Q Define protocol and it’s types

Ans) Protocol Definition: It is a digital language through which we communicate with others on
the Internet. Protocol meaning is that it a set of mutually accepted and implemented rules at
both ends of the communications channel for the proper exchange of information. By adopting
these rules, two devices can communicate with each other and can interchange information.
We can’t even think of using the Internet without Protocols. Each protocol is defined in
different terms and different use with unique name. Message travel from sender to receiver via
a medium (The medium is the physical path over which a message travels) using a protocol.

‘Protocols’ are developed by industry wide organizations. All data of protocols are stored in
binary information. Protocol language is a mixture of bits, characters, integers, etc.

Each of it has its own access method of exchanging data over a computer network, such as
LAN, Internet, Intranet, etc. One of the most common:- and known protocol example is HTTP,
that is used over the world wide web. There are different protocols used in internet that are

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
• DNS (Domain Name System)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is an application-layer protocol that is used for transferring files on the internet. It
is used by web browsers and servers use to communicate.
There are different types of protocols and different uses of protocol.
Types of Protocols
A protocol technologies is required for communication between computers. To connect
different types of computers from a variety of computer vendors, protocols must be first
standardized. The ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) part of the US Defense program
was the first to introduce the concept of a standardized protocol. ARPA is a resource sharing
network connecting different computers at universities and laboratories in the US. The concept
of the protocol and its layer structure, emerged from the ARPA network. ARPA developed an
integrated network using packet protocol and is also renowned for its development of packet
switching.
TCP
Transmission control protocol is used for communication over a network. In TCP data is broken
down into small packets and then sent to the destination. However, IP is making sure packets
are transmitted to the right address.

Internet Protocol (IP)

IP is also working with TCP. It is an addressing Protocol. IP addresses packets route them and
show different nodes and network Unless it reaches its right destination. The IP protocol is
developed in 1970.

FTP
File transfer protocol is basically used for transferring files to different networks. There may be
a mass of files such as text files, multimedia files, etc. This way of file transfer is quicker than
other methods.
SMTP
Simple mail transfer protocol manages the transmission and outgoing mail over the internet.

HTTP
HTTP is based on client and server model. HTTP is used for making a connection between the
web client and web server. HTTP shows information in web pages.

Ethernet
Ethernet is a most important for LAN communication. Ethernet transmits the data in digital
packets. If any computer wants to use this protocol they should contain Ethernet Network
Interface Card (NIC). The card is implemented with unique address code fixed in the microchip.

Telnet
Telnet is an established with some rules which are used to connect to another computer. Telnet
is mainly used for the remote login process. The computer which is requesting for a connection
that is a local computer and which is accepting the connection that is a remote computer. If you
give a command in a local computer that command is executed in the remote computer. Telnet
is also based on client and server model.
Gopher
Gopher is an application layer protocol, which is used for searching and retrieving documents
from remote sites. This is possible to start an online connection with other computers through
gopher.

Transmission Control Procedure

As important as it is that there should be one accepted standard that allows all types of
machines to communicate. There are several different protocols in use today. These are:

• Synchronous Protocol These protocol involve timing information of sender along with the
data bytes. This protocol helps receiver to remain synchronization with the sender. When the
sender has no data to transmit, the sender transmits a sequence of alternating 0s sand 1s to
maintain sender/receiver synchronization. This sequence of 0s and 1s is called idle flags. Data
bytes are packaged into small chunks called packets including address fields and check-sums. As
error checking is an inherent feature of this protocol, this overcomes the major deficiency of
the asynchronous protocol.

• Asynchronous Data Link Control (DLC) Protocols Asynchronous protocols are used primarily
for low-speed data communications between PCs and very small computers. Framing occurs at
the byte level, with each byte surrounded by a start bit (a 0 bit) and a stop bit (a 1 bit). A parity
bit often accompanies each character as well.

Character-orientated Protocols (COP)

Each character has its own meaning in character-orientated protocols. A character may be a
data byte or a control byte during transmission. The main COP in use today is known as Bisync
or binary synchronous. Each character sent is transmitted using the ASCII code. Control bytes
obviously have values in ASCII of between 00 and 1F, whereas data bytes have values between
20 and 7F.

In this type of scheme, following Figure represents a sequence of communication between the
sender and receiver. This can be inferred as handshaking between the sender and receiver:
This has an acknowledgement scheme. In this case, if an acknowledgement is not received by
the sender in a specified time, the sender retransmits the packet. This time is called time out.
After the successful transmission of a packet, next packets are transmitted until entire message
is sent. If a packet is received and contains errors, the receiver will send a negative
acknowledge. This implies that the sender has to send it again. Data bytes contain data
according to the ASCII code for text or simply a value between 0 and 255 for binary data.
Control bytes determine the behavior of the communication link, and are used for a range of
different purposes.

The link between sender and receiver is half duplex.

• Binary Synchronous Protocol (Bisync or BSC) Bisync was developed by IBM in 1966 as a
character-oriented protocol that frames the data with control codes which apply to the entire
set of data. Bisync organizes data into block of up to 512 characters, which are sent over the
link sequentially (one-at-a-time) as shown in Figure. An ACK or NAK is transmitted from the
receiving terminal to the transmitting device following the receipt of each block Error control is
on the basis of a Block Checking Character (BCC) that is transmitted along with the data. The
receiving device independently calculates the BCC and compares the two calculations.