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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Basic Concepts

This document provides an overview of basic concepts in electric circuits, including: - Units of measurement for electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. - Definitions of electric charge, current, and voltage. Current is the rate of flow of electric charge. Voltage is the energy required to move a unit of charge. - Circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. Dependent sources have an output controlled by another voltage or current. - Power is the rate at which energy is transferred by electric current. The relationship between voltage, current, resistance, power and energy are explained.

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Thiruppathy Kesavan
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847 views15 pages

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Basic Concepts

This document provides an overview of basic concepts in electric circuits, including: - Units of measurement for electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. - Definitions of electric charge, current, and voltage. Current is the rate of flow of electric charge. Voltage is the energy required to move a unit of charge. - Circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. Dependent sources have an output controlled by another voltage or current. - Power is the rate at which energy is transferred by electric current. The relationship between voltage, current, resistance, power and energy are explained.

Uploaded by

Thiruppathy Kesavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 1
Basic Concepts

1
Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1 Systems of Units.


1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
1.5 Power and Energy.
1.6 Circuit Elements.
2
1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
3
1.1 System of Units (2)
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Decimal multiples and


submultiples of SI units 4
1.2 Electric Charges

• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic


particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).

• The charge e on one electron is negative and


equal in magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is
called as electronic charge. The charges that
occur in nature are integral multiples of the
electronic charge.

5
1.3 Current (1)

• Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of


ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
• A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.
(reverse direction)

6
1.3 Current (2)

• The direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

7
1.3 Current (3)
Example 1

A conductor has a constant current of


5 A.

How many electrons pass a fixed point


on the conductor in one minute?

8
1.3 Current (4)
Solution

Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by


5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min

Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given

300 C/min
19
 1 .87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron

9
1.4 Voltage (1)
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).

• Mathematically, (volt)
vab  dw / dq
– w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit


element or between two points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential
of b.
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential
of b. 10
1.5 Power and Energy (1)
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
• Mathematical expression: p     vi
dt dq dt
i i

+ +

v v

– –
Passive sign convention
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
11
1.5 Power and Energy (2)

• The law of conservation of energy

p0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w   pdt   vidt
t0 t0

12
1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active


element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,


CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 13
1.6 Circuit Elements (2)
Example 2

Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i2 = 1A.

Figure 2.1.1P

14
1.6 Circuit Elements (3)

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent


10-V source and the current-dependent voltage
source vx.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control


current carries the units Ω.

Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

15

1 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Concepts - Chapter 1 1.1 Systems of Units. 1.2 Electric Charge. 1.3 Current. 1.4 Voltage. 1.5 Power and Energy. 1.6 C
3 1.1 System of Units (1) Quantity Basic unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram Kg Time second s Electric current ampere A
4 1.1 System of Units (2) The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory Decimal multiples and submultiples of S
5 1.2 Electric Charges • Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in cou
6 1.3 Current (1) • Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s. • A direct current (dc) is
7 1.3 Current (2) • The direction of current flow Positive ions Negative ions
8 1.3 Current (3) Example 1 A conductor has a constant current of 5 A. How many electrons pass a fixed point on the cond
9 1.3 Current (4) Solution Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by 5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min Total no. of el
10 1.4 Voltage (1) • Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, meas

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