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Review of Linear Algebra & Introduction To Matrix.: 1 Basic Definitions

The document provides an overview of key concepts in linear algebra and matrix operations, including: - Definitions of matrix size, elements, and common matrix types like diagonal and identity matrices. - Operations on matrices like addition, subtraction, scalar and matrix multiplication where the rules of matrix dimensions are explained. - Additional topics covered include partitioning matrices, transposing matrices, symmetric matrices, determinants, solving simultaneous equations using Cramer's rule and Gauss elimination. - Examples are provided for many of the concepts and operations like matrix multiplication, determinants, Cramer's rule and the Gauss elimination method.

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82 views31 pages

Review of Linear Algebra & Introduction To Matrix.: 1 Basic Definitions

The document provides an overview of key concepts in linear algebra and matrix operations, including: - Definitions of matrix size, elements, and common matrix types like diagonal and identity matrices. - Operations on matrices like addition, subtraction, scalar and matrix multiplication where the rules of matrix dimensions are explained. - Additional topics covered include partitioning matrices, transposing matrices, symmetric matrices, determinants, solving simultaneous equations using Cramer's rule and Gauss elimination. - Examples are provided for many of the concepts and operations like matrix multiplication, determinants, Cramer's rule and the Gauss elimination method.

Uploaded by

yared sitotaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review of Linear Algebra & Introduction to

Matrix.
1 Basic Definitions
• Matrix size is determined from the number of rows and
columns: m Rows × n Columns
𝒂𝟏𝟏𝒂𝟏𝟐 … 𝒂𝟏𝒏
𝒂𝟐𝟏𝒂𝟐𝟐 … 𝒂𝟐𝒏
. . .
𝑨 =
. . .
. . .
𝒂𝒎𝟏𝒂𝒎𝟐 … 𝒂𝒎𝒏
 [A] is a m x n matrix
Terms
• Matrix: capital letters in brackets, Ex: [A]
• Elements within matrix: lower case letters, Ex: a12
• Column Matrix: in { }, Ex:
𝑎11
𝐴 = 𝑎21
𝑎31
• Row Matrix: in [ ], Ex:
[𝑨] = [𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13]
• Diagonal Matrix: elements only along the principal
diagonal, all others zero (aij = 0 when 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 ), Ex.:
Cont…
𝑎11 0 0 0
0 𝑎22 0 0
𝑨 =
0 0 𝑎33 0
0 0 0 𝑎44
• Identity or Unit Matrix: elements equal 1 on the principal diagonal,
all others equal zero, Ex.:
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
𝐼 =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction
• Each matrix must have the same number of rows and columns. Ex.:
[𝑨]𝑚 × 𝑛 and [𝑩]𝑚 × 𝑛
• [A] and [B] must both have dimensions m × n
Cont…
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 + 𝐵 = + 11 12 13
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23
𝑎11 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 𝑎13 + 𝑏13
𝐴 + 𝐵 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏21 𝑎2 + 𝑏22 𝑎23 + 𝑏23
𝑎11 − 𝑏11 𝑎12 − 𝑏12 𝑎13 − 𝑏13
𝐴 − 𝐵 =
𝑎2 − 𝑏21 𝑎2 − 𝑏22 𝑎23 − 𝑏23
For: [A] + [B] = [C]
cij = aij + bij where i = 1, 2,…,m and j = 1, 2,…,n
3 Matrix Multiplication

3.1 Scalar
• To multiply a matrix by a scalar, each element is
multiplied by the scalar.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏𝑎11 𝑏𝑎12 𝑏𝑎13
𝑏 𝐴 =𝑏 =
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑏𝑎21 𝑏𝑎22 𝑏𝑎23
3.2 Multiplying Two Matrices
• For [A] [B] ,Then,
• [A] ≡ Pré-multiplier Matrix,
• [B] ≡ Post-multiplier Matrix
• The number of columns in the pre-multiplier MUST
equal the number of rows in the post-multiplier matrix!
Cont…
𝑨 𝑚×𝑛 𝑩𝑛×𝑝 = 𝑪 𝑚×𝑝

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13


𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
[𝑨] = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43
𝑎51 𝑎52 𝑎53

b11 b12 b13 b14


[𝑩] = b21 b22 b23 b24
b31 b32 b33 b34
• [𝑨]5 × 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝑩]3 × 4

• Then: [𝑨][𝑩] = [𝑪]5 × 4,


Cont…
where the solution for each element in [C] is:
𝑛

𝑐𝑚𝑝 = 𝑎 𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑘𝑝
𝑘=1

3.3 Matrix Multiplication: Example


𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 c11 c12 c13 c14
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 b11 b12 b13 b14 c21 c22 c23 c24
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 × b21 b22 b23 b24 = c31 c32 c33 c34
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 b31 b32 b33 b34 c41 c42 c43 c44
𝑎51 𝑎52 𝑎53 c51 c52 c53 c54
• For example, c23 equals Row 2 of [A] times Column 3 of
[B]
𝑐23 = 𝑎21𝑏13 + 𝑎22𝑏23 + 𝑎23𝑏33
Cont…
• For example, c54 equals Row 5 of [A] times Column 4 of
[B]
𝑐54 = 𝑎51𝑏14 + 𝑎52𝑏24 + 𝑎53𝑏34
• For example, c22 equals Row 2 of [A] times Column 2 of
[B]
𝑐22 = 𝑎21𝑏12 + 𝑎22𝑏22 + 𝑎23𝑏32
3.4 Multiplying More than One Matrix
• Commutative: No!
[𝑨][𝑩] ≠ [𝑩][𝑨]
• Associative: Yes!
[𝑨]([𝑩][𝑪]) = ([𝑨][𝑩])[𝑪]
• Distributive: Yes!
([𝑨] + [𝑩])[𝑪] = [𝑨][𝑪] + [𝑩][𝑪]
[𝑨]([𝑩] + [𝑪]) = [𝑨][𝑩] + [𝑨][𝑪]
• For a Square Matrix:
𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑧
• [A]n = [A][A] … [A]
• [𝐈][𝐀] = [𝐀][𝐈] = [𝐀]; where [𝐈] = Identity matrix
4 Partitioning a Matrix
• Partitioned matrices require less computer memory to
perform operations
a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16
a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26
A11 A12
[A] = a31 a32 a33 a34 a35 a36 =
a41 a42 a43 a44 a45 a46 A21 A22
a51 a52 a53 a54 a55 a56
where
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 𝑎15 𝑎16
𝑨11 = [𝑨12] =
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24 𝑎25 𝑎26
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 a34 a35 a36
[𝑨21] = 𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 [A22] = a44 a45 a46
𝑎51 𝑎52 𝑎53 a54 a55 a56
4.1 Add & Subtract
• If: [B] is 5x6 and is partitioned the same as [A]
• Then:
𝐴 + 𝐵11 𝐴12 + 𝐵12
𝑨 + 𝑩 = 11
𝐴21 + 𝐵21 𝐴22 + 𝐵22
4.2 Multiplying
• Matrix multiplication can be performed only when the number
of Columns in the Pre-multiplier matrix is equal to the number
of Rows in the Post-multiplier matrix.
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 = 31 32 33 = 11 12
𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43 𝐶21 𝐶22
𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶53
𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶11 = 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶12 = 𝐶23
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43
𝐶11 = 𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶12 = 𝐶53
𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63
Cont…
• Multiplying [C] by [A] from above:
𝐴 𝐴 𝐶 𝐶12
𝐷 = 𝐴 𝐶 = 11 12 11
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐶21 𝐶22

𝐴11𝐶11 + 𝐴12𝐶21 𝐴11𝐶12 + 𝐴12𝐶22


𝐷 = 𝐴 𝐶 =
𝐴21𝐶11 + 𝐴22𝐶21 𝐴21𝐶12 + 𝐴22𝐶22

𝐷11 𝐷12
𝐷 =
𝐷21 𝐷22
Therefore, we get...
𝐷11 = 𝐴11 𝐶11 + 𝐴12 [𝐶21]
𝐷21 = 𝐴21 𝐶11 + 𝐴22 [𝐶21]
𝐷12 = 𝐴11 𝐶12 + [𝐴12][𝐶22]
𝐷22 = 𝐴21 𝐶12 + 𝐴22 [𝐶22]
Transposing Matrices
• Finite Element formulations frequently can be solved
more efficiently through transposing matrices.
• Transposing a matrix creates a new matrix with Columns
created from Rows of the original matrix
• Example:
5.1 Transpose Example

• If

• And

• Then

Note that [A1]T is the Transpose of [A1]


Cont…
Transpose Example 2
• This can be repeated for each Element Matrix
5.3 Transpose Summary
• In general, to obtain the Transpose of a matrix [X] of size
m×n, the first row of [X] becomes the first column of
[X]T . The second row of [X] becomes the second column
of [X]T . The third row of [X] becomes the third column
of [X]T and so on. [X]T will be of size n × m.
• Transpose Operations:
6 Symmetric Matrix
• A symmetric matrix must be a Square Matrix where the
Elements are amn = anm.
• Therefore, [A] = [A]T .
• Ex.:
7 Determinant of a Matrix
• Determinants are only defined for a Square Matrices and
will result in a single number. The Determinant of a
matrix is used for:
1. Solving a set of Simultaneous Equations
2. Determining the Inverse of a Matrix
3. Forming the Characteristic equations for a dynamic
problem
• Notation:
Cont…
7.1: Definition
For . .

. . . the determinant is:

7.2 : Solution Procedures: Minor Lower Elements Method


Cont…
• Where:

7.3 : Example of Solution: Option 1


Method 1 is more versatile, Ex.:
Cont…
8 Solution of Simultaneous Equations:
Cramer's Rule
• General form of linear algebraic equations:

• In matrix form:

• Final solution:
Cont…
• OR we can write it as...

9. Gauss Elimination Method


• Ex.: Linear Algebraic Equations:

• Matrix form: [A]{X} = {B}


Cont…
0 2 0 1 𝑥1 0
2 2 3 2 𝑥2 −2
=
4 −3 0 1 𝑥3 −7
6 1 −6 −5 𝑥4 6
Augmented Coefficient Matrix: ([A] & {B} Combined)
0 2 0 1 0
2 2 3 2 −2
4 −3 0 1 −7
6 1 −6 −5 6
9.1: Swap Row 1 with the row containing the largest value in
Column 1 (i.e. Row 4)
6 1 −6 −5 6
2 2 3 2 −2
4 −3 0 1 −7
0 2 0 1 0
Cont…
9.2 Make all Elements in first Column (except Row 1) = 0
• Start by dividing Row 1 by Column 1 term (i.e. 6):

• Multiply Row 1 by Column 1 term in Row 2 (i.e. 2) and


subtract it from Row 2:

• Multiply Row 1 by Column 1 term in Row 3 (i.e. 4) and


subtract it from Row 3
Cont…

Multiply Row 1 by Column 1 term in Row 4 (i.e. 0) and


subtract it from Row 4

9.3 Swap Row 2 with the row containing the largest value
in Column 2, Except Row 1 (i.e. Row 3)
Cont…

9.4 Make all elements in Column 2 (Except Rows 1 & 2) =0


Start by dividing Row 2 by Column 2 term (i.e. -22/6)

Multiply Row 2 by Column 2 term in Row 3 (i.e. 5/3) and


subtract it from Row 3
Cont…
• Multiply Row 2 by Column 2 term in Row 4 (i.e. 2) and
subtract it from Row 4

9.5 Make elements in Column 3 (except Rows 1, 2, & 3) = 0


• Start by dividing Row 3 by Column 3 term (i.e. 225=33)
Cont…
• Multiply Row 3 by Column 3 term in Row 4 (i.e. 24/11)
and subtract it from Row 4

• 9.6 Resolution

• Divide Row 4 by Column 4 term (i.e. 3861/2475)


Cont…

Returning to Original Matrix form

Therefore:
Back substituting one-by-one and solving:
x3 = 0.333 x2 = 1.00 x1 = −0.500

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