ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

OPTION: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

SEMSTER ONE /LEVEL TWO

MODULE NAME: ELECTRICAL POWER COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

MODULE CODE: ELT215

Compiled by

NDAYISENGA Emmanuel

Academic year 2019-2020

Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CIRCUIT MAKER ................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Getting Started ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Circuit Maker Basics.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 Starting CircuitMaker ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.4 CircuitMaker Workspace .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.5 Connectivity ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1.6About Circuit Maker Windows ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.1.7 Anatomy of a Schematic Drawing ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.8 Circuit Maker Conventions ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.9 CircuitMaker Files .............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.10 Accessing Tools and Features ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Using the Toolbar ................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Using the Mouse ................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2 Shortcut Keys ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Drawing a Schematic .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4: Simulating a Digital Circuit ................................................................................................................................ 10
1.5 : Analog Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.5.3 Simulating a simple AC circuit ........................................................................................................................ 14
1.5.4 More circuit simulation .................................................................................................................................... 14
1.5.5 Setting up the analyses ..................................................................................................................................... 16
1.5.6 Running the simulation ..................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAP 2 INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM............................................................................................................ 19
2.1 Introduction to the Multisim Interface ................................................................................................................ 19
2.2 Standard Toolbar .................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Main Toolbar ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.4 Schematic Capture – Basics ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.5 Introduction to Simulation ................................................................................................................................... 26
2.6 Instruments ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
CHAP 3 INTRODUCTION TO FLUIDSIM ....................................................................................................... 37
3.1 Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits ................................................................................................ 37
3.2 creating new circuit .............................................................................................................................................. 48

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CHAP 4 INTRODUCTION TO ETAP .................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 50
4.2 Tutorial ................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Opening the Example Project File ..................................................................................................................... 51
4.7 Exercise ........................................................................................................................................................ 66

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CIRCUIT MAKER

1.1 Getting Started

Welcome to Circuit Maker, the most powerful, easy-to-use schematic capture and simulation tool in its
class! Thank
you for joining thousands of users who have discovered that CircuitMaker provides the features of "high-
end"
design software.
Using CircuitMaker's advanced schematic capabilities, you can design electronic circuits and output
netlists for TraxMaker and other PCB design tools and autorouters. You can also perform fast, accurate
simulations of digital, analog and mixed
analog/digital circuits

1.1.2 Circuit Maker Basics

This chapter gives you an overview of the Circuit Maker workspace, conventions, preferences, shortcuts,
and HotKeys. It’s a great place to start if you need some guidance before using CircuitMaker to draw, edit,
test, and simulate electronic circuits.

1.1.3 Starting CircuitMaker

If you have installed CircuitMaker on your hard disk, you’re ready to run the program.
1 Open the Start menu.
2 Choose Programs > CircuitMaker 6 or CircuitMaker PRO or simply any circuit maker installed
3 Choose the CircuitMaker program.
You can also create a shortcut for CircuitMaker and have the icon display on your desktop all the time.

1.1.4 CircuitMaker Workspace

When you start CircuitMaker, the blank workspace appears. This is where you place devices that represent real life
components such as resistors, transistors, power supplies, etc.
The CircuitMaker workspace also includes the Toolbar, Menu Bar, and special windows for circuit simulation and
testing purposes.

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Fig 1. The Circuit Maker workspace

1.1.5 Connectivity

An important feature of CircuitMaker is the way electrical connections between the elements in your design are
recognized. The concept of connectivity is the key to using CircuitMaker to draw and simulate electronic circuits.
The program stores connection information for simulation, and it is also used for creating and exporting netlists
into
TraxMaker or other pcb layout programs to create a working printed circuit board (PCB).

1.1.6About Circuit Maker Windows

In addition to the Drawing window, CircuitMaker offers several other windows, most of which display
information and waveforms for analog and digital simulations. During simulation, the windows for the selected
analyses appear, showing waveforms and simulation data. Multiple analysis windows can be open simultaneously;
however, only one window of each of analysis type can be open at a time.

1.1.7 Anatomy of a Schematic Drawing

Figure 2. shows a basic schematic, including device symbols, label-values and designations, wires, and pindots.

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Figure 2. CircuitMaker’s straightforward approach makes it easy to identify each part of a schematic drawing.

1.1.8 Circuit Maker Conventions

If you are experienced with Windows applications, you already know how to start and quit CircuitMaker, select
menus using the mouse, save your work, and locate and organize your documents. On the other hand,
CircuitMaker has special features that are not common to other Windows applications. These options let
CircuitMaker perform some of the special tasks unique to circuit design.

1.1.9 CircuitMaker Files

CircuitMaker includes a number of special purpose files in addition to the CircuitMaker application. The following
table lists the various types of files you will use by file extension.
.CKT Schematic (or Circuit) files
.DAT Data files (HotKeys; device library classifications)
.LIB Device library files
.SRP Script files
.MOD Model files
.SUB Subcircuit files
.RAW Simulation data files

1.1.10 Accessing Tools and Features

Task Overview
Using CircuitMaker involves six basic procedures:
1) placing devices (such as resistors, transistors, power
supplies, and grounds) in the workspace;
2) repositioning devices;
3) editing devices with precise values and parameters;
4) deleting devices (if necessary);
5) wiring devices together;
6) simulating and testing the circuit.

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1.2 Using the Toolbar
You can perform most CircuitMaker tasks using the buttons on the Toolbar, which is conveniently located at the
top of the workspace.

1.2.1 Using the Mouse

As in other Windows applications, CircuitMaker uses the mouse for clicking, selecting and dragging. When
moving
the mouse, a corresponding selection tool (or cursor) movement occurs on the screen.
The familiar “pointer” Arrow Tool is used for standard Windows operations, such as choosing from menus and
dialog boxes.

1.2.2 Shortcut Keys

Command key or “shortcut” keys let you select menu commands directly. The following table lists the available
short cut keys in CircuitMaker.

Keystroke What it Does

Ctrl+N Starts a new CKT file.

Ctrl+O Lets you choose a file to open.
Ctrl+S Saves the current file.
Keystroke What it Does
Ctrl+P Prints/plots the current file.

Shift+Space Opens the Script Functions dialog

box.

Ctrl+Z Undo (reverse) an action

Ctrl+X Cuts the currently selected item or
group of items to the Clipboard

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Ctrl+C .
Copies the currently selected item or group
of items to the Clipboard

Ctrl+V Pastes the currently selected item or

group of items from the Clipboard.

Shift+Insert Moves the currently selected group

of items.

Ctrl+D Duplicates the currently selected item

or group of items.

Esc Aborts the current operation.

Page Up Enlarges the display (zooms in).

Page Down Reduces the display (zooms out).

Delete Deletes the current selection.

Home Centers the screen around the cursor

Tab Skips to next input item in dialog

boxes.

Arrow Keys Nudges a selected device (by

pressing the Left, Right, Up, or Down
Arrow key

1.3 Drawing a Schematic

• Using the Device Selection dialog box

Fig: 2 This is a very simple circuit that consists of one transistor, two resistors, a power source, and a ground

• Selecting a transistor

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1 Begin by starting the CircuitMaker program and, if necessary, clearing the workspace by choosing File > New or
clicking the New button on the Toolbar
2 Choose Devices > Browse or click the Parts button on
the Toolbar to display the Device Selection dialog box,

Fig 3: Use the Device Selection dialog box to pick a device from a large library of devices.
Notice that, in this example, the 2N2222A transistor is selected.

• Selecting resistors : by using part button you may select a resistor , Selecting a +V and ground device
• Changing resistor and transistor label values : Double-click on device 2 Change the Label-Value field then
click ok

.
• Wiring the circuit

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Now it’s time to hook up these devices into a working circuit by wiring them together.
1 Select the Wire Tool from the Toolbar (or use the Arrow Tool if the Arrow/Wire option is enabled).
2 Place the cursor on the emitter pin (the pin with the arrow) of the transistor. When the cursor gets close to the
pin, a small rectangle appears.

3 Click and hold the left mouse button then drag the wire to the pin of the Ground symbol.
4 Release the mouse button to make the connection.

1.4: Simulating a Digital Circuit

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1.5 : Analog Analysis

The best way to get acquainted with CircuitMaker’s analog simulation is to build a few simple circuits, set up the
analyses, and run the simulations.
1.5.1 Simple circuit analysis
Let’s begin with a simple DC circuit:
1 Click the New button on the Toolbar.
This opens an untitled circuit window.
2 Click the Digital/Analog Simulation mode toggle
button.
You know CircuitMaker is in Analog mode when the
transistor icon, not the AND gate icon, is visible on the
Toolbar (see pictures at left). If the AND gate icon is
displayed (Digital mode), click the button to switch.
3 Draw the circuit as shown in Figure , using the
following devices:

 1 Battery [Analog/Power] (b)

 1 Ground [Analog/Power] (0 (zero))
 2 Resistors [Passive Components/Resistors] (r)

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Fig 4: Simple Circuit

Note: Every analog circuit must have a Ground and every node in the circuit must have a DC path to ground.
4 Use the Wire Tool to wire the circuit together (or the Arrow Tool when the Arrow/Wire option is enabled).
5 Choose Simulation > Analyses Setup then click the Analog Options button to display the dialog box shown in
Figure

Fig 5: spice variable

6 From the Analysis data saved in RAW file group box, select the third option, Node Voltage, Supply Current,
Device Current and Power then click OK to exit Analog Options. This option lets you to take current and power
measurements with the Probe Tool.
7 Click the Run Analyses button to start the simulation. OR Click Exit and click the Run Tool on the Toolbar.
An interactive SPICE simulation window appears during the SPICE data collection process showing the progress
of the simulation. When the SPICE data collection process is completed, the Multimeter Window appears.
8 Click the wire connected to the + terminal of the battery with the tip of the Probe Tool. Notice that the letter V
appears on the Probe Tool when you move it over a wire. The DC voltage at that node (+10V) appears in the
Multimeter Window.
9 Click the wire connected between the two resistors. The DC voltage at that node (+5V) appears in the

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Multimeter Window. SPICE data is not collected for the Ground node in the circuit; it is always at zero volts.
10 Click the + pin of the battery or one of the resistor pins. Notice that an “I” displays on the Probe Tool when it is
over a device pin. The current through that device (5mA) appears in the Multimeter Window.

11 Click directly on one of the resistors. Notice that a “P” displays on the Probe Tool when over a device.
The power dissipated by that resistor (25mW) appears in the Value Window.
12 Click the Stop button on the Toolbar to stop the simulation and return to editing mode.

1.5.2 Creating a Simple RC Circuit

Now let’s replace one of the resistors with a capacitor to create a simple RC circuit where you can see the charging
of the capacitor. Transient Analysis begins its simulation in a stable DC condition where the capacitors are already
charged. Since you want to see the capacitor charging from time zero, you must set the initial condition of the
capacitor to 0V.

1 Using the Delete Tool on the Toolbar, delete the second resistor (the one connected to ground) and the wire
leading to it.
2 Replace the resistor with a Capacitor [Passive Components/ Capacitors] (c).
3 Select an .IC device [Analog/SPICE Controls] (I) and connect it to the wire between the resistor and capacitor.
This will set an initial condition of 0V on the capacitor for the analysis. Your circuit should now look like the one
pictured in Figure 3.6.

Figure 6: . By replacing the resistor with the

capacitor,
you can create a simple RC circuit to see the
charging of the capacitor.

Run the simulation again by clicking the Run button on the Toolbar. This time the Transient Analysis window
(similar to anoscilloscope) appears.
5 Click the Transient Analysis window to select it, and then click with the tip of the Probe Tool between the
resistor and capacitor. Notice a diagonal line across the scope. This is actually the beginning of the charge curve
for the capacitor. Your view of the curve is limited by start and stop times of the Transient Analysis that were
selected by default.
You now have the option of changing the Transient Analysis settings to increase the size of the time segment that
you can view with the scope, or you can reduce the component values so the capacitor will charge quicker. For this
example, you will change the component values.
6 Stop the simulation by clicking the Stop button.
7 Double-click the Resistor to display the Edit Device Data dialog box.
8 Change the Label-Value from 1k to 100, and then clickOK.

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9 Double-click the Capacitor, change the Label-Value from 1uF to .001uF, and then click OK. Compare your
schematic with Figure

Figure 7. Notice that the resistor and capacitor now

Have different label-values.

10 Run the simulation again. This time you will see the charge curve of the capacitor.

1.5.3 Simulating a simple AC circuit

Now let’s create a simple AC circuit using a Signal Generator and two Resistors:
1 Click the New button on the Toolbar.
2 Draw the circuit as shown in Figure 3.8, using the following devices:
 1 Signal Gen [Analog/Instruments] (g)
 1 Ground [Analog/Power] (0 (zero))
 2 Resistors [Passive Components/Resistors] (r)

Figure 8. A simple AC circuit with a Signal Generator and two Resistors.

3 Use the Wire Tool to wire the circuit together (or the Arrow Tool when the Arrow/Wire option is enabled).
4 Make sure you are in Analog simulation mode (the transistor icon is showing on the simulation mode button),
then run the simulation.
5 Click the Transient Analysis window to select it, then click the wire connected to the output of the Signal
Generator. The sine wave appears on the scope.
6 Hold down the Shift key and click the wire connected between the two resistors. A second waveform appears on
the scope.
7Stop the simulation.

1.5.4 More circuit simulation

The next example demonstrates how to use all of the analyses and how to take simple measurements using the
cursors in the analysis windows. Let’s create a basic 10X amplifier circuit using a μA741 Op Amp in this
configuration:
voltage gain = RF/RI
1 Choose File > New.
2 Make sure that Analog simulation mode is selected.
3 Draw the circuit as shown in Figure using the following devices:
• 1 Signal Gen [Analog/Instruments] (g) for Vin on the schematic

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• 2 +V devices [Analog/Power] (1) for Vcc and Vee
• 2 Grounds [Analog/Power] (0 (zero))
• 3 Resistors [Passive Components/Resistors] (r) for
RI, RF and RL
• 1 Op-Amp5 [Linear ICs/OPAMPs] for U1

Figure 9. A 10X Amplifier Circuit.

4 Select the Rotate 90 button on the Toolbar, which lets you rotate devices in 90° increments.
5 Using the Rotate 90 button, rotate RL and the -12V supply.
6 Use the Wire Tool to wire the circuit together.
7 Use the Arrow Tool to drag the devices, wires and labels to make the circuit look clean.
8 Select the Arrow Tool and double-click the Op Amp.
9 Select UA741 from the list of available subcircuits (located near the bottom of the list; see Figure) and click the
Select button.
10 Click the Netlist button.
11 Set the Designation field to U1, set it to be visible, and then click OK.
12 Double-click the top +V device.
13 Set the Label-Value field to +12V and visible; set the Designation field to Vcc and visible; set the Device field
to NOT visible then click OK.
14 Double-click the bottom +V device.

Figure .10 Use the Subcircuit Selections dialog box to select a specific model, such as the UA741.

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15 Set the Label-Value field to -12V and visible; set the Designation field to Ve and visible; set the Device field
to NOT visible then click OK.
16 Click and drag the labels so they are positioned as shown on the schematic in Figure 3.9.
17 Double-click each resistor to change both its Label- Value and its Designation and make them visible. Set them
up as follows:

18 Double-click the Signal Generator.

19 Set Peak Amplitude to 0.1V and the frequency to 10kHz.
20 Click the Wave button in the Signal Generator.
21 Enable the Source check box for AC Analysis; set nMagnitude to -0.1V and Phase to 0, and then click OK.
You can now use the Signal Generator as a reference for the AC analysis.
22 Click the Netlist button.
23 Set Designation to Vin, Visible, and then click OK. Note: The Label-Value field contains -1/1V which
represents the minimum and maximum programmed voltage swings before you double-clicked on the Signal
Generator.

1.5.5 Setting up the analyses

Now that you have created the circuit, you will set up the analyses. When you run the simulation, the results
are based on the conditions you set up.

1 Select Simulation > Analyses Setup.

2 Uncheck the Always Set Defaults for Transient and Operating Point Analyses option so it is cleared. By
unchecking this option, you can access the Transient and Multimeter (Operating Point) Analysis setups. When
checked, defaults are used for the simulation.
3 Click the Transient/Fourier button.
4 Click the Set Defaults button for default Transient Analysis setups and click OK. This provides simulation for 5
cycles of the input signal with 200 data points. For best reliability, Max Step should be the same size as Step Time.
More data points require longer simulation time.
5 Click the Multimeter button.
6 Select the DC (Operating Point) option in the Display group box and click OK. This sets the initial display
mode of the Value Window to DC. Note: You must enable Transient Analysis in order to obtain DC AVG or AC
RMS values. Multimeter must be
enabled in order to use the Multimeter Window.
7 Click the DC... button.
8 Select the Enabled and Enable Secondary options in the DC Analysis Setup dialog box. When you are finished
entering the following settings into the appropriate fields, choose OK.

This setup lets you sweep the voltage of Vin over the specified range at each of 5 different Vcc levels.
9 Click the AC... button.
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10 Select the Enabled option in the AC Analysis Setup dialog box and enter the following settings into the
appropriate fields:

This setup lets you plot the frequency response of the circuit. Click OK to save the settings. Click Exit to return to
the circuit.
11 Select File > Save As and save the circuit as MYAMP.CKT (analyses setups are saved with the circuit).

1.5.6 Running the simulation

When you run the simulation, an interactive XSpice window appears showing the progress of the simulation.
By placing
Run-Time Test Points in your circuit beforehand, you can monitor the results as XSpice collects the data (for
more
information about Test Points.
Note : If you don’t place any Run-Time Test Points, you will see only a bar graph showing the progress of the
simulation.
The amount of time it takes to finish is based on the analyses you have enabled, the amount of data you're
collecting,
the complexity of the circuit, and the speed of your computer.

1 Select the Probe Tool on the Toolbar.

2 Using the left mouse button, click the wire connected to the output of the Op-Amp with the tip of the Probe
Tool. CircuitMaker places a Run-Time Test Point on that node and displays a dialog box.
3 Enable the AC, DC and TRAN check boxes, change the
Max. Scale of the DC graph to 15, and then click OK.
4 Click the Run button on the Toolbar to start the simulation. The interactive XSpice simulation window displays
showing the waveforms as the data is collected. When the data collection process has completed, CircuitMaker
displays the analyses windows.
5 Select View > Fit Circuit to Window (or press F4) to make the entire circuit visible.
6 Click the Multimeter window to select it (it’s in the upper left hand corner of the screen and should say DC in
the title bar).
7 Click on any wire in the circuit (except a wire connected to ground) with the tip of the Probe Tool. Notice that
the letter V displays on the Probe Tool when it’s over a wire. The DC voltage at that node will be displayed in the
Value window.

8 Click the pin of the +12V power supply. The DC current through that supply appears in the
Value window. Notice that the letter I appears on the Probe Tool when it’s over a pin.
You can also measure current and power on other devices, but only if you have enabled corresponding Test Points
(see the information about Test Points later in this tutorial).

Note: SPICE sees the current flowing into the positive terminal of a power supply, Multimeter or Signal Generator
as positive current.

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9 Double-click the Multimeter window, change the setting to AC RMS then click OK. Now when you click the
wires in the circuit the AC voltage or current appears.
10 Click in the Transient Analysis window to select it, and then click the wire connected to the output of the Signal
Generator with the tip of the Probe Tool. A green waveform appears in the Transient Analysis
window, similar to what would be seen on an oscilloscope.
11 Hold down the Shift key and click on the wire connected to the output of the Op Amp.
A second (yellow) waveform appears in the Transient Analysis window. A quick comparison of the two
waveforms confirms that the amplitude at the output of the amplifier is much greater than the amplitude at the
input.
12 Click the c cursor at the far right of the Transient Analysis window and drag it to the top peak of the output
waveform (the yellow one).

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CHAP 2 INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM

2.1 Introduction to the Multisim Interface

Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit Design Suite, a suite
of EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools that assists you in carrying out the major steps in the circuit design
flow. Multisim is designed for schematic entry, simulation, and feeding to downstage steps, such as PCB layout.

Multisim’s user interface consists of the following basic elements:

FIG 11. Multisim user Interface

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2.2 Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly performed functions. Its buttons are described below:

2.3 Main Toolbar

The buttons in the Main toolbar are described below:

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21
Multisim is similar to PSpice, but it is more easy to use in practical sense and has lots of features to
make circuit drawing/simulating, a really simple task. Here is window of multisim, as it appears first time
when you start the softwa
re
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12 11 10
FIG 12: window of multisim 0

1. The Menu Bar is where you find commands for all functions.
2. The Design Toolbox lets you navigate through the different types of files in a project (schematics,
PCBs, reports), view a schematic’s hierarchy and show or hide different layers.
3. The Component toolbar contains buttons that let you select components from the Multisim
databases for placement in your schematic.
4. The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly-performed functions such as Save, Print, Cut,
and Paste.
5. The View toolbar contains buttons for modifying the way the screen is displayed.
6. The Simulation toolbar contains buttons for starting, stopping, and other simulation functions.
7. The Main toolbar contains buttons for common Multisim functions.
8. The In Use List contains a list of all components used in the design.
9. The Instruments toolbar contains buttons for each instrument.
10. Scroll Left –right is to ensure ease in handling larger designs.
11. The Circuit Window (or workspace) is where you build your circuit.
12. Active tab indicates the current active circuit window.

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2.4 Schematic Capture – Basics
2.4.1 Introduction to Schematic Capture
Schematic capture is the first stage in developing your circuit. In this stage you choose the components you want
to use, place them on the circuit window in the desired position and orientation, wire them together, and otherwise
prepare your design. Multisim lets you modify
component properties, orient your circuit on a grid, add text and a title block, add subcircuits and buses, and
control the color of the circuit window background, components and wires.

2.4.2 Working with Multiple Circuit Window

You can open as many circuits as you want at the same time. Each circuit appears in its own circuit window. The
active circuit window is, as in other Windows applications, the window with a highlighted title bar. You can use
the Window menu to move from circuit window to
circuit window or just click on the tab at the bottom of the workspace for the circuit you want to see. Each window
is distinct, and can have its own preferences settings, set of components and so on. You can copy, but not move, a
component or instrument from one circuit window to another.

2.4.3 Selecting Components from the Database

The first step in schematic capture is placing the appropriate components on your circuit
window.
You can use the following methods to locate a component in the database:
• use the Component toolbar to browse through all the component groups, Using the place component browser”
on page 4-4
• search a specific component group/family of the database, Searching for Components”
Note There are multiple “levels” of the component . The first of these choices is normally used. Each button on
the Component toolbar
corresponds to a group of components with similar functionality. Clicking one of these buttons opens the place
component browser (i.e., the Select a Component dialog box) with the contents of that button’s group displayed.

2.4.4Placing Components
The component browser is used to select parts from the three databases and place them on a circuit. The browser is
designed to make it fast and easy to find the part you are looking for amongst the more than 17,000 available parts.

2.4.5 Using the place component browser

By default, the Components toolbar is enabled. If it has been turned off, select View/Toolbars/Components or
right-click in the menu area and select Components from the pop-up that appears.
 To choose and place a component.
1. Click on the desired group in the Component toolbar, for example, Basic. The Select a
Component dialog box appears with the selected component group displayed.

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FIG 13: Component dialog box

Alternatively, you can display the Select a Component dialog box by choosing
Place/Component and selecting the desired group from the Group drop-down list.

Note The Select a Component browser is also referred to as the place component browser.
Note The default database that displays in the browser is the Master Database. If you wish to select a component
from either the Corporate Database or User Database, you must select that database from the Database drop-
down list before selecting a component. Once changed, the database will remain as selected for subsequent part
placements.
2. Click on the desired component family in the Family list.
3. Click on the desired component in the Component list.

Tip To make your scroll through the Component list faster, simply type the first few
characters of the component’s name.
Note Virtual components are identified by a green icon in the Family column. You can also
place virtual components by using the Virtual Toolbar

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 FIG 14: component data base
4. To confirm that this is the component you want to place, click OK. (To cancel placing the Bcomponent, click
Close). The browser closes and the cursor on the circuit window changes to a ghost image of the component you
wish to place. This indicates that the component is
ready to be placed.

5. Move your cursor to the location where you want the component placed. The workspace automatically scrolls if
you move your cursor to the edges of the workspace.

6. Click on the circuit window where you want the component placed. The component’s symbol and labels appear
(unless you have specified that they are not to be displayed.

Note If the component you place is a virtual component, it is a different color from real components. This color is
set in the Sheet Properties dialog box

Tip Some components, like resistors and capacitors will have Filter fields at the top of the Component list, to
make part selection faster.

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Fig: 15 filters

2.5 Introduction to Simulation

Simulation is a mathematical way of emulating the behavior of a circuit. With simulation, you can determine much
of a circuit’s performance without physically constructing the circuit or using actual test instruments. Although
Multisim makes simulation intuitively easy-to-use,
the technology underlying the speed and accuracy of the simulation, as well as its ease-of-use, is complex.

2.5.1 Using Multisim Simulation

To view the results of your simulation, you will need to use either a virtual instrument or run an analysis to display
the simulation output. This output will include the combined results of all Multisim simulation engines. When you
use interactive simulation in Multisim (by clicking on the Run Simulation button), you see the simulation results
instantly by viewing virtual instruments such as the
oscilloscope. You can also view the effect of simulation on components like LED’s and 7-segment digital displays.
During simulation, you can change the values of “interactive” components (those whose behavior can be
controlled through the keyboard) and view the effect immediately. Interactive components include such devices as
the potentiometer, variable capacitor, variable inductor,
and multiple switcher. For example, changing a 100 kohm resistor to the next smaller resistor may alter the results
more than desired, but with Multisim, you could use a variable resistor, reducing its value gradually, all the time
seeing the simulation result change, until you reach
the desired result. As well as interactive simulation, you can run numerous analyses on your circuits. Results of
analyses are displayed in the Grapher and can also be saved for later manipulation in the Postprocessor.

Note All simulations require a reference net with respect to which all voltages are given. In SPICE, this is always
net 0. Therefore, somewhere in the circuit a net named "0" must be defined. One may either name a net 0, or this
will happen automatically if a ground
Component is wired into a circuit. This is illustrated below.

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Fig 16 Reference net

2.5.2 Start/Stop/Pause Simulation

To simulate a circuit, click the Run/stop simulation button. Multisim begins to simulate the
circuit’s behavior. You can also select Simulate/Run.

To pause the simulation while it is running, select Simulate/Pause. To resume the simulation from the same point
as when you paused, select Simulate/Pause again.
To stop a simulation, click the Run/stop simulation button or select Simulate/Run. If you restart the simulation
after stopping it, it will restart from the beginning (unlike Pause, which allows
you to restart from the point you paused).

2.6 Instruments

This chapter explains how to use the numerous virtual instruments provided as part of Multisim 8. It explains both
the general procedures for attaching and configuring the instruments, and the specific steps for using each
instrument.
Some of the features described in this chapter may not be available in OUR edition of Multisim 8.

2.6.1 Introduction to the Multisim Instruments

Multisim provides a number of virtual instruments. You use these instruments to measure the
behavior of your circuits. These instruments are set, used and read just like their real-world equivalents. They look
just like the instruments you’ve seen and used in a lab. Using virtual
instruments is the easiest way to examine your circuit’s behavior and show the results of a
simulation.

Virtual instruments have two views: the instrument icon you attach to your circuit, and the instrument face, where
you set the instrument’s controls. You can show or hide the face by double-clicking on the instrument's icon. The
instrument faces will always be drawn on top of
the main workspace so that they will not be hidden. You may place the instrument faces wherever you wish on
your desktop. The faces are automatically hidden when you activate a different view. Upon returning to a view, the
instruments are restored to their original
visibility and placement.

27
The instrument’s icon indicates how the instrument is connected into the circuit. Once the instrument is connected
to the circuit, a black dot appears inside the terminal input/output indicators on the instrument face.

2.6. 1.Multimeter
Use the multimeter to measure AC or DC voltage or current, and resistance or decibel loss between two
nodes in a circuit. The multimeter is auto-ranging, so a measurement range does not need to be specified.
Its internal resistance and current are preset to near-ideal values, which can be changed

To use the instrument, simply click on the Multimeter button in the Instrument toolbar and click to place its icon
on the workspace. The icon is used to wire the Multimeter to the circuit. Double-click on the icon to open the
instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view
measurements.

Fig 17: multimeter

2.6.1.1 Using the Multimeter

Multimeter Settings
Measurement Options

 To select the type of measurement to be taken:

1. Click on one of the following buttons:

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• Ammeter—measures current flowing through the circuit in a branch between two nodes. Insert the multimeter in
series with the load to measure current flow, just like a real ammeter (as shown in diagram below).

Fig 18: Ammeter connection

To measure current at another node in the circuit, connect another multimeter in series at that load and activate the
circuit again. When used as an ammeter, the multimeter’s internal resistance is very low (1 nOhm).
To change the resistance, click Set. See “Internal Settings - Multimeter Settings Dialog Box”

Voltmeter—measures voltage between two nodes. Select V and attach the voltmeter’s probes in parallel with the
load (as shown in diagram
below).

When used as a voltmeter, the multimeter has a high internal resistance of 1 Gohm, which can be changed by
clicking Set. See “ Internal Settings - Multimeter Settings Dialog Box”
Ohmmeter—This option measures resistance between two nodes. The nodes and everything that lies between
them are referred to as the “component network”. To measure the resistance, select this option and attach the
multimeter’s probes in parallel. with the component network (as shown in the diagram below).

Fig 19: voltmeter connection

To get an accurate measurement, make sure that:

• there is no source in the component network
• the component or component network is grounded
• there is nothing else in parallel with the component or component network.
The ohmmeter generates a 1 mA current, which can be changed by clicking Set. See “ Internal Settings -
Multimeter Settings Dialog Box”

29
If you change the ohmmeter connections, re-activate the circuit to get a reading.
Decibels—measures decibel voltage loss between two nodes in a circuit. To measure the decibels, select this
option and attach the multimeter’s probes in parallel with the load (as shown in diagram below).

Fig 20 : decibel determination

The Decibel standard for calculating dB is preset to 1 V, but can be changed by
clicking Set. See “ Internal Settings - Multimeter Settings Dialog Box

Signal Mode (AC or DC)

The Sine-wave button measures the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage or current of an AC signal. Any DC
component of the signal will be eliminated, so only the AC component of the signal is measured.

The DC button measures the current or voltage value of a DC signal.

Note To measure the RMS voltage of a circuit with both AC and DC components, connect an AC voltmeter as
well as a “DC” voltmeter across the appropriate nodes and measure the AC and DC voltage.
The following formula can be used to calculate RMS voltage when both AC and DC components are in the circuit.
Be advised that this is not a universal formula and should be used in conjunction with Multisim only.

Internal Settings - Multimeter Settings Dialog Box

Ideal meters have no effect on the circuit being measured. An ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance, so no
current could flow through it while it is attached to a circuit. An ideal ammeter would present no resistance to a
circuit. Real meters do not achieve this ideal, so
their readings will very closely match theoretical, calculated values for a circuit, but never with absolute precision.
The multimeter in Multisim uses very small and very large numbers that approximate zero and infinity to calculate
near-ideal values for the circuit. For special cases, however, the meter’s behavior can be changed by changing
these values used to model its effect on the
circuit. (The values must be higher than 0.)

For example, if testing the voltage of a circuit with very high resistance, increase the voltmeter’s resistance. If
measuring the current of a circuit with very low resistance, decrease the ammeter’s resistance even further.

30
Note Very low ammeter resistance in a high-resistance circuit may result in a mathematical roundoff error.
_ To display the default internal settings:
1. Click Set. The Multimeter Settings dialog box appears.

Fig 21: Multimeter Settings dialog box

2. Change the desired options.

3. To save your changes, click OK. To cancel them, click Cancel

2.6.2 Function Generator

The function generator is a voltage source that supplies sine, triangular or square waves. It provides a convenient
and realistic way to supply stimulus signals to a circuit. The waveform can be changed and its frequency,
amplitude, duty cycle and DC offset can be controlled. The
function generator’s frequency range is great enough to produce conventional AC as well as audio- and radio-
frequency signals.

The function generator has three terminals through which waveforms can be applied to a circuit. The common
terminal provides a reference level for the signal

To use the instrument, simply click on the Function Generator button in the Instrument toolbar and click to
place its icon on the workspace. The icon is used to wire the Function Generator to the circuit. Double-click on the
icon to open the instrument face, which is used to enter
settings and view measurements.

Fig 22: Function Generator

_ To reference a signal from ground, connect the common terminal to the ground component. The positive
terminal (+) provides a waveform in the positive direction from the neutral common terminal. The negative
terminal (-) provides a waveform in the negative direction.
31
2.6.2.1 Using the Function Generator
Function Generator Settings Waveform Selection
You can select three different types of waveforms as the output.
_ To select the waveform, click the Sine-, Triangular- or Square-wave button.
_ To set the rise/fall time parameters for square waves:
1. Click the Square-wave button. The Square-wave button, the Set Rise/Fall Time button becomes active.
2. Click the Set Rise/Fall Time button to display the Set Rise/Fall Time dialog box.

4. Enter the desired rise/fall time and click Accept.

Signal Options
Frequency (1Hz — 999 MHz)
This setting determines the number of cycles per second the function generator generates.
Duty Cycle (1% — 99%)
This setting determines the ratio of on-period to off-period. It affects the shape of triangular and square waves as
shown below. A sine wave is not affected by the duty cycle setting.
Amplitude (1V — 999 kV)
This setting controls the signal’s voltage, measured from its DC level to its peak. If the leads are connected to the
common and either the positive or the negative terminal, the wave’s peak-to-peak measurement is twice its
amplitude. If the output comes from the positive and
negative terminals, the wave’s peak-to-peak measurement is four times its amplitude.
Offset (-999 kV and 999 kV)
This option controls the DC level about which the alternating signal varies. An offset of 0 positions the waveform
along the oscilloscope’s x-axis (provided its Y POS setting is O). A positive value shifts the DC level upward,
while a negative value shifts it downward. Offset
uses the units set for Amplitude.
Rise Time
This option sets the time over which the square waveform is built (and, therefore, the angle of the waveform).
Only available for square waveforms.
2.6.3 Wattmeter
The wattmeter measures power. It is used to measure the magnitude of the active power, that is, the product of the
voltage difference and the current flowing through the current terminals in a circuit. The results are shown in
watts. The wattmeter also displays the power factor,
calculated by measuring the difference between the voltages and the current, and multiplying them together. The
power factor is the cosine of the phase angle before the voltage and current.
To use the instrument, click on the Wattmeter button in the Instrument toolbar and click to place its icon on the
workspace. The icon is used to wire the Wattmeter to the circuit. Double-click on the icon to open the instrument
face, which is used to enter settings and view
Measurements.

32
2.6.3.1 Using the Wattmeter
Connecting the Wattmeter
An example of a connected wattmeter is shown below.

Fig 23: Connecting the Wattmeter

2.6.4 Oscilloscope
To use the instrument, click on the Oscilloscope button in the Instrument toolbar and click to place its icon on the
workspace. The icon is used to wire the Oscilloscope to the circuit. Double-click on the icon to open the
instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view
measurements.

The dual-channel oscilloscope displays the magnitude and frequency variations of electronic signals. It can provide
a graph of the strength of one or two signals over time, or allow comparison of one waveform to another.

33
Fig 24: Oscilloscope
2.6.4.1 the Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope Settings Time Base (0.1 ns/Div — 1s/Div)

The time base setting controls the scale of the oscilloscope’s horizontal or x-axis when comparing magnitude
against time (Y/T).
 To get a readable display, adjust the time base in inverse proportion to the frequency setting on the
function generator or AC source—the higher the frequency, the lower (or more magnified) the time base.
For example, if you want to see one cycle of a 1 kHz signal, the time base should be around 1 millisecond.

X Position (-5.00 — 5.00)

This setting controls the signal’s starting point on the x-axis. When X Position is 0, the signal starts at the left edge
of the display. A positive value (for example, 2.00) shifts the starting point to the right. A negative value (for
example, -3.00) shifts the starting point to the left.
Axes (Y/T, A/B, and B/A)
The axes of the oscilloscope display can be switched from showing waveform magnitude against time (Y/T) to
showing one input channel against the other (A/B or B/A). The latter settings display frequency and phase shifts,
known as Lissajous patterns, or they can display a
hysteresis loop. When comparing channel A’s input against channel B’s (A/B), the scale of the x-axis is
determined by the volts-per-division setting for channel B (and vice versa).
Grounding
It is not necessary to ground the oscilloscope, as long as the circuit to which it is attached is grounded.
34
Channel A and Channel B Settings
Volts per Division (10V/Div — 5 kV/Div)

This setting determines the scale of the y-axis. It also controls the x-axis scale when A/B or B/A is selected.
To get a readable display, adjust the scale in relation to the channel’s expected voltage. For example, an input AC
signal of 3 volts fills the oscilloscope’s display vertically when the y-axis is set to 1 V/Div. If the volts-per-
division setting is increased, the waveform will
become smaller. If the volts-per-division setting is decreased, the waveform’s top will be cut off.

Y Position (-3.00 — 3.00)

This setting controls the point of origin for the y-axis. When Y position is set to 0.00, the point of origin is the
intersection with the x-axis. Increasing Y position to 1.00, for example, moves 0 (the point of origin) up to the first
division above the x-axis. Decreasing Y position to -1.00 moves 0 down to the first
division below the x-axis. Changing the Y position setting for channels A and B may help distinguish their
waveforms for comparison.

Input Coupling (AC, 0, and DC)

With AC coupling, only the AC component of a signal is displayed. AC coupling has the effect of placing a
capacitor in series with the oscilloscope’s probe. As on a real oscilloscope using AC coupling, the first cycle
displayed is inaccurate. Once the signal’s DC component
has been calculated and eliminated during the first cycle, the waveforms will be accurate. With DC coupling, the
sum of the AC and DC components of the signal is displayed. Selecting 0 displays a reference flat line at the point
of origin set by Y position.

Note Do not place a coupling capacitor in series with an oscilloscope probe. The oscilloscope will not provide a
path for current, and the analysis will consider the capacitor improperly connected. Instead, choose AC coupling.

Trigger

These settings determine the conditions under which a waveform is first displayed on the oscilloscope
35
Trigger Edge
_ To start displaying the waveform on its positive slope or rising signal, click the “ascending edge” button.
_ To start with the negative slope or falling signal, select the “descending edge” button.

Trigger Level (-999kV — 999 kV)

The trigger level is the point on the oscilloscope’s y-axis that must be crossed by the
waveform before it is displayed.
Tip A flat waveform will not cross the trigger level. To see a flat signal, make sure the
triggering signal is set to Auto.
Trigger Signal
Triggering can be internal, with reference to the input signal for channel A or B, or external, with reference to a
signal through the external trigger terminal situated below the ground terminal on the Oscilloscope icon. If a flat
signal is expected, or if signals are to be displayed as
soon as possible, select Auto.
The Sing button is used to make the oscilloscope trigger a single pass when the trigger level is met. Once the trace
gets to the end of the scope face, the trace will not change until you click
Sing again.
The Nor button is used to make the oscilloscope refresh every time the trigger level is met.
The None button is used if you do not wish to set triggering.

Viewing Oscilloscope Results

Using Cursors and Readouts

To display the exact values of the wave, drag the vertical cursor until the desired portion appears. You can also
move a cursor to a precise location by right-clicking on it and using the pop-up menu that appears.

To display the exact values of the wave, drag the vertical cursor until the desired portion appears. You can also
move a cursor to a precise location by right-clicking on it and using the pop-up menu that appears.

The boxes below the display show the time and the voltage at the probe connections, where the vertical cursor
intersects the sine wave, and the difference between the two positions. Once a circuit has been activated and its
behavior simulated, you may move the oscilloscope’s
probes to other nodes without re-activating the circuit. Moving the probes automatically redraws the waveforms
for the new nodes. If you fine-tune the oscilloscope’s settings either during or after simulation, the display redraws
automatically.

Note If the oscilloscope settings or analysis options are changed to provide more detail, the waveforms may
appear choppy or uneven. If so, activate the circuit again to get more detail. You can also increase the precision of
a waveform by increasing the simulation time step using the default instrument settings.

36
CHAP 3 INTRODUCTION TO FLUIDSIM

3.1 Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

The following section is a tutorial to introduce the user to important FluidSIM functions. At the end the user
should be comfortable designing and simulating circuit diagrams.

Start FluidSIM via the Start Menu from all Programs

After a few seconds the main window from FluidSIM should appear on your screen

37
The left-hand side shows the component library of FluidSIM in its hierarchical view; it contains hydraulic ,
electrical and digital components for the designing new circuit diagrams.

Using the menu bar at the top of the window, you may access all functions provided for designing and simulating
circuit diagrams. The toolbar below allows convenient access to frequently used menu functions.

The toolbar contains the following ten groups of functions

  !! Only a certain number of the above listed functions will apply to a specific circuit diagram.

38
FluidSIM recognizes which functions apply according to the contents of the window,
component functions and context (circuit diagram design, animation, circuit diagram simulation, etc.),
and disables the operations on the toolbar that do not apply

3.1.1 Simulating Existing Circuit Diagrams

Included with the FluidSIM installation disks are a number of working circuit diagrams.

Among others, these are circuit diagrams as part of the learning material.

“Hydraulics Basic Level TP 501”,

“Hydraulics Advanced Level TP 502”,

“Electrohydraulics Basic Level TP 601”

and “Electrohydraulics Advanced Level TP 602”.

The circuit library of the FluidSIM student version contains only circuits of the basic levels.
These circuit diagrams can be opened and simulated with FluidSIM as follows

Preview windows containing overviews of existing circuit diagrams should appear:

39
A preview window displays the circuit diagrams of a specific directory in alphabetical order accompanied by a
miniature representation. The name of the current directory is shown in the title bar of the preview window; the
files of the FluidSIM circuit diagrams contain the extension ct.

By double clicking a directory icon you go down to the respective subdirectory.

In the ct subdirectory of the fl_sim_h installation additional subdirectories for diagrams can be created.
These subdirectories are automatically found by FluidSIM, and extra directory icons are created for them.

the File Selector dialog box will appear, in which a circuit diagram can be opened by double clicking on its
filename.

In either case the circuit diagram is opened and displayed in a new window:
40
FluidSIM switches to the simulation mode and starts the simulation of the circuit diagram. When in the simulation
mode,

During the simulation FluidSIM first calculates all electrical parameters. pressure is calculated.

This step is followed by formulating a model of the hydraulic circuit and, based on this model, a continuous
distribution for flow and pressure will be calculated for the circuit.

Formulating models is demanding. Depending on a circuit's complexity and the computer's power, a circuit's
simulation may take considerable time.

Likewise, the real-time completion of the following dynamic simulation cannot always be guaranteed. The
percentage of real-time achieved is shown in FluidSIM in the status bar at the lower edge of the main window.

As soon as the results are available, the connection lines will be shown in color and the cylinders extend in
sequence:

41
The colors of the connection lines have the following meaning

You can define your own mapping between colors and state values under Options- Simulation....
The varying thicknesses of the dark red connection lines corresponds to the pressure as related to the maximum
pressure. FluidSIM distinguishes between three thicknesses of line:

The exact numeric values for pressures, flow rates, voltages, and currents are displayed on the attached measuring
instruments. Section Displaying Quantity Values describes how you may go about getting values for all or only
selected variables on the circuit diagram, even when measuring instruments are not present.

42
3.1.2 Simultaneous Actuation of Several Components

During the Simulation Mode, it is sometimes necessary to actuate more switches or valves simultaneously.

It is possible in FluidSIM to simulate just such an actuation by means of setting a component in a permanently
actuated state. A button (or a manually operated valve) will become permanently actuated when clicking on it
while holding down the Shift key. This permanent actuation will be released by a simple click on the component.

At times it may be necessary to release several actuated objects at once. In this case, while clicking the object, hold
the Ctrl-key instead of the Shift-key. The reversed components will remain actuated until the Ctrl-key is released
again; this is how all applicable objects will simultaneously switch back to their original position

Switching to the Edit Mode

If a component is dragged from the component library to the circuit in the drawing area, and the simulation has

been paused

3.1.3 Editing and Simulating in Parallel

In FluidSIM it is possible to open more than one circuit diagram at a time. Each circuit can either be simulated or
edited. This fact means that the Simulation Mode and the Edit Mode are applied uniquely and independently to
each window containing a circuit diagram.

This concept means that it is possible to edit one circuit diagram, while other circuits are in the background
running in simulation:

43
Note : It's in the nature of hydraulics that the simulation of circuits is a demanding problem. Therefore, when
using a lower-performance computer, the editing of new circuit diagrams often appears jerky when simulations of
other circuits are simultaneously running in the background. So that working in the Edit Mode goes more
smoothly, all simulations performed in the background should be stopped.

3.1.4 Simulation Parameters

By clicking under Options- Simulation... a dialog box appears with parameters for simulation:

44
Sound Parameters

 By clicking Simulation... or Sound...under the Options menu, parameters and options can be set for
simulation
 By clicking under Options- Sound...a dialog box appears with parameters for sound settings:

Description of the dialog box:

 Enable Sound
An acoustic signal can be activated or deactivated for each of the following four component types: switch,
relay, valve, cylinder, and buzzer. If there is no sound hardware, the settings can be set but not applied.

45
Assignment

1. Design a pneumatic circuit whch is composed by two cylinder Which actuate one after another
( one cycle wich is started by actuating a manual actuated valve)
2. Design a control circuit of star delta staring of motor
3. Design a automatic 2 minutes on and 3 minutes of motor contorol circuit
4. Given to motors , once i press a start butor one motor is on , design a control circuit with a provision of a
swich which is pressed , once pressed another motor is started and and the first one is stopped

3.1.5 symbols

46
47
 3.2 creating new circuit
3.2.1.1 Supply unit / pumps / compressor
Hydraulic power unit

The hydraulic power unit (power supply unit) provides

the energy required for the hydraulic installation.

Its most important components are the reservoir (tank)

, drive (electric motor), hydraulic pump, pressure relief
valve (safety valve), filter and cooler.

The hydraulic power unit may also act as a carrier for

other devices (gauges, directional control valves).

3.2.1.2 Directional control unit valves

4/2-way hand-lever valve

In normal position the connection P is open to B and A to T. When manually

actuated the valve is set to parallel position.

This valve is derived from a configurable 4/n way valve. You find this valve in
the component library “Frequently used Way Valves”, under the Library
menu.

Pressure relief valve

In normal position the valve is closed. If the opening pressure is reached at P,

T opens. When the pressure drops below the preset level, the valve closes
again. The flow direction is indicated by the arrow.

The hydraulic resistance relates to the completely opened valve

48
 3.2.1.2 Flow control calves

The setting of the throttle valve is set by means of a rotary

knob. Please note that by the rotary knob no absolute
resistance value can be set. This means that, in reality,
different throttle valves can generate different resistance
values despite identical settings.

3.2.1.3 Actuators

Double acting cylinder with piston rod on one side. The piston of
the cylinder contains a permanent solenoid which can be used
to operate a proximity switch

Creating a new circuit

49
CHAP 4 INTRODUCTION TO ETAP

4.1 Overview

ETAP is the most comprehensive solution for the design, simulation, and analysis of generation, transmission,
distribution, and industrial power systems.

ETAP organizes your work on a project basis. Each project that you create provides all the necessary tools and
support for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system. A project consists of an electrical system that
requires a unique set of electrical components and interconnections. In ETAP, each project provides a set of users,
user access controls, and a separate database in which its elements and connectivity data are stored.

Your access to an existing project file is through a special project file with an .OTI extension. The ETAP database
is stored in an ODBC compliant database file such as Microsoft Access (*.MDB).

These files work together to provide access control and storage for each project and use the project name. ETAP
places all output reports from your project into the same sub-directory where this database resides.

ETAP has been designed and developed by engineers for engineers to handle the diverse discipline of power
systems in one integrated package with multiple interface views such as AC and DC networks, cable raceways,
ground grid, GIS, panels, protective device coordination/selectivity, and AC and DC control system diagrams.

50
Encompassing all these systems and views in one package allows engineers to model and analyze all aspects of an
electrical system from control system diagrams to panel systems, as well as large transmission and distribution
systems.

All interface views are completely graphical and the engineering properties of each circuit element can be edited
directly from these views. Calculation results are displayed on the interface views for your convenience.

4.2 Tutorial

This tutorial provides a brief overview of the basic operation of the ETAP program. Once you finish this tutorial,
you will be familiar with some the key features and capabilities of the program and the various modules available
for performing power system analysis.

4.2.1 starting ETAP

1.Start the ETAP program by double-clicking on the icon

Opening the Example Project File

Follow these simple steps to open the EXAMPLE project file:

2 Type your User Name in the Logon editor, and select the Project editor option in the Select Access Level editor

51
As previously mentioned, ETAP organizes all work as projects. Each project provides all the necessary tools and
support for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system. Projects consist of electrical systems that require
unique electrical components and interconnections. The Example project includes a one-line diagram of an
electrical system. Notice the toolbars on the top and the right-hand side of the one-line diagram

4.3 One-line Diagram and Editors

ETAP provides a fully graphical user interface for constructing your one-line diagram. There are many command
options in the interface, including the following:

 Graphically add, delete, relocate, and connect elements.

 Zoom in or out.
 Display grid off or on.
 Change element size and orientation.
 Change symbols.
 Hide or show protective devices.
 Enter properties.
 Set operating status

52
The ETAP one-line diagram is a one-line representation of a power system. The one-line diagram is the starting
point for all studies. You can graphically construct your electrical system by connecting the buses, branches,
motors, generators, and protective devices in any order from the one-line diagramEdit toolbar. You can connect the
elements to the buses graphically or from their editors. You can double-click elements to open their editors and
edit the engineering properties, such as ratings, settings, and loading, connections.

4.1.3 Editors

1. Double-click the Power Grid (Utility) symbol on the one-line diagram and view the Utility editor. This is where you
enter data for the utility machine model.

2. Select different pages of this editor and look over the type of information that you can provide to model a utility
machine
3. Click OK and close the editor.
4. Double-click other elements and explore their editors. Each available element has a customized editor.
5. Double-click the synchronous motor Syn1 and view its editor. This is where you enter data used for synchronous motor
models.

53
Editors are designed so that you can enter a minimum amount of information and still be able to run
different studies. Voltage and HP data are all you need to perform most studies. If you are
interested in modeling a motor dynamically for motor acceleration or transient stability studies, you
need to enter more detailed information such as the motor model, inertia, and load model

An exercise that illustrates this point is included at the end of this tutorial

54
6.Click on OK and close the editor.

4.4 Composite Networks

A composite network is an aggregate of all components in a subsystem, since it can contain buses, branches, loads,
sources, and even other composite networks or composite motors. You can nest your subsystems to an unlimited
number of layers. This allows you to construct systems and nest elements by their voltage levels, by physical
layout, by the geometrical requirements of elements, by study requirements, by relays and control device
requirements, by logical layout of elements, etc. You have full control over how the system should be nested.

1. Double-click on the composite network “Sub3 Net”. The Sub3 Net view, which is a one-line diagram
nested inside the main one-line diagram, appears.

55
2. To change the number of pins, right-click on “Sub3 Net” and select Pins.

56
3. Composite networks can have 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 external connection points (pins). These are the top pin (~Top1); left pins
(~Left1 to ~Left9), right pins (~Rt1 to ~Rt9), and the bottom pin (~Bot1). Right-click on the background of the composite
network “Sub3Net” to hide or show unconnected pins.

57
The pins for the composite motors can be connected to any bus, branch, load, or protective device. Once a pin is
connected internally or externally to an element, it becomes a proxy for that element and all connection
rules for the element apply to the connected pin. To illustrate this, both AC & DC elements are added to
“Sub3 Net” and are displayed here.

The number of levels where you can nest composite networks inside of other composite networks is unlimited.
There is no limitation on the number of elements that you can include inside a composite network. The user
interface characteristics of composite networks are the same as the one-line diagram where you can include
both AC and DC elements.

4.5 Composite Motors

4. Double-click on the composite motor “Comp Mtr1”. The Comp Mtr1 view, which is a one-line diagram nested inside the main
one-line diagram, appears

58
Composite motors are used as a tool to group motors in the system. The elements that you can include
inside a composite motor are:

The number of levels that you can nest composite motors inside composite motors is unlimited.

59
 The One-Line Diagram menu bar above is displayed when a one-line diagram is active. The One-Line
Diagram menu bar contains a list of menus, each of which contain a drop-down list of commands. Some of
the menu commands also have pulldown submenus (an arrow pointing to the right denotes a submenu). For
example, you can select Project, point to Settings, then select the Data Type command.

Project Toolbar

The Project toolbar contains buttons that are shortcuts for many of the commonly used commands in ETAP

In general, ETAP has three modes of operation: Edit, AC Study, and DC Study. The AC Study mode consists of
the following:

 Balanced Load Flow

 Unbalanced Load Flow
 Short Circuit
 Motor Starting
 Harmonics
 Transient Stability
 Protective Device Coordination (ETAP Star)
 Optimal Load Flow
 Reliability Analysis
 Optimal Capacitor Placement

The DC Study mode consists of DC Load Flow, DC Short Circuit, and Battery Sizing Analysis

Edit Mode

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Edit mode enables you to build your one-line diagram, change system connections, edit engineering properties,
save your project, and generate schedule reports in Crystal Reports formats. The Edit toolbars for both AC and DC
elements will be displayed to the right side of the ETAP window when this mode is active.

1. To add elements to the one-line view:

 Click on any of the elements on the right-hand side toolbar. The cursor symbol changes to the symbol shape.

 Move the cursor to any location on the one-line view.

 Click again and the element is added to the one-line view

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2.To connect elements in the one-line view

 For practice, add a bus and a transformer to the one-line view.

 Move your cursor to the top pin of the transformer close enough that a red square appears.
 Left-click, hold, and drag the cursor to the bus close enough that the bus becomes red.

Release the mouse button, and the connection is completed.

4.6 Study Modes

Study modes enable you to create and modify study cases, perform system analysis, and view output reports and
plots. When a study mode is active (selected), the Study Toolbar for the selected study is displayed on the right
side of the screen.

You can run studies, transfer data, and change display options by clicking the buttons on the Study toolbar. As an
example, Load Flow Analysis Mode is described next.

4.6.1Load Flow Analysis Mode

1. Go to Load Flow Mode by clicking on the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode Toolbar.

Note: The Load Flow toolbar is now displayed on the right side of the ETAP. Also, the top toolbar becomes the
Study Case toolbar

2. Click on the Run Load Flow icon on the Load Flow Toolbar.

Study results will be displayed on the one-line diagram.

Review the calculation results and familiarize yourself with the type of

information displayed on your one-line diagram.

3. Click on the Display Options and explore the variety of options available for the displayed results.

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4. Click on the Alert to display Critical and Marginal limit violations for the selected output report

5. Click on the Report Manager to view and/or print any part of the output report.

6. Click on the Edit Study Case button on the Study Case Toolbar and study the solution parameters and alert settings available for
Load Flow Analysis.

Load Flow Analysis Results Displayed on the One-Line Diagram

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After you run load flow, results are displayed on the One-Line Diagram.

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4.7 Exercise

Complete this tutorial to familiarize yourself with how the program works. In this tutorial, you will add a new 13.2
kV induction motor to the system and run a Load Flow study. This tutorial also shows the minimum data required
to perform studies for a motor.

Steps:

1. Click on the Edit Mode button of the Mode Toolbar

2. Add an induction motor to the one-line view.

3. Connect the motor to the bus Sub2B

4. Double-click on the motor and open its editor

5. Go to the Nameplate page. Note that the motor voltage is automatically set to 13.2 kV since it was connected to a 13.8 kV bus.
You can change the voltage if you wish
6. Enter 2000 for HP and click on any other field. The program automatically enters typical nameplate data for the specified motor
size. Click on OK.

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7. Switch to Load Flow Mode

8. Run load flow.

Note that the Study Case (solution parameters) for this run is “LF 100A” and

the output report filename is “LF100rpt

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Look at the results displayed before and after Mtr1 was added. Use the Display Options to change display

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