Date Begun NAVAJA ,JANS

RAFAEL SIMON S. CTU

April 28,2021
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 1.1 BIT ELX
1205683
Date Finish ELX Comm System Check by:
ELEX 122 ORLANDO PADAL
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT # 4
April 30,2020 2nd sem A.Y. S.Y 2020- Instructor
2021

I.TRANSMITTER
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio
waves with an antenna. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to
the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
Transmitters are necessary component parts of all electronic devices that communicate by radio, such
as radio and television broadcasting stations, cell phones, walkie-talkies, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled
devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, spacecraft, radar sets and navigational beacons. The
term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation,
such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such
as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters, even though they often have similar
circuits.

1.1 Basic Concept of Radio Transmitter

 1.2 Features needed for a Radio Transmitter

A radio transmitter design has to meet certain requirements. These include the frequency of operation, the type
of modulation, the stability and purity of the resulting signal, the efficiency of power use, and the power level required to
meet the system design objectives.[1] High-power transmitters may have additional constraints with respect to radiation
safety, generation of X-rays, and protection from high voltages.[2]
Typically a transmitter design includes generation of a carrier signal, which is normally[3] sinusoidal, optionally one or more
frequency multiplication stages, a modulator, a power amplifier, and a filter and matching network to connect to an antenna.
A very simple transmitter might contain only a continuously running oscillator coupled to some antenna system. More
elaborate transmitters allow better control over the modulation of the emitted signal and improve the stability of the
transmitted frequency.

1.3 Basic Principles of Radio signal Transmission

"Radio waves" transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through the air, often
over millions of miles -- it happens every day in thousands of different ways! Even though radio
waves are invisible and completely undetectable to humans, they have totally changed society.
Whether we are talking about a cell phone, a baby monitor, a cordless phone or any one of the
thousands of other wireless technologies, all of them use radio waves to communicate.

2.0 RECEIVER
In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver, a wireless or simply a radio, is an electronic device
that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The
antenna intercepts radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to
the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the
desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the
power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.
Radio receivers are essential components of all systems that use radio. The information produced by the receiver may be
in the form of sound, moving images (television), or digital data.[1] A radio receiver may be a separate piece of electronic
equipment, or an electronic circuit within another device. The most familiar type of radio receiver for most people is a
broadcast radio receiver, which reproduces sound transmitted by radio broadcasting stations, historically the first mass-
market radio application. A broadcast receiver is commonly called a "radio". However radio receivers are very widely used
in other areas of modern technology, in televisions, cell phones, wireless modems and other components of
communications, remote control, and wireless networking systems.
 2.1 Basic Concept of Radio Receiver

The principal functions of a radio receiver are frequency selection, amplification, and detection. Frequency
selection is the discrimination of the part of the radio-frequency spectrum that contains the desired information
from the entire spectrum of electromagnetic oscillations acting on the antenna.

A radio receiver is the opposite of a radio transmitter. It uses an antenna to capture radio waves, processes

those waves to extract only those waves that are vibrating at the desired frequency, extracts the audio signals that
were added to those waves, amplifies the audio signals, and finally plays them on a speaker.

2.2 Features needed for a radio receiver

2.3 Basic Principles of Radio Receiver

Design of a radio receiver must consider several fundamental criteria to produce a practical result. The main
criteria are gain, selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. The receiver must contain a detector to recover the
information initially impressed on the radio carrier signal, a process called modulation.

The basic performance characteristics of a radio receiver are sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Sensitivity is

the capability of receiving weak radio signals, where signal strength may be as low as 10–19 watt for a signal
whose frequency bandwidth is approximately 1 kilohertz.
 2.4 Types of Radio Receiver
AM Radio
AM radio stands for amplitude modulation, and it’s one of the oldest types of wireless broadcasting.

With AM radio, an audio signal works to alter the strength of radio waves. This process is known as
modulation. The AM radio in your car or house then works to decode this modulation into a discernable
sound that the human ear can pick up.

In the 1960s, AM radios began using transistors, which led to the prevalence of household AM radios.
However, as anyone who listens to AM radio knows, the sound quality isn’t always great as it often picks
up electrical noise.

FM Radio
Many people who listen to the radio in their car listen to FM radio. Developed in the 1930s, the FM radio
comes with many enhancements that make it popular to this day.

FM radios, or frequency modulation radios, put more focus on the modulation process that alters radio
waves. This is in contrast with AM, which instead relies on the signal strength.

All of this means that in most instances, FM will give you improved sound quality with lower levels of
electrical interference.

Shortwave Radio
While AM radio has a frequency between 550 and 1720 kHz, shortwave radio is just about that, at around
1.7 to 30 MHz.

Shortwave radio frequencies interact with the ionosphere in a special way. This allows shortwave radio
broadcasts to travel hundreds and even thousands of miles. In some cases, people can tune in to a
broadcast from anywhere on the Earth.

Commerical stations and the government are some of the users of shortwave radio. For example, WWV is
a station run by the U.S. government that broadcasts out of Fort Collins, Colorado. It provides listeners
with time signal broadcasts and operates on 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz.

Satellite Radio
Satellite radio is a newer form of radio broadcasting. It’s commercial-based, requires a subscription, and
is powered by satellites. This allows satellite radio to cover huge areas without compromising audio
quality.

In contrast with AM and FM radio, satellite radio is encrypted, requiring you to have a special receiver.
However, having the receiver is not enough to listen to it. Unless you pay for the subscription plan, a
computer chip will prevent the receiver from accessing the satellite radio channels.

Although you have to pay for it, satellite radio provides its listeners with fantastic audio quality. It also
gets to avoid the ban on profanity set by the Federal Communication Commission.

Ham Radio
A ham radio, also known as amateur radio, operates on a special set of frequencies determined by the
Federal Communication Commission. To use a ham radio, you need to have special equipment, a license,
and training.
Like shortwave radio, ham radio is able to broadcast signals thousands of miles away. This makes it an
interesting hobby for many people, as they have the chance to interact with users in different countries
while improving their broadcasting skills at the same time.

If a natural disaster occurs and wipes out local communications, ham radio users often step in and help
relay important, and sometimes life-saving, information.

Walkie-Talkie
Most people have played around with walkie-talkies at some point in their lives, but few realize that
they’re also a type of radio. Just like the other types of radios, walkie-talkies also transmit and receive
radio signals.

While convenient and fun in certain situations, walkie-talkies generally have limited battery life. They
also have a range of around a mile, making them impractical for long-distance communication.

Walkie-talkie signals don’t often interfere with other radio signals. On account of that, as well as their
limited range, you can use them without having to worry about getting a license.

Fire department radios and other emergency service radios use advanced versions of walkie talkies that
also transmit via UHF or VHF frequency.

2.4.1 AM radio receiver with block diagram

 2.4.2 Function/ application/ operation of each block
1. RF Filter: The first block is the ferrite rod antenna coil and variable capacitor combo, that serves two
purposes - RF is induced into the coil and the parallel capacitor controls the resonant frequency of it, as ferrite
antennas receive the best when the resonant frequency of the coil and capacitor is equal to the station's
carrier frequency – this way it acts as an input filter of the receiver.
2. Heterodyne Local Oscillator: The second block is the heterodyne, also known as the local oscillator
(LO). The frequency of the local oscillator is set, so either the sum or the difference of the RF signal’s
frequency and the LO’s frequency is equal to the IF used in the receiver (usually around 455 kHz).
3. Mixer: The third block is the mixer, the RF signal and the LO signal is fed to the mixer to produce the
desired IF. Mixers found in common AM receivers output the sum, the difference of the LO and RF’s
frequencies and the LO and RF signals themselves. Most often in simple transistor radios, the heterodyne
and the mixer are made using one transistor. In higher-quality receivers and those that use dedicated
integrated circuits, such as the TCA440, these stages are separate, allowing for more sensitive reception due
to the mixer outputting only the sum and difference frequencies. In one transistor LO-mixers, the transistor
operates as a common-base Armstrong oscillator and the RF taken from a coil wound on the ferrite rod,
separate from the resonant circuit’s coil, is fed to the base. At frequencies different from the resonant
frequency of the antenna resonant circuit, it presents low impedance, so the base stays grounded for the LO
signal but not for the input signal, due to the antenna circuit being of parallel resonant type (low impedance at
frequencies different from resonance, almost infinite impedance at the resonant frequency).
4. First IF Filter: The fourth block is the first IF filter. In most AM receivers, it is a resonant circuit placed in
the collector of the mixer transistor with the resonant frequency equal to the IF frequency. Its purpose is to
filter off all signals with a frequency different from the IF frequency because those signals are unwanted
mixing products and don’t carry the audio signal of the station we want to listen to.
5. First IF Amplifier: The fifth block is the first IF amplifier. Gains of 50 to 100 in each IF stages are
common if the gain is too high, distortion can take place, and if the gain is too high, IF filters are too close to
each other and not properly shielded, parasitic oscillation can take place. The amplifier is controlled by AGC
(Automatic Gain Control) voltage from the demodulator. AGC lowers the gain of the stage, causing the output
signal to be roughly the same, regardless of the input signal amplitude. In transistor AM receivers, the AGC
signal is most often fed to the base and has a negative voltage – in NPN transistors pulling the base bias
voltage lower, reduces gain.
6. Second IF Filter: The sixth block is the second IF filter, just like the first one it is a resonant circuit placed
in the collector of the transistor. It only lets signals of the IF frequency – improving selectivity.
7. Second IF Amplifier: The seventh block is the second IF amplifier, it is practically the same as the first IF
amp except it is not controlled by AGC, as having too many AGC controlled stages, increases distortion.
8. Third IF Filter: the eighth block is the third IF filter, just like the first and the second one is a resonant
circuit placed in the collector of the transistor. It only lets signals of the IF frequency – improving selectivity. It
feeds the IF signal to the detector.
9. Detector: The ninth block is the detector, usually in the form of a germanium diode or a diode-connected
transistor. It demodulates AM by rectifying the IF. On its output, there is a strong IF ripple component that is
filtered out by a resistor-capacitor low pass filter, so only AF component remains, it is fed to the audio amp.
The audio signal is further filtered to provide the AGC voltage, like in a regular DC power supply.
10. Audio Amplifier: The tenth block is the audio amplifier; it amplifies the audio signal and passes it onto
the speaker. Between the detector and the audio amplifier, a volume control potentiometer is used.
11. Speaker: The last block is the speaker (usually 8 ohms, 0.5W) that outputs audio to the user. The
speaker is sometimes connected to the audio amplifier through a headphone jack that disconnects the
speaker when headphones are plugged in.
 2.4.3 FM radio receiver with block diagram

2.4.4 Function/ application/ operation of each block

 REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter

https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/radio+receiver

https://www.dummies.com/programming/electronics/components/radio-electronics-transmitters-and-receivers/

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/radio+receiver

https://blog.nhregister.com/lifestyle/2020/12/06/what-are-the-different-types-of-radios/

https://circuitdigest.com/article/superheterodyne-am-receiver