HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS

SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

FIRST AID, PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

I. OVERVIEW
One of the inherent dangers of being a combat soldier is that one enemy
bullet that pierces through the body of the individual soldiers. Each bullet is like
a ―to whom it may concern‖ letter which is for the consumption of anyone who
receives it. The bullet that pierces into the body of a soldier is not the end of his
charmed life. He has his prayers and teammates, that can stop the bleeding,
can calm him down, and perform the techniques of first aid before he gets
professional help from our friendly doctors and lovely nurses.
The worst thing that can happen to a soldier is to needlessly die because
his teammates did not know how to help him or they did the wrong thing when
they administering first aid. There is simply no excuse. You cannot lose a
teammate because you no not know what to do. It’s therefore imperative for
you to heed the lesson on first aid.
Personal hygiene and sanitation is every soldier’s responsibility. Under
the present that a command is the mirror-image of its commander, the state of
the health of the men and the condition they work in, reflect the leadership,
discipline and supervision in the unit. If one or several members of an operating
unit become sick due to bad sanitation, the effective strength of the unit is
reduced thus diminishing its fighting capability and efficiency.
Therefore, it is important to practice hygiene and sanitation not only to
serve as an example, but also to impart to others the need for clean and
healthful living to support our primary objective that is the accomplishment of
the mission.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To acquaint the students on the different medical terms that are
strange to them.
2. To understand the importance of the subject, the basic lifesaving steps
3. To be able to apply First Aid to the different cases encountered
4. To know the proper measures in maintaining health and sanitation.
5. To understand the importance of the good health and excellent body
condition
6. To be able to practice proper measures in maintaining health and
sanitation
III. LESSON PROPER

Definition of Terms:
a. FIRST AID - temporary care given to an injured or ill person before a definitive
can be given by a medically trained person.
b. SELF AID – a care given to oneself.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

c. FIRST AIDER - a person who give first aid.

d. WOUND - a break in the continuity of the skin, mucous membrane and tissue.
e. FRACTURE - a break in the continuity of the bone.
f. SHOCK - a state or condition wherein there is not enough or adequate
blood supplies to the vital tissues and organs.
g. SPLINT - any flat like materials readymade or improvise use to hold
fracture
h. DRESSING - is a sterile pad, a compressed sponge or any other materials that
is clean and directly applied to cover the wound.
i. HEMORRHAGE - An escape of large quantities of blood from the blood
vessels.
j. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION - is a procedure for causing the air to flow into
and out of the lungs of a person
k. Hygiene - the science that deals with health and its prevention and maintenance
l. Personal Hygiene - measure taken by individual to preserve his own health
m. Health - state of individual who enjoys physical, mental and social well being

Importance of First Aid

1. To alleviate suffering
2. To Prevent added/ further injury or danger
3. To save life.

General Procedure in Case of Injury

1. Give the patient comfort.
2. Assure the patient that his condition can be taken care of.
3. Handle the patient gently
4. Never give anything by mouth to unconscious person.
5. Give the patient comfort.
6. Assure the patient that his condition can be taken care of.
7. Handle the patient gently
8. Never give anything by mouth to unconscious person.

Basic Life Saving Steps

1. Check for breathing
2. Check for bleeding
3. Check for shock

Check for Breathing

a) Place your ear over the casualty‘s mouth or nose and look towards his
chest.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

b) Look for the rise and fall of the casualty’s chest.

c) Listen for the sound of breathing.
d) Feel for breath on the side of your face.
e) Allow 3 – 5 seconds to determine if the casualty is breathing. If negative,
rescue breathing.

Opening the Airway

a. Head tilt- neck lift technique
b. Head tilt – chin techniques
c. Jaw thrust.

Rescue Breathing (Through artificial respiration)

Mouth to Mouth Methods
1. Place the victims on his back
2. If foreign bodies are visible in the victims mouth, wipe it out quickly with your
fingers Tilt the victims head backward so that his chin is pointing upward.
Maintain the head tilt backward position. To prevent leakage of air, pinch the
victim’s nose trails or pressed your check against the victims nose.
3. Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath and seal your mouth tightly around
the victims mouth, and with your mouth forming a wide open circle, blow into
the victims mouth. Volume is important, you should start at a high rate and then
provide at least one breath every five (5) seconds adult or (12 per minute).
4. Watch the victims chest, when you see it rise stop blowing raise your mouth
and turn your head to the side and listen for exhalation. Watch the victim’s
chest to see that it falls. When the victim’s exhalation finished, repeat the
blowing cycle.

Mouth to Nose Methods

1. Maintain the backward head tilt position with the hand on the forehead. Use the
other hand to close the mouth.
2. Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath, seal your mouth tightly around
the victims nose. On exhalation phase open the victim’s mouth to allow air to
escape.
3. When administering mouth to mouth or mouth to nose ventilation to small
children or infants, the first aider should not take the backward head tilt as
extensive as that of the adult or large children.
4. Both mouth and nose of an infant or small child be sealed by your mouth. Blow
into the mouth and nose severe three (3) seconds or 20 breath per minute
with less pressure and volume than for adult or large children. The amount is
determined by the sized of the child. Small puff of air will suffice for infants.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

5. If you are not getting air exchange, re-check the position of the victims head and
jaw, and investigate to see whether there is foreign body in the back of the mouth
obstructing the air passage.
6. If the victim’s stomach is bulging, air may have been blown into the stomach.
Turn the victims head to one side and be prepared to clear the mouth before
pressing your hand briefly and firmly over the upper abdomen, the ribs and the
navel.

Airway Obstructions
a. Partial Obstructions
b. Complete Airway Obstructions

Maneuvering Techniques (Removing Obstructions)

Back blows (conscious)
 Position yourself to the side and slightly behind the casualty.
 Place your left hand on his chest to support him.
 Give four (4) sharp blows in rapid succession with the hand of the other
arms to the casualty’s back between the shoulder blade.

Back blows (unconscious)

 Roll the casualty unto his side facing you with his chest against your thigh.
 Deliver four (4) sharp blows in rapid succession to the casualty’s back between
the shoulder blade.

Abdominal thrust (conscious)

 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his waist.
 Make first with one hand and grasp it with the other hand just below the navel
or in the abdomen.
 Give four (4) successive inward and upward motion.

Abdominal thrust (unconscious)

 Position the casualty on his back
 Perform the thrust either a stride or along the side of the casualty. If you are
along the side of the patient, your knees should be close to his thigh/hips.
Straddle the hips on one thigh of the casualty.
 Place the heel of one hand against the casualty’s abdomen between the waist
and the ribcage. Put seconds hand on top of the first one.
 Position and maintain your shoulder over the casualties’ abdomen.
 Apply a quick inward and upward abdominal thrust towards the casualty’s head.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

Chest thrust (conscious)

 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his chest with your arms
under his armpit.
 Make fist with one hand place the thumb of the fist squarely on the breastbone.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand the exert four (4) quick backward and upward
pulls.
 Alternate 1 & 3 until the casualty recover.

Chest THRUST (UNCONSCIOUS)

 Position the casualty on his back.
 Kneel close to the side of the casualty’s head and locate the lower edge of the
ribcage with your finger.
 Trace the ribcage.
 With your arms in position, bring your shoulder directly over the casualty’s
breastbone, keep your arms straight and press downward.
 Apply enough pressure to push the breastbone downward about 1 to 2
inches and then released the pressure completely (4 rapid succession).

Check for Bleeding

Wound - a break in the continuity of the skin

Classification of Wounds
1. Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or mucus membrane.
2. Close Wound – involves underlying tissues without a break in the skin or
mucus membrane.

Kinds of Wounds
1. Puncture Wound – usually caused by sharp pointed object.
2. Incise wound – caused by sharp bladed object. With clean cut.
3. Lacerated Wound – caused by any hard or blunt object.
4. Abrasion – a wound resulting from scraping rough surfaces.
5. Avulsion – a kind of wound that involves a forceable separation or
tearing of tissue from the victim’s body.

Complication of Wounds
1. Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from the wounds.
2. Infections – the healing process is delayed by infection.

First aid measures

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

a. Elevation – raising the injured part above the heart level.

b. Direct Pressure – pressing a sterile dressing firmly over the bleeding part.
c. Digital Pressure – finger pressure applied directly over the bleeding part.
d. Tourniquet – a constricting band placed around the arm or leg to control
bleeding.

First aid- open wound (SEVERE BLEEDING (4C’s))

1. Control Bleeding- direct pressure (main help)
2. Cover the wounds with dressing of bandage
3. Care for Shock
4. Consult or reform to physician

First aid- close wound

I- Ice Compression
C- Compression
E- Elevation
S- Splinting

Dressing – a sterile pad, a compressed sponge that is applied directly to cover the
wound.
Uses of Dressing
 To control Bleeding.
 To cover wound and keep out dirt and bacteria which may cause infection.
 To absorb excess fluid.
 To maintain temperature around the wound.
 To apply medication.

Rules for Applying Dressing

1. Apply dressing directly over the wound.
2. Avoid contamination.
3. Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever possible.
4. If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots where they are easy to see
and react, never tie knots over the wound.
5. Following dressing is applied, it should not be disturbed or replaced unless
hemorrhage recurs or dressing exposes the wound.

Shock – a state of condition when there is not enough or adequate blood supplies
to the vital tissues and organs.

Causes

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

 Significant loss of blood.

 Heart failure.
 Dehydration.
 Severe and painful blows to the body.
 Severe allergic reaction to drugs, foods, insect sting, and snake bites.

Signs and Symptoms

 Sweaty but cool skin
 Paleness of the skin
 Restlessness or nervousness
 Thirstiness
 Faster than normal breath
 Pupils are dilated
 Pulse is rapid
 Nausea or vomiting

First Aid Measures

 Prevention from heat exposure
 Loosen the clothing
 Control Bleeding
 Replacement of fluids
 Control the pain
 Prevent the casualty from chilling or overheating
 Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of the heart
 NPO to unconscious patient

Fracture- a break in the continuity of the bone.

Classification of Fracture
1. Close Fracture
2. Open fracture

Causes
 Motor vehicle accidents.
 Falls
 Accident related to recreation sports and activities
 Some results from the very slight injuries because of brittle or
abnormal bones.

Signs and symptoms

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

 Deformity
 Tenderness of the affected area.
 Swelling
 Pain
 Presence of protruding bone
 Inability to move the injured part
 Bleeding
 Discoloration of the affected area

First Aid Measures

 Immobilize fracture by splitting.
 Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an open wound.
 Treat for shock.
 Give pain reliever if pain is severe.
 Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
 Place the patient on a litter and secured the injured part enough to
keep it from moving while he is transported.
 Evacuate the patient as soon as possible.

Snake bites
Venom – a poison secreted by some animals injected into the body/victims
through bites.

Types of Snakes:
a. Poisonous
b. Non-poisonous

Physical Characteristics
Poisonous
 Flat and almost triangular head shape.
 With poison sack.
 Slit like pupils.
 With sensory pit.
 Fang mark on the bite site.
 Thick bodies.
 Color markings.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

Non-poisonous:
 Oval-shaped head.
 No sensory pit.
 No fang mark on the bite site.
 Rounded pupils.

Preventive Measures
a. Handle freshly killed venomous snake only with a long tool or stick. Snake can
inflict fatal bites by reflex action even after death.
b. Wear heavy boots and clothing for some protection from snake bites. Keep this
in mind when exposed to hazardous condition.
c. Eliminate conditions under which snake thrive: brush, piles of trash, rocks or logs
and dense undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much as possible is also good
prevention.

First Aid Measures

a. Have the casualty lie quietly, not to move other than necessary.
b. Do not elevate the bitten extremity, keep them level with the body.
c. Keep the casualty comfortable and reassure him.
d. If the snake bite is on an arm or leg, place a constricting band about 1-2 finger
above and below the bite. If the bite is on the hand or foot, place a single band
above the flow of blood near the skin but not tight enough to interfere with
circulation.
e. If swelling extend beyond the band, move or place another bond above the first
one.
f. Never give the casualty food, alcohol, stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
g. Remove rings, watches or other jewellery from the affected area.
h. Evacuate to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.

Caution: DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CUT OR OPEN THE BITE NOR SUCK OUT THE
VENOM. IF THE VENOM SHOULD CREEP THROUGH ANY DAMAGED OR
LACERATED TISSUES IN YOUR MOUTH, YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY LOSE
CONSCIOUSNESS OR EVEN DIE. (Ref: FM 21-11)
CLIMATIC INJURIES
HEAT INJURIES – are environmental injuries that may result when a soldier
is exposed to extreme heat, such as from the sun or from high temperature.

Heat Cramps – are caused by not having enough available salt in the body.

Signs and Symptoms:

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

 Muscle cramps in the arms or legs and/or stomach.

 Wet Skin.
 Extreme thirst.
 Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area or improvise shade.
 Loosen clothing.
 Have him/her drink slowly at least one canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid should cramps continue.
Heat Exhaustion – caused by loss of water through sweating without
adequate fluid replacement.
Signs and Symptoms:
 Weakness and faintness.
 Dizziness or drowsiness.
 Cool or moist skin.
 Pale.
 Headache
 Rapid breathing.
 Tingling of hands and feet.

Treatment
1. Move the casualty to a shady area and have him lie down.
2. Loosen clothing and remove boots.
3. Pour water on him and fan him if it is a very hot day.
4. Have him slowly drink one canteen full of water.
5. If possible the casualty should not participate in any vigorous activity
for the remainder of the day.
6. Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are gone. If the symptoms
persist; seek medical aid.
Heat Stroke – this is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated
promptly and correctly. It is caused by failure of the body’s cooling
mechanism. Inadequate sweating is a factor.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Skin is flushed, hot and dry.
 Experiences dizziness, confusion and headache.
 Respiration and pulse are rapid and weak.
 Unconsciousness and collapse may occur suddenly.
Treatment:
 Moving the casualty to a shady area.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

 Remove outer garments and/or protective clothing if the situation

permits.
 Pour cool water or immerse him and fan him to permit the cooling
effect of evaporation.
 Elevate his legs.
 If conscious, have him slowly drink at least one canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid and evacuate the patient ASAP.
 Perform any necessary life-saving measures.

Cold Injuries – are most likely to occur when an unprepared individual is

exposed to winter temperature. The cold weather and the type of combat
operation in which the individual is involved impact on whether he is likely to
be injured and to what extent.

Contributing Factors
a. Weather
b. Types of combat operation
c. Clothing
d. Physical make-up
e. Psychological factor

Signs and Symptoms:

 Numbness
 Tingling sensation
 Discoloration of the skin
 Treatment:
 Adequate warming of the affected part using body heat.
 Injured part should not be massaged, exposed to fire or stove.
 Walking on injured feet should be avoided.

Deep Cold Injury:

 Remove the casualty from the cold.

 Treat deep cold injuries simultaneously while waiting for evacuation to
a medical facility or while en route.
Transportation of Casualty
Transportation – means moving the casualty from the point of injury going to
the nearest medical facility where a casualty can receive a definitive care.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

Transportation of casualties:
1. Manual carries
2. Litter carries

Manual carries - a means of transportation which provides comfort to the

patient and are less likely to aggravate injuries.
Litter carries – a means of transporting casualty using a stretcher to carry a
sick and wounded person.
Litter – a device capable of being carried by two, four, or six persons for the
purpose of transporting sick, injured or dead person.

Proper handling of casualties

 Evaluate the type and extent of his injuries.
 Ensure that dressing over the wounds are adequately reinforce.
 Ensure that fractured bones are properly immobilize and supported to
prevent them from cutting muscles, blood vessels and skin.
Factors to be given considerations
 Strength and endurance of the bearer.
 Weight of the casualty.
 Nature of the casualty’s injuries.
 Obstacle encountered.

One Man Carry

 Fireman’s carry – the easiest way for one person to carry another.
 Support carry – in this carry the casualty must be able to walk or at
least hop on one leg using the bearer as a crutch.
 Arms carry – Useful in carrying a casualty for a short distance.
 Saddle back Carry – on a conscious casualty for a short distance.
 Pack Strap Carry – the casualty weight rest high on the bearers back,
this makes it easier for the casualty bearer to carry the casualty for
moderate distance.
 Pistol Belt carry – the best one man carry for a long distance.
 Pistol Belt Drag – these are generally used for short distance. It is
also useful in combat.
 Neck Drag – this is useful because the bearer can transport the casualty
when he creeps behind a low wall or shrubbery or through a culvert.
 Cradle Drop Drag – very effective in moving casualty up or down steps.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

Two-Man Carry
 Two-man Support Carry – can be used in transporting in a conscious
or unconscious casualty.
 Two-man Arms Carry – useful in carrying casualty for a moderate
distance.
 Two-man Fore – And – Carry – useful in transporting a casualty for a
long distance.
 Two Hand Seat Carry - useful in carrying a casualty for a short distance.
 Four Hand Seat Carry – this is an especially useful in transporting a
casualty with head or foot injury for a moderate distance.

PERSONAL HYGIENE
It consists of practices which safeguard your health and that of others. It
is often thought of as being the same as personal cleanliness. While cleanliness
is important, it is only one part of healthy living.

Personal hygiene is important to you because:

 It protects against disease-causing germs that are present in all
environments.
 It keeps disease-causing germs from spreading.
 It promotes health among soldiers.
 It improves morale.
PERSONAL CLEANLINESS

Skin. Wash your body frequently from head to foot with soap and water. If no
tub or shower is available, wash with a cloth and soapy water, paying particular
attention to armpits, groin area, face, ears, hands, and feet.

Hair. Keep your hair clean, neatly combed, and trimmed. At least once a week,
wash your hair and entire scalp with soap and water. Also, shave as often as
the water supply and tactical situation permit. Do not share combs or shaving
equipment with other soldiers.

Hands. Wash your hands with soap and water after any dirty work, after each
visit to the latrine, and before eating. Keep your fingernails closely trimmed and
clean. Do not bite your fingernails, pick your nose, or scratch your body.

Clothing and Sleeping Gear. Wash or exchange clothing when it becomes

dirty (situation permitting). Wash or exchange sleeping gear when it becomes

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

dirty. If clothing and sleeping gear cannot be washed or exchanged, shake them
and air them regularly in the sun. That greatly reduces the number of germs on
them.

CARE OF THE MOUTH AND TEETH

Regular and proper cleaning of the mouth and the
teeth helps prevent tooth decay and gum disease. The
most healthful oral hygiene is to clean your mouth and
teeth thoroughly and correctly after each meal with a
toothbrush and toothpaste. If a toothbrush is not
available, cut a twig from a tree and fray it on one end to
serve as a toothbrush. If mouthwash is available, use it to
help kill germs in your mouth. To help remove food from
between your teeth, use dental floss or toothpicks. Twigs can also be used for
toothpicks.

CARE OF THE FEET

Wash and dry your feet daily. Use foot powder on your
feet to help kill germs, reduce friction on the skin, and absorb
perspiration. Socks should be changed daily. After crossing a
wet area, dry your feet, put on foot powder, and change
socks, as soon as the situation permits.

FOOD AND DRINK

For proper development, strength, and survival, your body requires:
.
 Proteins
 Fats and carbohydrates.
 Minerals.
 Vitamins.
 Water.

 Issued rations have those essential food substances in the right amounts and
proper balance. So, eat primarily those rations. When feasible, heat your meals.
That will make them taste better and will reduce the energy required to digest
them. Do not overindulge in sweets, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, and other
nonissue rations. Those rarely have nutritional value and are often harmful.
 Drink water only from approved water sources or after it has been treated with
water-purification tablets.
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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

To purify water from rivers or streams:

 Fill your canteen with water (be careful not to get trash or other objects
in your canteen).
 Add one purification tablet per quart of clear water or two tablets per
quart of cloudy or very cold water. (If you are out of tablets, use boiling
water that has been boiled for 5 minutes.)
 Replace the cap loosely.
 Wait 5 minutes.
 Shake the canteen well and allow some of the water to leak out.
 Tighten the cap.
EXERCISE
Exercise of the muscles and joints helps to maintain physical fitness and good
health. Without that, you may lack the physical stamina and ability to fight.
Physical fitness includes a healthy body, the capacity for skillful and sustained
performance, the ability to recover from exertion rapidly, the desire to complete
a designated task, and the confidence to face any eventuality. Your own safety,
health, and life may depend on your physical fitness. There are lulls in combat
when you will not be active. During such lulls, exercise. That helps to keep the
muscles and body functions ready for the next period of combat. It also helps
pass the time in the lulls.

REST
Your body needs regular periods of rest to restore physical and mental vigor.
When you are tired, your body functions are sluggish, and your ability to react
is slower than normal. That also makes you more susceptible to sickness. For
good health, 6 to 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep each day is desirable. As that
is seldom possible in combat, use rest periods and off-duty time to rest or sleep.
Do not be ashamed to say that you are tired or sleepy. Do not, however, sleep
when on duty.

MENTAL HYGIENE
 The way you think affects the way you act. If you know your job, you will
probably act quickly and effectively. If you are uncertain or doubtful of
your ability to do your job, you may hesitate and make wrong decisions.
Positive thinking is a necessity. You must enter combat with absolute
confidence in your ability to do your job.
 Fear is a basic human emotion. It is both a mental and physical state.
Fear is not shameful if it is controlled. It can even help you by making
you more alert and more able to do your job. Fear makes the pupils of

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
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Lucban, Quezon

your eyes enlarge, which increases your field of vision so you can detect
movement more easily. Fear also increases your rate of breathing and
heartbeat. That increases your strength. Therefore, control your fear
and use it to your advantage.
 Do not let your imagination and fear run wild. Remember, you are not
alone. You are part of a team. There are other soldiers nearby, even
though they cannot always be seen. Everyone must help each other
and depend on each other.
 Worry undermines the body, dulls the mind, and slows down thinking
and learning. It adds to confusion, magnifies troubles, and causes you
to imagine things which really do not exist. If you are worried about
something, talk to your leader about it. He may be able to help solve the
problem.
 You may have to fight in any part of the world and in all types of terrain.
Therefore, adjust your mind to accept conditions as they are. If mentally
prepared for it, you should be able to fight under almost any conditions.
RULES FOR AVOIDING ILLNESS IN THE FIELD
 No matter how strong of well-conditioned a man may be, if enough
germs enter his body his resistance will be overcome and a disease will
develop.
 Don't consume foods and beverages from unauthorized sources.
 Don't soil the ground with urine or feces. (Use a latrine or "cat-hole.")
 Keep your fingers and contaminated objects out of your mouth.
 Wash your hands following any contamination, before eating or
preparing food, and before cleaning your mouth and teeth.
 Wash all mess gear after each meal.
 Clean your mouth and teeth at least once each day.
 Avoid insect bites by wearing proper clothing and using insect repellents.
 Avoid getting wet or chilled unnecessarily.
 Don't share personal items (canteens, pipes, toothbrushes, washcloths,
towels, and shaving gear) with other soldiers.
 Don't leave food scraps lying around.
 Sleep when possible.
 Exercise regularly.

SANITATION
The science of using measure that prevent diseases and to promote individual
health

FIELD SANITATION

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

The prevention of diseases by eliminating or controlling factors which may form

links in disease transmission

FACTORS
 Water
 Food supplies
 Wastes
 Insects
 Housing etc. . .
Water
 Prime necessity and one of our basic needs for existence of life
 No man can last more than 4 or 5 days without drinking water
 Water is utilized as bathing, cooking, washing chemical agents used in
the TX of water impurities

Impurities of water can be treated by-

 Use of Chloride - powerful germicide
 8-10 drops of Iodine per one (1) gallon of water
 Boiling for at least 30 minutes

DISEASE ACQUIRED
o Respiratory Diseases - Transmitted from man to man through oral and
nasal discharge of infected individual ( TB, Cough and Cold)

o Intestinal Diseases- Transmitted by food and water that has become

contaminated with feces and urine of an affected person

o Insect bite diseases - Transmitted to man through insect bites (

Malaria, Dengue, Typhoid fever)

o VD or STD - Sexually transmitted diseases

o Other acquired diseases- Dermatophytosis or athlete foot

FIVE FACTORS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF INTESTINAL DISEASES

 Food
 Fingers
 Flies
 Fluid
 Feces

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

CONTROL MEASURES
 Avoid close physical contact to positive identified carrier of disease
 Proper ventilation of quarters
 Water purification
 Careful selection and preparation of food
 Maintenance of mess sanitation
 Prepare waste disposal
 Personal hygiene

WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE FIELD

Waste - A general term covering all types of refuse resulting from the living
activities of human or animals

SYSTEM
Deep Pit Latrine
Used: Longer period of time in build up areas

Bore Hole or Cat Pit Latrine

Used: March and patrol
Covered immediately with dirt after used

Pail Latrine
Used: Ground is to hard for digging
Water table is too high

Urine Soaked Pit

Used: Prevent accumulation of liquid waste
 Water from shower
 Sinks
 Field kitchen

GENERAL RULES IN CONSTRUCTION OF ALL TYPES OF LATRINE

 It should be all least 100 yards away from the unit mess from nearest water
services to ensure free from contamination

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

 A screen should be place around the latrine

 Installed a hand wash device
 It should be kept clean & polished 4 times a day
 Always treat it with chemical disinfectant spray inside to prevent
multiplication of vermin

IV.EVALUATION
Name: ______________________________________ Score: ______________
Year and Section: _____________________________ Date: ______________

Test I. Identification. Direction. Identify the word or group of words being described
in each statement.
_________1. The immediate and temporary care given to a victim of accident or
sudden illness.
_________2. It is a break in the continuity of the tissues of the body.
_________3. A device used for stopping all blood flow in an extremity by means of
encircling band which can be tightened.
_________4. A depressed condition of many of the body functions due to failure of
enough blood to circulate through the body following a serious injury.
_________5.A trained person who administered first aid to a victim of accident.
_________6. Any flat materials ready-made or improvise use to hold fracture part of
the body.

_________7. It is a sterile pad, a compressed sponge or any other materials that is

clean and directly applied to cover the wound.
_________8. It is a wound usually caused by sharp pointed object like nails and

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

dagger.
_________9. A clean cut wound usually caused by sharp bladed object.
________10. A kind of wound that involves a forceable separation or tearing of tissue
from the victims body.
Test II. True of False. Direction. Write the word true if the statement is correct and
false if it is wrong.
_____1. Venom is a poison secreted by some animals injected into the body/victims
through bites.
_____2. The environmental injuries that may result when a soldier is exposed to extreme
heat, such as from the sun or from high temperature is called as heat injuries.
_____3. Heat Cramps are usually caused by not having enough available salt in the
body
_____4. Heat caused by loss of water through sweating without adequate fluid
replacement is refer to heat exhaustion.
_____5. Heat Stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated promptly and
correctly. It is caused by failure of the body’s cooling mechanism.
_____6.A means of transporting casualty using a stretcher to carry a sick and wounded
person is known as litter carries.
_____7. Four Hand Seat Carry is a especially useful in transporting a casualty with head
or foot injury for a moderate distance.
_____ 8. The moving the casualty from the point of injury going to the nearest medical
facility where a casualty can receive a definitive care is refer to transportation.
______9. Two-man Support Carry can be used in transporting in a conscious or
unconscious casualty.
______10. The Fireman’s carry is the easiest way for one person to carry another.
______11. No matter how strong of well-conditioned a man may be, if enough germs
enter his body his resistance will be overcome and a disease will develop.
______12. Don't consume foods and beverages from unauthorized sources.
______13. Don't soil the ground with urine or feces. (Use a latrine or "cat-hole.")
______14. Keep your fingers and contaminated objects out of your mouth.
______15. Wash your hands following any contamination, before eating or preparing
food, and before cleaning your mouth and teeth.

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

______16. Wash all mess gear after each meal.

______17. Clean your mouth and teeth at least every other day.
______18. Avoid insect bites by wearing proper clothing and using insect repellents.
______19. Share personal items (canteens, pipes, toothbrushes, washcloths, towels,
and shaving gear) with other soldiers.
______20. Leave food scraps lying around.
Test II. Answer the following questions below (5 points each)
1. Discuss briefly the difference between respiratory diseases from intestinal
disease.
2. Discuss the benefits from doing exercises regularly
V.REFERENCES:
Innovative educational materials for CAT and ROTC by Saclote and Rabago
Jr (1995)
ROTC Manual Issued by ARESCOM

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