Database Management II

Name: Elias Platis

Stu.id: S144R0023

Chapter 1
Q.1
List four government sectors in your country that
use database systems.

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CYTA, A.Η.K, Citizen Service Centre, Social

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Insurance Services, Ministry of Labour, general
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Hospital, Ministry of Education.
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Q.2
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Data:
For end users, this constitutes all the different values connected
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with the various entities that are of concern to them.

Database:
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A shared collection of logically related data designed to meet

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the information needs of an organization.

Database management system:

A software system that: enables users to define, create, and
maintain the database and provides controlled access to this
database.

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 Database application program:
A computer program that interacts with the database by issuing
an appropriate request to the DBMS.

Data independence: This is essentially the separation of

underlying file structures from the programs that operate on
them, also called program-data independence.

Security:
The protection of the database from unauthorized users, which

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may involve passwords and access restrictions.

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Integrity:
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The maintenance of the validity and consistency of the database
by use of particular constraints that are applied to the data.
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Views:
A virtual table that does not necessarily exist in the database
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but is generated by the DBMS from the underlying base tables

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whenever it’s accessed.

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 Q.3
Describe the role of database management
systems (DBMS) in the database approach. Discuss
why knowledge of DBMS is important for database
administrators.
In the DBMS approach, application program written
in some programming language like JAVA uses
database connectivity to access the database
stored in the disk with the help of operating system’s
file management system.

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The knowledge of DBMS of a Database

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Administrator is important because they are

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responsible for the performance, integrity and

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security of the database.
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Q.4
Describe the main characteristics of the database
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approach and contrast it with the file-based

approach.
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The structure of the data is now kept separate from the programs
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that operate on the data. Focus is now on the data first, and then
the applications. This is held in the system catalog or data
dictionary. Programs can now share data, which is no longer
fragmented.

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 Q.5
Describe the five components of the DBMS
environment and discuss how they relate to each
other.
* Hardware:
The computer system that the DBMS and the application
programs run on. This can range from a single PC, to a single
mainframe, to a network of computers.

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* Software:

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The DBMS software and the application programs, together

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with the operating system, including network software if the

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DBMS is being used over a network.
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* Data:
The data acts as a bridge between the hardware and software
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components and the human components. As we’ve already

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said, the database contains both the operational data and the
meta-data
* Procedures:
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The instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the
database. This may include instructions on how to log on to the
DBMS, make backup copies of the database, and how to handle
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hardware or software failures.

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* People:
This includes the database designers, database administrators
(DBAs), application programmers, and the end-users.

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 Q.6
Discuss the roles of the following personnel in the
database environment:

* Data administrator (DA)

is responsible for the management of the data resource,
including database planning development and maintenance of
standards, policies and procedures and logical database design.

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Also consults with and advises senior managers, ensuring that

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the direction of database development will ultimately support

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corporate objectives.

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* Database administrator
is responsible for the physical realization of the database,
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including physical database design and implementation,

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security and integrity control, maintenance of the operational

system, and ensuring satisfactory performance of the
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applications for users.

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* Logical database designer

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is concerned with identifying the data the relationships

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between the data, and the constraints on the data that is to be

stored in the database.

* Physical database designer

decides how the logical database design is to be physically
realized.

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 * Application developer
it responsible for the database which has been implemented,
the application programs that provide the required
functionality for the end-users must be implemented.
* End-Users
are the clients of the database, which has been
designed and implemented and is being
maintained to serve their information needs.

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Q.7

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Discuss the three generations of DBMSs.

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The CODASYL and hierarchical approaches represented the first
generation of DBMSs. They were based on the concept that
smaller components come together as parts of larger
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components, and so on, until the final product is assembled.

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Relational DBMSs are referred to as second-generation DBMSs.

In 1970, E. F. Codd of the IBM Research Laboratory produced
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his highly influential paper on the relational data model

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In response to the increasing complexity of database

applications, two new systems have emerged: the object-
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oriented DBMS and the object-relational DBMS. However,

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unlike previous models, the actual composition of these models

is not clear. This evolution represents third generation DBMSs.
Q.8
Why are views an important aspect of database
management systems?
In a database management system, a view is way of portraying
information in the database and pulls out the information of

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 the existing tables. A view may be accessed repeatedly by
storing its criteria in a query.

i. Q.11
Study the DreamHome case study presented
in Section 11.4 and Appendix A.
1. In what ways would a DBMS help this
organization?
2. What do you think are the main objects that
need to be represented in the database?

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3. What relationships do you think exist

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between these main objects?

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4. For each of the objects, what details do you

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think need to be stored in the database?
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5. What queries do you think are required?
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A DBMS will help this company for :

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*Easy report generation capabilities for staff, *for Data

sharing, The database will store information used by
human resources, contracts and leasing, and the sales
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office. *For Data integrity and control of data redundancy,

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* and Decreased maintenance costs: DreamHome is not a

huge company and it would be burdensome to support a
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large data processing team to maintain the data and write

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software to prepare reports for users.

The main objects that need to represented in the database
are: Branches, Staff, Managers, Properties, Private
property owners, Business property owners, Clients,
Leases and Newspapers.
The relationships between this objects are:
*Branch has staff, *staff manages Branch, *Stuff
supervises Staff, *Staff Branch and Clients have a registers
relationship, *Property for Rent leased By Lease, *Client

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 holds Lease, *Newspaper advertises Property for rent,
*Private owner owns property for rent,

*Business owner owns property for rent, *Business owner

owns property for rent,* and staff oversees property for
rent.
the query’s that I think are required should be to obtain
the information about the names of the clients and staff,
how match staff payed, where they are live, and how
match the Clients rent the property.

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Q.13

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Discuss what your consider to be the three most

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important advantages for the use of DBMS for
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company like DreamHome and provide a
justification for your selection.
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1. Flexibility for End User: The big advantage of DBMSs is

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that they provide a declarative way to specify queries, so that

users can quickly specify the data they want, without specifying
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how to obtain it.

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2. Control of data redundancy: Databases provide ways

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to "decompose" files so that similar information gets placed in

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one file.

3.Data integrity: By eliminating redundancy the risk of

inconsistent data is reduced.

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