Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Atomic Mass & Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
Atomic mass (atomic weight) is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu).
One atomic mass unit: a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth
the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale:
1
H = 1.008 amu; 16O = 16.00 amu
a H atom is 8.400% as massive as 12C atom;
atomic mass of H is 0.084 x 12 amu = 1.008 amu
2
 Average Atomic Mass
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

3
 Average Atomic Mass
Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100

4
Average atomic mass (6.941)

5
 Class Work – 3.5

The atomic masses of 35Cl (75.53%) and

37
Cl (24.47%) are 34.968 amu and 36.956 amu,
respectively. Calculate the average atomic
mass of chlorine.
Ans:

34.968 x 75.53 + 36.956 x 24.47

= 35.45 amu
100

6
Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles

Dozen = 12

Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C.
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA) 7
 Molar Mass
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams.
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 atom O = 16.00 amu

1 mole O = 16.00 g O
8
 One Mole of:

C (12 g) S (32 g)

Hg (201 g)

Cu (64 g) Fe (56 g)

9
 Relationship between amu & gram

1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g

x 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
10
 Class Work – 3.7

What is the mass in grams of 13.2 amu?

Ans:

11
 Class Work – 3.8

How many amu are there in 8.4 g?

Ans:

12
 How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K)?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K

1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

13
 Class Work – 3.20
How many atoms are present in 3.14 g of
copper (Cu)?
Ans:
1 mol Cu = 63.55 g Cu
1 mol = 6.022 × 1023 particles (atoms)
grams of Cu → moles of Cu → number of Cu atoms

14
 Molecular Mass
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
15
 How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C H
3 8
O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

16
 Formula Mass
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.

1Na 22.99 amu

NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu

1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl 17
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2?

1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2

3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu

18
 Heavy
Mass Spectrometer

Light
Light

Heavy
Mass Spectrum of Ne

19
 Class Work – 3.26
How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are
present in 0.334 g of C2H6?
Ans:
molar mass of C2H6 = 2(12.01 g) + 6(1.008 g) = 30.068 g
1 mol = 6.022 × 1023 particles (molecules)
grams of ethane → moles of ethane → number of ethane
molecules

20
 Percent Composition of Compounds
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
2x12.01 g + 6x1.008 g + 16.00 g = 46.07 g 21
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass: K
24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.

1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O

22
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532

0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329

KMnO4

23
 Class Work – 3.40
Calculate the percent composition by mass of the
compound chloroform (CHCl3).
Ans:
The molar mass of CHCl3 = 12.01 g/mol + 1.008 g/mol +
3(35.45 g/mol) = 119.4 g/mol.

24
 Class Work – 3.49
What is the empirical formula of the compound
with the following compostions? 2.1 % H, 65.3 %
O, and 32.6 % S.
Ans: Assume 100 g of compound.

This gives the formula H2.08S1.017O4.081. Dividing by 1.017 gives

the empirical formula, H2SO4.
25
 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas

Combust 11.5 g ethanol

Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O

g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C

g H 2O mol H2O mol H gH 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O

Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O 26
 Determination of Molecular Formulas
To calculate molecular formula we must know the approximate
molar mass of the compound in addition to its empirical formula.
A sample of a compound contains 1.52 g of nitrogen and 3.47 g
of oxygen. The molar mass of this compound is between 90 g
and 95 g. Determine the molecular formula and the accurate
molar mass of the compound.
1 mol N
nN = 1.52 g N x = 0.108 mol N
14.01 g N
1 mol O
nO = 3.47 g O x = 0.217 mol O
16.00 g O

N0.108O0.217 ; smallest subscript 0.108

Empirical formula NO2
27
 Determination of Molecular Formulas (contd.)

Empirical molar mass = 14.01 g + 2(16.00 g) = 46.01 g

Ratio between molar mass and empirical molar mass,

Molar mass 90 g
= ≈ 2
Empirical molar mass 46.01 g

Molar mass is twice the empirical molar mass.

There are two NO2 units in each molecule of the compound.
Molecular formula is (NO2)2 or N2O4.

28
 Class Work – 3.54
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has the following
composition by mass: 35.51% C, 4.77% H, 37.85% O,
8.29% N, and 13.60% Na. What is its molecular formula
if its molar mass is about 169g?
Ans:

29
Class Work – 3.54

30
Chemical Reactions & Chemical Equations

A chemical reaction is a process in

which one or more substances is
changed into one or more new
substances.

A chemical equation uses chemical

symbols to show what happens during
a chemical reaction.

31
 Writing Chemical Equations
When H2 gas burns in air (which contains O2) to form H2O,
2H2 + O2 2H2O
“plus” means “reacts with” & arrow means “to yield”

3 ways of representing the above reaction (for mass balance x 2):

32
 Writing Chemical Equations
Chemical equation is the chemist’s shorthand
description of a reaction.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
reactants products
Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical
reaction, e.g., H2 & O2; written on the left of the
arrow.
Products are the substances formed as a result of a
chemical reaction, e.g., H2O; written on the right of
the arrow.
reactants ⇌ products
33
 Writing Chemical Equations
Physical states are represented by g(gas), l(liquid) & s(solid):

2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

H 2O
NaCl(s) NaCl(aq)

KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

[No reaction in solid phase]

34
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

35
 Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C 2H 6 + O 2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
36
 Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C 2H 6 + O 2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C 2H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right

C 2H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + 3H2O 37
 Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
C 2H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C 2H 6 + 7 O 2 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction

2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

38
 Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
39
 Class Work – 3.59
Balance the following equations:
(a)(a)
C 2C
+ O+2 O → 2CO
→2 CO
(b)(b) 2CO
CO+ O2+→
O2CO
→ 22CO2
(c)(c)
H2H+2 +
BrBr→→
2 2
2HBr
HBr
(d)(d)
K 2K
+ H+2O2H
→2OKOH
→ 2KOH
+ H 2 + H2
(e)(e)
Mg2Mg
+ O+2 O → 2MgO
→2 MgO
(f)(f)
O32O →2 3O2
→3 O
(g)(g)
H22H
O22O →2O2H
→2 H +2O2+ O2

40
 Class Work – 3.59
Balance the following equations:
(h)(h)
N2N+2 H
+ 23H → 32NH3
→2 NH
(i)(i)
Zn+Zn+ 2AgCl
AgCl → ZnCl
→ ZnCl 2
+ 2Ag
+ 2Ag
(j)(j)
S8S+8 O
+ 28O → 28SO2
→2 SO
(k)(k) 2NaOH
NaOH + H+2SO
H24SO → 2Na
→4 Na SO24SO
+ 4H+2O2H2O
(l)(l)
ClCl + 2NaI
+ NaI
2 2
→ 2NaCl
→ NaCl + I 2 + I2
(m)
(m) 3KOH
KOH + H+3PO
H34PO
→4 K→
3
K34PO
PO + 4H+2O3H2O
(n)(n)
CH CH + 4Br
+ Br
4 4 2
→ CBr
→2 CBr 4
+ 4HBr
+ 4HBr

41
Amounts of Reactants and Products: Mole method
How much reactant? or How much product?
Stoichiometry: the quantitative study of reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.
We use moles to calculate the amount of products
formed.
Mole method: the stoichiometric coefficients in a
chemical equation can be interpreted as the number of
moles of each substance.
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
2 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecule
2(6.022x1023 molecules) 6.022x1023 molecules 2(6.022x1023 molecules)
2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
Grams of CO → moles of CO →
moles of CO2 → grams of CO2
42
Amounts of Reactants and Products: Mole method

1. Write balanced chemical equation.

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles.
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity.
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units.
43
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?

grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H 2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O

44
 Limiting Reagent
Reactant used up first in the
reaction.

2NO + O2 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent.

O2 is the excess reagent.

Reactants present in quantities

greater than necessary to react
with the quantities of the
limiting reagent.
45
 In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g
of Fe2O3:
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent.
46
 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

At this point, all the Al is consumed

and Fe2O3 remains in excess.

47
 Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

48
 Class Work – 3.89
Hydrogen fluoride is prepared by the reaction
CaF2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2HF
If 6.00 kg of CaF2 are treated with an excess of H2SO4 and
yield 2.86 kg of HF, calculate the precent yield of HF.
Ans:

49
 Class Work – 3.83

Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen gas to form

nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a dark brown gas:
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
In one experiment 0.886 mole of NO is mixed
with 0.503 mole of O2. Calculate which of the
two reactants is the limiting reagent. Calculate
also the number of moles of NO2 produced.

50
 Class Work – 3.83
Ans: Let's calculate the moles of NO2 produced assuming
complete reaction for each reactant.
2NO + O2 → 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent; it limits the amount of product

produced. The amount of product produced is 0.886 mole
NO2.

51
 Class Work – 3.83
Consider the reaction:
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
If 0.86 mole of MnO2 and 48.2 g of HCl react, which
reagent will be used up first? How many grams of Cl2
will be produced?
Ans:

52
 Class Work – 3.83

Ans:

53