckling

Therefore the free length of 28.3 is less than 52.63 and buckling is
unlikely.

4.3.10 DESIGN OF RELEASE VALVE

The poppet valve is made tighter to compress the spring and push the ball
which pushes fluid out.

This valve is against spring force and pressure force.

Where, t = human force Fs = spring force

Ff = force due to the fluid

2
Consideration, Shear area = 12.7 mm
2
Tensile strength area = 14.2 mm

Material selection

Course pitch threaded

Cast iron

Tensile strength 221Mpa

Design analysis

From above force of spring Fs = 260N.

Where, T = human torque

J = shear stress

Figure 4.20 Release valve. ⬆

τ = shear stress

J = polar moment of inertia

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= valve diameter
 Where d = core diameter

Take diameter to be d = 8 mm

T = f × l = 260N × 450= 117 Nm

D/2 = (Fs× Ff)=T consider Ff = 320

D = 15.84mm

Take the diameter of the head to be 16 mm D = 16mm.

Check strength against compression due to fluid pressure and spring

force,

4.3.11 DESIGN OF PIN

Material selection

Malleable cast iron with the following material property can be selected as
pin

ASTM A602

σTENSILE 621Mpa

Yield strength σy = 483Mpa

Let us take factor of safety n = 2

Figure 4.21 Pin.

Figure 4.22 Force analysis on pin.

Design analysis

2 Pin in the plunger socket joint,

Since 130<150Mpa there for the design is safe.

4.3.12 DESIGN OF BALL ⬆

The use of the ball in the hydraulic system is to control the flow of oil out
of the cylinder. The ball is pushed by the spring. In order to not go
through the spring the ball should have the same or larger diameter than

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 taking from standard table. There forms the diameter of the ball is taken
to be 12mm.

Material selection

Based on the nature of the load on the ball that is compressive load we
select material which is hardest and strongest steel, which is martensitic
steel.

4.3.13 DESIGN OF PEDAL

The pedal is used to transmit force from the human operator to the small
piston called plunger. Also used to pressurize the fluid inside actuator and
push the required force. In order to design it based on shearing and
bending let us put it horizontal and find the minimum shear and bending
diagram.

Assumption

In order to get good functioning and get free space we assume in our
design the operation is made by inserting its holder, and you can take it
from holder while finishing your work.

Material selection

Due to the nature of load applied by the person on the handle we choose
gray cast iron (4.5% C, ASTM A-48).

Let us use factor of safety for the compensation

Where, Fa load of design.

Assumption

x = 30 mm

human effort = 260N

Where θ = angle
leke of handle

From assumption FH = 260

Design analysis

Fig. 4.20 Force analysis on pedal.

Using section method,

From the formula,

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 This force is thrash out the distance 0.03m because shearing stress
between concentrated load and reaction is constant.

Maximum bending moment is |M| = |130|

Let us assume that b = 2h

Let F.S = 1.25 because it is not big work

4.3.14 LINK DESIGN

The link is connected to the pedal and the base by pin joint. There are two
links used to connect the socket and the base.

Figure 4.23 Link.

Material selection
Malleable cast iron

ASTM A602

σt = 621 Mpa

Yield strength σt = 483 Mpa

Let the least cross section of the link is square of side. the link is subjected
to tensile compressive stress due to reaction force R1 = 3.68 KN

Where Acr = cross sectional area of the link which must be the least

Let us use factor of safety of

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 Then

But in practical case the side of the link parallel to the axis of the socket
(handle is larger than the other side) tl1 = tl2 + 2.5 mm = 5 mm, thus the
factor of safety selected above will be higher.

Considering tearing of the link the shear stress can be found as

If the link is not to buckle hl/k ≤ 40 k=slenderness ratio

4.3.15 SEAL DESIGN

O rings are used in hydraulic cylinder sealing due to their effect need
shape rectangular section rings are not suited for reciprocating motion
and are only in static application; thus secular shaped seal are more
preferable for this; we use o type for both static and dynamic seals.

Material selection
leather

Figure 4.24 Seal.

Reasons to select

Locally available

Low cost

Long life

If Di is inner diameter of the sealed cylinder then the recommended

diameter Dsi is:

Recommended shape of the groove for sealing

⬆
Figure 4.25 Recommended shape of groove for sealing.

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 Figure 4.26 Seal in the main cylinder.

The following is least of the seal used in hydraulic system of variable

height vehicle design analysis.

Where, ts = cross sectional diameter of the seal and can be found as

follows

Clearance

E modules of elasticity

Ts sealing thickness

Now consider the recommended value of the sealing given above

In a similar way we can select ds = 2.5mm for this sealing, thus

Seal in release valve

Other seals are also recommended for the manufacturer that each
cylinder is perfectly sealed so that energy is saved by reducing the leakage
of oil through the clearance.

4.3.16 TESTING FOR ROLLING

4.3.16.1 The Longitudinal Location of CG

W -Total car weight,

Rf -Ground reaction at front

Figure 4.27 Car toppling would be caused due to increasing height of CG

or decreasing the width of the track.

Figure 4.28 CG view (1).

Rr-Ground reaction at rear

RR-Ground reaction at right wheels
RL -Ground reaction at left wheels
L -wheel base
T -car track ⬆
a –position of CG behind the front axle
b -position of CG in front of the rear axle
x –position of CG from the right wheels
y –position of CG away from the left wheels
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 The distance between the center of the front and rear wheels (L) can be
written as:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Measure the car front axle weight Wf = Rf, and the car rear axle weight Wr
= Rr.

Use equation (4) to find the car weight W.

Take moment around point E.

(5)

Where his given as,

Equlibrium equations,

Figure 4.29 CG view (2).

But the allowable velocity of vehicle before rising in turning is 30km/hr.

Using this we have to find velocity of vehicle after rising.

h= the location of the CG from the ground before rising.

h1 = the location of the CG from the ground after rising.

The car can rise up to 20 cm

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 The allowable velocity of vehicle before rising in turning is 30km/hr.

But the allowable velocity of vehicle after rising in turning in order not to
roll the vehicle is 22.5km/hr.

Reference
1. Springs - pdf, Web address:
http://abe.ufl.edu/tburks/Presentations/ABE4171/Springs.pdf
(http://abe.ufl.edu/tburks/Presentations/ABE4171/Springs.pdf) Accessed on 18-04-2018.

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Chapter 3: Tires Chapter 5: Braking System

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