Blue Nile College, COVID-19 Emergency Response Reading Material

TVET-PROGRAMME TITLE: IT SUPPORT SERVICE LEVEL 2

MODULE TITLE:ACCESSING AND USING INTERNET

MODULE CODE:EIS ITS2 M08 0919

NOMINAL DURATION: 30Hours

MODULE DESCRIPTION: this module defines the competence required to access internet and

complete basic web search tasks. It includes finding required information

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module the learner will be able to:

LO2.Search Internet

LO1. Access Internet

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LO 1: Access the Interne

Information Sheet-1 Opening internet browser and setting up home page

1.1. Definition and use of Internet
The Internet is means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers
and servers. When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information
such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.
No one owns Internet, although several organizations the world over collaborate in its functioning and development.
The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (called backbones) through which the bulk of the Internet data travels are owned
by telephone companies in their respective countries.
The internet developed from software called the ARPANET which the U.S military had developed. It was only
restrict to military personnel and the people who developed it. Only after it was privatized was it allowed to be used
commercially.
The internet has developed to give many benefits to mankind. The access to information is one of the most
important. Student can now have access to libraries around the world. Some charge a fee but most provide free
services. Before students had to spend hours and hours in the libraries but now at the touch of a button students have
a huge database in front of them
1.2. Basic Internet Terms and Terminology
Here is a look at the buzzwords of the world of Internet.
 ARPANET: The acronym stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. ARPA of the United States
Department of Defense developed ARPANET, which became the world‘s first packet switching network. Internet is
the successor of ARPANET.
 Internet Service Provider: A company, which provides users with an access to the Internet, is known as an
Internet service provider or Internet access provider. ISP, as it is called, offers email accounts and other services like
remote storage of files for its customers. Here is a word about choosing a cheap ISP.
 IP Address: It is a way of numerically identifying an entity on a computer network. The original addressing
system known as IPv4, used 32 bit addresses. With the growth of the Internet, IPv6 came to be used wherein the
addresses are composed of 128 bits.
 Cyberspace: This term coined by William Gibson, is used to refer to the computer networks connected to each
other and the content they host. It is often used to refer to the Internet.

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 WWW: It is a collection of interlinked documents that are accessible over the Internet. It consists of millions of
web pages that contain text, images, voice and videos. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist working at CERN,
created the World Wide Web.
 Website: A website is a set of web pages consisting of text, audio and video. Web servers host websites.
 URL: It specifies the location of a resource on the Internet. It consists of the basic address and path.
 Web Page: Web pages are resources of information. They are generally created in the HTML format and provide
the web users with navigational abilities through hyperlinks to other web pages on the web.
 Home Page: The term home page is used to refer to the page that is the default page of any website. It is the main
page of a complex website.
 Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that facilitates user interaction with the text, audio, video
and other information that is located on the web.
 Cache: Web browsers maintain a cache of recently visited web pages. Some of them use an external proxy web
cache, which is a server program through which web requests pass. This enables the browsers to cache frequently
visited pages. Even search engines make available already indexed web pages through their caches.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, abbreviated as HTTP, is a communications protocol used for the transfer of
information over the Internet. A client makes an HTTP request using a web browser to which an HTTP response is
sent from the server.
 Web Cookie: Also known as an HTTP cookie, it is piece of text that is exchanged between the web client and the
web server. It is sent by the web server to the web client and returned unchanged by the client each time it accesses
the server.
 Session: It is an exchange of information between a computer and its user. It is established for a certain period of
time after which it ends.
 Hyperlink: A reference in a document to another section of the document or to another document is termed as a
hyperlink. Hyperlinks are used to redirect the user from one section of a page content to another.
 Internet Security: It is one of the major concerns today. As the Internet acts as a communication platform that can
be accessed by millions of users around the world, it becomes necessary that proper measures be implemented.
Issues like Internet Safety that deal with the content that is made accessible over the Internet are equally
important. Internet Privacy relates to safeguarding the privacy of the web users and the sensitive information on the
web from hackers and stalkers.
1.3. Opening internet browser and setting up home page by using internet options
 Browser Software

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Is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages over the internet.The best internet
browser isn‘t necessarily the default one that comes with your device. However, there are a number of very good
browsers to choose between, and the right one for you will depend on your requirements.
 Types of browsers
 Mozilla Firefox: Best overall
Mozilla's Firefox is one of the fastest internet browsers we tested for navigating between sites and for fully loading
pages. It also proved to be the most secure during our in-house tests using live malware.
This browser is compatible with Mac and Windows operating systems, and with Android and iOS cell phones and
tablets. It syncs your passwords, bookmarked pages and browser settings so you have access to these – as well as
your search history – on other computers and mobile devices.

Mozilla includes a privacy browser so you can search online without cookies or other trackers. And you can set this
browser to delete all the cookies, cache and browser history each time the browser closes. Mozilla is nicely laid out
and has a clean interface, so it‘s easy to find most tools and features. You can have multiple browser tabs open at
once in a single window and rearrange their order by dragging and dropping the tabs. If you accidentally close a tab,
or even the entire browser, Firefox will recover it for you.
 Chrome: Best for Google Drive
Google Chrome comes standard on most Android mobile devices, so it is a good choice for cell phones and tablets. Plus
we‘ve found that it works a bit better than Firefox on Android devices. Chrome is also a good choice for Windows and
Mac computers.

If you use Chrome on multiple devices, logging in to your account will give you quick access to documents you saved
in Google Docs, your Gmail messages and your bookmarks, regardless of the device you‘re on. Search history is also
saved with your account, so if you‘re logged in, terms you‘ve looked for will auto-populate when you start typing in the
Google search field on any device.

Chrome lets you set icons on your toolbar so you can quickly get to the pages you visit most often. You can also pin
bookmarks to the Google Chrome homepage. It has tabbed browsing so you can have multiple viewing windows open
at once and easily toggle between them. During out in-house tests, we noticed Chrome didn‘t identify as many phishing
schemes as Firefox, but it did stop malicious files, including ransom ware and Trojans, from opening and infecting our
computer. Chrome‘s privacy browser is available on all devices, including cell phones, to keep your online activity
private.
 Microsoft Edge: Best for battery life

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Compatibility issues for older Windows machines Microsoft Edge comes standard with computers running the
Windows 10 operating system, but it also works on both Android and iOS cell phones. It isn‘t, however, compatible
with older Windows versions. It's much leaner and faster than Internet Explorer, which it replaces. In some respects it's
also a better proposition than Chrome or Firefox. That's because Edge tends to use less memory (RAM) so it will feel
faster on older computers and tends to use less power, which is important on a laptop. The trade-off is that it doesn't
have the wealth of extensions or apps you'll find with the those other browsers.

When we tested Edge‘s security, it not only warned of phishing schemes and other dangerous websites, but it also
blocked malware files from infecting out test devices. Microsoft Edge includes Notes, a tool that lets you highlight
works or passages on any webpage and save them to read later.
You can add icons to the toolbar that link you to frequently visited websites and use the URL field to search the web.
Edge has sync capabilities so you can access your bookmarks and search history across all your devices. Microsoft is
one of the few internet browser developers that offers telephone support if you are having difficulties with its program.
 Safari: Best for Macs
Safari is one of the best choices for Mac devices because it is designed specifically for Apple‘s machines. It connects
quickly and loads full sites faster than any macOS-compatible browser we tested.

Safari takes a moment to learn if you‘re not already familiar with Mac computers, and you can‘t customize this
browser with toolbars, but you still get tabbed browsing like Firefox and Chrome offer. Safari lets you tag favorite sites
and has a reading list where you can save articles or parts of websites to read later. While you‘re reading an article,
Safari has a tool that pushes ads and other distractions aside so you can read without unrelated text or images breaking
in.

This browser is the default for iPhones and iPads, and it syncs through your iCloud account, so any changes you make
on one device will be available on any device connected to your account. When we tested its default security settings,
Safari warned us of malicious websites that had phishing schemes or dangerous links on them. But it didn‘t stop
malicious downloads, so we had to depend on a Mac antivirus program to gather these threats during the download
process.
This is one of the few browsers that has live support. It also has great online resources, like tutorials and searchable
FAQs, so you can find answers on your own.
Opera: Good all-rounder
Opera is decently fast, about on par with Firefox and Chrome when it comes to initial startup, site navigation and page
loading. It‘s compatible with both Windows and Mac computers, and works on iOS and Android mobile devices. The

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URL bar doubles as a search bar, and it has stacking, which means you can drag and drop open tabs in the order you
want them.
1.4. Setting up Internet Option

 Configuring Home page

A home page is generally the main page a visitor navigating to a website from a web search engine will see, and it may
also serve as a landing page to attract visitors.
The home page is used to facilitate navigation to other pages on the site by providing links to prioritized and recent
articles and pages, and possibly a search box. For example, a news website may present headlines and first paragraphs
of top stories, with links to full articles, in a dynamic web page that reflects the popularity and recentness of
stories. Meanwhile, other websites use the home page to attract users to create an account. Once they are logged in, the
home page may be redirected to their profile page. This may in turn be referred to as the "personal home page".
A website may have multiple home pages, although most have one. Wikipedia, for example, has a home page at
wikipedia.org, as well as language-specific home pages, such as en.wikipedia.org and de.wikipedia.org.
 Configuring location of temporary files
Temporary Internet Files are a folder on Microsoft Windows which serves as the browser cache for Internet
Explorer to cache pages and other multimedia content, such as video and audio files, from websites visited by the user.
This allows such websites to load more quickly the next time they are visited.
Each time a user visits a website using Microsoft Internet Explorer, files downloaded with each web page
(including HTML and Javascript code) are saved to the Temporary Internet Files folder, creating a web cache of the
web page on the local computer's hard disk drive, or other form of digital data storage. The next time the user visits the
cached website, only changed content needs to be downloaded from the Internet; the unchanged data is available in the
cache.
Despite the name 'temporary', the cache of a website remains stored on the hard disk until the user manually clears the
cache, the cache expires or if the cache is full. This is often regarded as a privacy issue, because anyone with access to
the computer can view the cache. The contents of the folder are indexed using an index.dat file, a form of database.
The Temporary Internet Files cache can be useful in certain situations. For example, if no Internet connection is
available, previously cached websites are still available offline. Certain online media files (such as embedded Flash
movies) are not easily accessed directly through Internet Explorer, but are automatically saved into the cache after
viewing them. Depending on the type of website and how often it is updated, the cached data may not reflect the online
version of the website. The cache is also useful for police to collect forensic evidence.
The cache can be cleared by using Internet Options within the Internet Explorer interface, but this method is subject
to deletion privacy issues. Many alternative tools exist to erase the data instead.
Configuring privacy an security level

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Optimizing your browser‘s settings is a critical step in using the Internet securely and privately. Today‘s popular
browsers include built-in security features, but users often fail to optimize their browser‘s security settings on
installation. Failing to correctly set up your browser‘s security features can put you at a higher risk for malware
infections and malicious attacks. This installation of our ―Cybersecurity 101‖ series provides our tips for securing
several of today‘s most popular browsers, including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Internet Explorer.
While it is impossible to guarantee complete protection from cyber threats, following these tips will greatly increase the
security of your web browser.

Information Sheet-2 Adjusting display/view mode

2.1. Introduction
In recent versions, Windows Internet Explorer has dramatically improved support for established and emerging industry
standards, such as HTML5, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Level 3 (CSS3), and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). By
default, Internet Explorer properly displays WebPages designed to support these standards. Because some of these
standards are still evolving, older websites may not fully support them. In addition, later versions of certain standards
specify different behaviors than earlier versions of the same standard.

As a result, websites designed to support the earlier versions of these standards may display differently when viewed
with web browsers designed to support current versions of the standards, such as Internet Explorer. In order to help such
websites display correctly, Internet Explorer supports a display mode called Compatibility View, which displays
webpages as if they were viewed by an earlier version of the browser.
Information Sheet-3
Modifying Toolbars
3.1. Introduction to toolbars
A browser toolbar is a toolbar that resides within a browser's window. All major web browsers provide support to
browser toolbar development as a way to extend the browser's GUI and functionality. Browser toolbars are considered
to be a particular kind of browser extensions that present a toolbar. Browser toolbars are specific to each browser, which
means that a toolbar working on a browser does not work on another one. All browser toolbars must be installed in the
corresponding browser before they can be used, and require updates when new versions are released.
Many high-profile browser toolbars released over the years have been fraught with problems, either intentionally as
malware or injected with computer viruses or due to poor or conflicting programming when considering multiple
toolbars being included on the single browser.

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Many unscrupulous companies use software bundling to force users downloading one program to also install a browser
toolbar, some of which invade the user's privacy by tracking their web history and search history online. Many antivirus
companies refer to these programs as grayware or Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUPs).
Developing a toolbar
The programming language and development tools behind a browser toolbar vary from one browser to another.

In Internet Explorer5 or later toolbars may be created as browser extensions written in C# or C++. More specifically, it
is possible to create up to three different kinds of toolbars (custom explorer bars, tool bands and desk bands) and to
combine them with browser helper objects in order to provide added functionality.

In Firefox toolbars can be created as add-ons that contribute to the GUI by extending the browser with XUL (support for
XUL was removed in Firefox version 57). The logic behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript running under expanded
privileges. Mozilla Jetpack can be used to simplify the development of add-ons for Firefox.

In Safari 5 or later toolbars can be created as extensions that add bars and buttons. The logic behind the toolbar is
written in JavaScript with access to a special JavaScript API to interact with the Safari application and web content.

In Google Chrome 4 or later toolbars can be created as extensions that add browser actions to the browser window. The
logic behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript with access to a special JavaScript APIto interact with the Chrome
application and web content. The privileges under which a Chrome extension runs are governed by a set of permissions.

In Opera 11 or latertoolbars can be created as extensions that add buttons to the browser window. The logic behind the
toolbar is written in JavaScript with access to a special JavaScript API to interact with the Opera application and web
content.

In Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera toolbar styling is done though CSS.
Native vs. injected toolbars
Some major browsers (Internet Explorer and Firefox) enable the creation of native toolbars i.e., toolbars which are
directly inserted in the browser window. Examples of native toolbars are Google Toolbar and Stumbleupon Toolbar.
Native toolbars use browser-specific code to create the same toolbar for each different browser version.

Some toolbar developers use a different approach and make the browser extension inject a JavaScript file in every web
page visited by the user. All major browsers support injected toolbars. The code in this file inserts the toolbar as a part
of the DOM in every web page. Injected toolbars use essentially the same JavaScript code to draw the toolbar for each
different browser version.

Each approach has advantages and disadvantages for the different stakeholders.

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From the user's perspective:

Native toolbars present faster load times, since injected toolbars must wait for the DOM to be created in order to insert
the toolbar in it.

Injected toolbars require less frequent updates because part of their code is dynamically downloaded in the JavaScript
file that draws the toolbar.

From the developer's perspective:

Injected toolbars allow for shorter development times since the JavaScript code that creates the toolbar may be written
once for all browsers.

Injected toolbars allow for an easier toolbar update policy, since changes that are made in the injected JavaScript code
do not require releasing a new toolbar version.

From the toolbar owner's perspective:

Injected toolbars consume requests to download the JavaScript code that inserts the toolbar in every page, while native
toolbars consume no such requests.

Cross-browser toolbar development

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Another way to simplify the task of developing a toolbar for different browsers is to rely on a cross-browser extension
development framework. Some of the most important frameworks are listed below:

Toolbar Studio supports IE, Firefox. This is an IDE that allows to develop toolbars via a visual editor.

Neobars supports Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safari and Opera. This is an online web constructor for cross-browser
extensions. Multiple widgets like Weather, RSS, YouTube, Twitter and Facebook components are available. The
platform is free to use.
Information Sheet-4
Accessing and retrieving data from particular site
3.1. Accessing and Retrieving Site Data

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For most people nowadays, using the internet involves accessing information or entertainment, viewing products and
services, or using social media platforms to keep in touch with friends and acquaintances. It may seem that visiting a
webpage merely involves entering the URL in the address bar, but that‘s just the start of a more complicated process. In
a split second the browser makes contact with globally distributed web servers, requests stored data packages, and then
assemble the webpage from the information contained in the packages. Read on to find out how this process works and
which steps are taken.
 From URL to IP address
The easiest way to access a website is to write the desired address into the address bar located in the browser. This
address is known as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), and every webpage can be reached with its own individual
URL (web address). A URL is made up of several sections; all of which have their own functions. Here is a generic
example of a webpage URL:
Protocol Third-level domain Second-level domain Top-level domain (Path) (File)
http:// www. Exampledomain .com /directory /index.html

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of electronically stored hypertext documents. The hypertext transfer
protocol (HTTP) is used in the World Wide Web in order to transfer webpage data from the web server to the browser.
In addition to HTTP, there‘s also an encrypted version of the protocol: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).
The HTTP protocol header is followed by the hostname, which consists of a second-level and top-level domain (in this
order). In the web, we usually see ―www‖ as third-level domain, but there are other subdomains. If a URL points to a
specific directory or file, the relevant information will be placed after the hostname.

URLs are generally comprised of letters, meaning that people can easily remember them. Computers, on the other hand,
work with combinations of numbers (known as IP addresses) to find a server on the internet. An additional step is
required in order to access content from the web browser. This step requires translating a webpage‘s URL into the
corresponding IP address. The task is carried out by DNS servers, which are responsible for managing the Domain
Name System.
 DNS server: a directory for IP addresses
When a web address is entered into the search bar of the browser, the browser looks for the requested domain in its
cache. If it‘s not there, it requests the operating system‘s DNS server to find the required IP address. A DNS server is
liable for the name resolution. The DNS server that is to be requested can be configured in the operating system as well
as in the router. Per default, the internet access provider sets the address of its own DNS server there. Since requesting
the domain name system takes some time, the IP addresses of sites that have already been visited are usually stored in
the operating system‘s or the browser‘s DNS cache. This cache keeps IP addresses at hand for future visits to the
website. This lightens the load of the DNS server and speeds up the webpage‘s loading time.
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 The router as a link between computer and server

The router is the interface between the internet and home network. It requests data from the internet and distributes it to
networking devices such as desktop computers, laptops, and tablets. The router is required as a link since the devices in
the home network communicate with each other using local IP addresses, while outwardly sharing the router‘s public IP
address. The network addresses are then translated with a process known as Network Address Translation (NAT). With
modern IPv6 internet connections, translations via NAT generally aren‘t needed since every device in the network is
allocated a public IP address.
 Data exchange via HTTP
When the IP address of the chosen webpage is identified, the browser requests the relevant data for the page from the
appropriate web server. This request takes place via HTTP in the form of a data packet, which contains all the
information the web server needs in order to deliver the webpage data. The browser communicates the IP address of the
chosen webpage, and provides information on the operating system, itself, and the device on which the webpage should
be displayed. The router adds its own public IP address as sender and forwards the packet to the public internet. The
web server processes the informationand transmits an HTTP status code. Should the request be successful, the server
sends a data packet to the web browser with all the information required for the page. If the server can‘t find the
webpage at the requested address, it either sends a 404 error code (webpage not found) or sends the visitor to the new
URL via redirect if it‘s known.
 Page rendering in web browsers
Incoming data packets from the internet are finally forwarded from the router to the computer on which the webpage is
being accessed. The web browser then takes on the task of analyzing the data packets. Webpages generally comprise of
HTML,CSS, and JavaScript files, whose lines of code contain detailed information about how the webpage should be
presented. While HTML documents define the structure and controls of a webpage, the design information is specified
in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS files). Elements that help user interaction on the webpage are usually implemented with
JavaScript. The rendering engine of the web browser determines how the code is interpreted. Web pages can have a
different appearance depending on the web browser used. Each browser has a cache in which data is temporarily stored
when a webpage is accessed. This means that, when a webpage is re-visited, not all the data needs to be requested from
the web server. The web browser simply retrieves the files that have changed since the last visit meaning that the
website doesn‘t take as long to access.

Information Sheet-5 Loading image

4.1. Load /do not load images depending on modem speed, computer and Browser capabilities
In accessing information on the Internet you may have to consider whether to load or not load images. Understanding
the capabilities of your modem, computer and browser will help you to make an informed decision.
 Modem Speed
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The latest modems on the market would normally be installed to run at the fastest speed possible, for example 115200
bits per second. Having a fast modem connected to your computer will download images quickly. If a slower speed
modem is connected to your computer, then images will be downloaded at a much slower rate. Being aware of your
modem‘s capabilities will help you decide on whether images should be loaded or not loaded. Time should also be
considered when accessing the Internet. Even a fast modem cannot take into consideration a country‘s business hours,
or a 'high activity period, for example, after school hours or early evening. Do not forget to consider these points if you
are having difficulty in browsing the web site you require.
The bandwidth of your Internet connection is dependent on the speed of your modem. If the bandwidth is small it will
not be able to download images very quickly. The file format of any image saved on the computer will take up much
more memory area than text. Hence, you must make sure that you have adequate storage area for image file and the
bandwidth is large enough to transfer the image file.
 Computer speed and capacity
The speed and capacity of your computer also affects the speed at which images are loaded. If the computer's speed is
slow and the capacity minimal, it may be better to turn off multimedia features such as pictures, sounds and videos in
order to speed up the delivery and display of web page information.
To display a web page without graphics, select Tools from the menu bar and choose Internet Options. From the Internet
Options dialogue box there are six tabbed sections. Select the Advanced tabbed section.
 Browser Capabilities
To display web page details as quickly as possible, consideration should be given to the types of browsers available.
Browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are referred to as graphical browsers as they are
able to display graphics, colors and multimedia features.
When a web site is visited, the details of that web page are stored in the browser's cache. Web pages stored to be read
offline are also stored in the cache. Microsoft Internet Explorer's cache is labeled 'Temporary Internet Files' whereas
Netscape Navigator stores its cache in the program folder. This speeds up the display of pages that are visited frequently
because the Web page details are accessed from the cache instead of from the web. It is possible to increase the size of
the cache, but doing this will reduce the space available for other files on your computer. It is also possible to delete
files from the 'Temporary Internet files' folder to free up space within the cache. However, deleting files could result in
delay if those web pages are required at a later date, as they can no longer be accessed from the cache and they will have
to be downloaded again.

Information Sheet-6 Opening URL to obtain data and browser link 5.1.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

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Each website is located at a unique global address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). When you know the
address of a web site it is much easier to locate. Referencing the Uniform Resource Locator URL allows you to jump
directly to that page at that URL regardless of where you currently are on the web. All web browsers let you jump
directly to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) a unique address for Internet resources that are available through a web
browser, including files or directories.
URL‘s specify three pieces of information needed to retrieve a document:
- the protocol to be used
- the server address and port to which to connect
- the path to the information
The format for a URL is: Protocol://server-name: port/path. For example ,http://home.netscape.com/welcome/html
When a web site is displayed on the screen, it is possible to access the links that are contained within that site. Clicking
on a link (or tabbing to the link and pressing Enter) will take you to another section of the web site, a Web page related
to the site or even to a different web site.
A link- is a connection from one web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the link has been one of the
primary forces driving the success of the web.
A link has two ends – called anchors-- and a direction. The link starts at the "source" anchor and points to the
"destination" anchor, which may be any Web resource (e.g., an image, a video clip, a sound bite, a program, an HTML
document, an element within an HTML document, etc.).
After you have successfully identified the URL you will be able to accessthe links provided by the URL.

Information Sheet-7 Deleting cookies and history of internet browser

6.1. Deleting Cookies and Browsing History

A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is used for an origin website to send state
information to a user's browser and for the browser to return the state information to the origin site. The state
information can be used for authentication, identification of a user session, user's preferences, shopping cart contents, or
anything else that can be accomplished through storing text data.

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Cookies are not software. They cannot be programmed, cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host
computer. However, they can be used by spyware to track user's browsing activities – a major privacy concern that
prompted European and US law makers to take action. Cookies could also be stolen by hackers to gain access to a
victim's web account, thus, the need to delete cookies.

Operation Sheet-1 Procedures to setting up Home Page

1.1. To change your browser Home Page Follow the following steps
1. On your browser, go to tools, then options
2. On the Internet Options, click on the General tab
3. Type the address that you want to make your home page
1. then click Apply
2. then click OK

Operation Sheet-2 Procedures to Adjusting Display/View Mode

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2.1. Enable and Disable Chrome Full-screen Mode in macOS

For Chrome on macOS, at the top-left corner of Chrome, select the green circle to go to full-screen mode, and select it
again to return to the full-size screen.

Figure 2.1. Enabling and disabling chrome full screen

There are two other options to activate full-screen mode:

 From the menu bar

select View > Enter Full Screen.
 Use the keyboard
shortcut Ctrl+Command+F.

To exit full-screen mode, repeat this process.

Enable and Disable Full-screen Mode in

Chrome in Windows

On a Windows computer, access the full-

screen toggle through Chrome's main menu.

1. In the top-right corner of Chrome,

select the menu (three-dot) icon.
Figure 2.2 selecting Menu
2. From the menu choose Zoom. Then, to the far right of the Zoom buttons, select the square icon.

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Figure 2.3. Selecting Zoom

3. To return to standard view, press F11 or hover near the top of the screen and select the + button that appears.

Operation Sheet-3 Procedures to Modifying Toolbars

3.1. Steps required to Modifying browser toolbars
3.1.1. Customize the overflow menu or the toolbar
You can change the items that appear in the overflow menu or your toolbar.
1. Click the menu button and choose Customize….

2. When you
are Finish, click
the Done button.

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3.1.1. Turn on the Title bar, Menu bar or Bookmarks toolbar

1. Click the menu button and choose Customize….

o To turn on the Title bar: Put a check mark next to Title Bar in the lower left.

To turn on the Menu bar or Bookmarks toolbar: Click the Toolbars dropdown menu at the bottom of the screen and
choose the toolbars you want to display.
2. Click the Done button.

Operation Sheet-4 Procedures to Accessing and Retrieving Data

1.1. Using the address bar

The address bar auto complete feature lets you search everything on it: bookmarks, history or search engines, or enter a
specific web address, all in one field. Simply type into the field above your toolbar and choose from your history,
bookmarks, and multiple search engines or press the Enter key to search using your default search engine.

Fig. 4.1 Searching search engine using address bar

You can also type into the search bar on your toolbar or on the New Tab page. Firefox can show you popular searches
for your default search engine as you're typing. See Search suggestions in Firefox. OR you can use search engine short
cuts

Fi.4.2. Search engine

Operation Sheet-5 Procedures to Loading Image 2.1. U

pload
a new file

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To upload a new file:

1. In the link editor, click in the URL box.

2. Click the File tab.
3. Click Upload File to select a file from your computer, or drag a file into the Upload File area.
4. After it uploads, select the file from the list.
5. Click Save.
2.2. Link to an existing file
To link to a file you uploaded previously:

1. In the link editor, click in the URL box.

2. Click the File tab.
3. All files uploaded to your site appear above the Upload File area. Click the file in the list or search for it to
attach it to the link.
4. Click Save.
Operation Sheet-6 Procedures to opening URL

6.1. To Open URL Follow the following Steps

1. Open one of your favorite browser
2. Write the address you want to access on the Address Bar

Fig. 6.1. Opening URL

3. Press Enter from key board or
4. Click Go

Operation Sheet-7 Steps to Deleting Cookies and History

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Information Sheet-1 Opening search engines using search parameters To

Delete
Cookies and History you have to follow the following procedure
In Chrome
1. On your computer, open Chrome.
2. At the top right, click more .
3. Click more tools Clear browsing data.
4. At the top, choose a time range. To delete everything, select All time.

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

5. Next to "Cookies and other site data" and "Cached images and files," check the boxes.
6. Click Clear data.

Name: _____________________________Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the following tasks
within --- hour.
Task 1. Change The home page of your browser
Task 2. Adjust your browser display/view Mode
Task 3. Modify your Browser Toolbar
Task 4. Using the required Address Access some data over the Internet
Task 5. Load Image over the Internet
Task 6. Open Url and search different sites
Task 7. Delete Cookies and History
LO 2: Search Internet

1.1. Introduction to Search engines

A search engine is a tool we use to find websites and information on the Internet. Search engines will search other
computers connected to the Internet and classify the files they find on these computers. Some search engines ‗crawl‘
or ‗spider‘ in different ways, while others create directories. Therefore, search engines need access to different
computers connected to the Internet. For these reasons it is useful to use a variety of search engines.
 Common search engines

The most commonly used search engines include:

 Google  Yahoo

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 MSN  Netscape
 Lycos  Ask.
 AltaVista
 Differences between search engines
There are a huge variety of search engines. Most search engines explore most of the computers connected to the
Internet. However, some ‗search engines‘ are really a search of a particular site, or perhaps a group of sites.
Some specialist search engines are based on specific topic areas. For example, Web Wombat was the original
Australian search engine. When you use this search engine you will find your results listed in order of relevance to
Australia.
Other examples include:
 Lexplore — specialises in information related to international law
 Travelocity — specialises in information related to travel
 Hotwire — specialises in information related to computer and communications technology.
 Searching information on the internet the Internet
 Creating a search expression
In order to use a search engine, you must first locate the search engine on the Internet. Usually you would do this either
by typing in the URL of the search engine you wish to use. A search bar will appear and you type your expression into
this bar. How you express your search will be explained later.

Figure 1.1: The URL and search bar in Google

This is the search bar in Google. Access this screen by typing in the URL http://www.google.com.
Alternatively, you might click on the Search button on the toolbar of your browser. This will take you to a search
engine screen t
o allow you to enter your search expression. Note: if you use the Search button, your browser may randomly generate
which search engine to use for your search.

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Figure 2: The Ninemsn search engine in the left of the browser window — accessed by first clicking on the
Search button.

 Composing a search expression

When you are looking for search terms try to:
 Type in the question in a full English sentence.
 Use just the main keywords.
 Add more keywords to narrow down (reduce) the number of hits.
 Define (by clicking a button) if you wish to search the entire web, or if you just wish to search Australian sites.
 Uses ynonyms
 for the keywords.

 Use acronyms.
 Use words to broaden your search like OR.
 Use words to narrow your search like AND, +, -, NOT.
 Use double quotation marks to ensure the phrase you are using is located in exactly that sequence.
Also try different search engines. You will most likely get different results from the same search terms.
 Narrowing or broadening a search
The trick to getting good results from your search expression is to be able to broaden or narrow your search as required.
For some topics, you will get millions of results (or hits), while for others you might get none. As pointed out above you
can:
 Use words to broaden your search like OR.
 Use words to narrow your search like AND, +, -, NOT.
Instead of using Ninemsn, now let‘s have a look at what we will achieve in Yahoo. Let‘s search for information on the
IT Certificate 2 qualification.

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Figure 3: Yahoo search

Using Yahoo and searching ‗the Web‘ we come up with 26,700,000 results, or hits. This is way too many! Let‘s see
what happens if we put this phrase in double quotations and set the search for Australia only.

Figure 4: Yahoo search with more parameters

This time we have come up with 724,000. Still way too many to try to get to what we want.
Let‘s assume it is the Certificate 2 through TAFENSW that you are looking for. Let‘s add TAFENSW and see how we
go.

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Figure 5: Yahoo search with fewer results

Now we have narrowed our results to 25,000. Let‘s think more about what we are looking for. Assume you want to
know where this course is being conducted. Let‘s narrow the search by adding the word location.

Figure 6: Yahoo search with fewer results still

5,850 hits. We‘re certainly reducing the amount of information to be filtered. Though, this is still way too many results
to work through.
Let‘s investigate a different search engine using the same expressions. Firstly, IT Certificate 2 across the Web.

Figure 7: Google search without quotation marks

Without quotation marks we got 31, 600,000 hits, close to the results using Yahoo.com.

Figure 8: Google search with quotation marks

Wow, how about that? By placing the phrase in double quotation marks, we‘ve narrowed our search to 22 hits using
Google. This is much more manageable. Let‘s see if we can get to the locations where the certificate is offered.

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Figure 9: Google search with +

We now have four hits when we add + locations.
Let‘s try something really specific, like a course offered by OTEN.

Figure 10: Google search with OTEN included

We‘ve now got down to ten hits using the search expression:
―Certificate 2 in Information Technology‖ + OTEN.
It is possible to narrow the search too far, however. For example, if I were to put the entire phrase in double quotations
and search on this, let‘s see how we go.

Figure 11: Results of the search expression ―Certificate 2 in Information Technology OTEN‖ all in double quotations
The results above show that this is unlikely to be recorded as one sequence of text, so the search engine can‘t find
anything matching this particular entry when we put double quotations around the whole phrase.
So now you have identified some of the ways to narrow and broaden a search using search engines. Notice that different
search engines will give you different results. Different search operators, such as double quotations, + and – symbols,
AND, OR, NOT will also give you different results.

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A special note here is that the Internet is a very dynamic world. Information located using search engines varies on a
daily, and sometimes hourly, basis. If you were to carry out the searches above it is unlikely that you would come up
with the same results. However, the principles of using operators to narrow or broaden a search, and using a variety of
search engines, always remain true.
Ref. web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

Information Sheet-2 Saving and Presenting Search Engine

2.1. Introduction to online Data Storage

Online data storage refers to the practice of storing electronic data with a third party services accessed via the internet.
Its an alternative to traditional local storage (such as disk or tape storages) and portable storages (such as optical medias
or flash drives). It can also be called ‖hosted storage‖ or ―cloud storage‖
In recent years, the number of vendors offering online data storage for both consumers and business has increased
dramatically. Some services store only a particular of data , such as photos, music or back up data, while others will
allow users to store any type of file. Most of these vendors offer a small amount of storage for free with additional
storage capacity available for a free, usually paid on a monthly or annual basis.
2.1. Benefits of online storage
One of the biggest benefits of online storage is the ability to access data from anywhere. As the number of devices the
average person uses continues to grow, syncing or transferring data among devices has become more important. Not
only does it help transfer data between devices, online data storage also provides the ability to share files among
different users.
Online data storages also offer distinct advantages for backup and disaster recovery situations because it‘s located off
site.
However, online data storage does have some potential downsides. Some peoples worry about the security of cloud
storage services and some vendors have experienced significant outages from time to time, leading to concerns about
reliability.

Information Sheet-3 Creating and Saving Book marks

1.1. Introduction to book mark

A bookmark is a saved shortcut that directs your browser to a specific webpage. It stores the title, URL, and icon of the
corresponding page. Saving bookmarks allows you to easily access your favorite locations on the Web.
All major web browsers allow you to create bookmarks, though each browser provides a slightly different way of
managing them. For example, Chrome and Firefox display your bookmarks in an open window, while Safari displays
them in a list in the sidebar of the browser window. Internet Explorer uses the name "Favorites" to refer to bookmarks,
and like Safari, it displays all your favorites in a list within the browser window sidebar.
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To create a bookmark, simply visit the page you want to bookmark and select Add Bookmark or Bookmark this Page
from the Bookmarks menu. In Internet Explorer, you can click the star icon to open the Favorites sidebar and click Add
to Favorites to add the current page to your bookmarks. The website title will show up in your bookmarks list along
with the website's icon if available. As your collection of bookmarks grows, you can create folders to organize your
bookmarks into different categories.
It is helpful to bookmark frequently visited websites and useful references since you don't have to remember the URLs.
Additionally, you can just click the bookmarks instead of typing in the full web addresses. Some browsers even display
your bookmarked pages in the auto complete drop down menu as you type in the address bar. This allows you to visit
bookmarked pages without even opening the bookmarks window or sidebar in your browser.
NOTE: A bookmark only stores the location of a webpage, not store the contents of the webpage itself. Therefore, when
you open a previously saved bookmark, the contents of page may have changed since the last time you viewed it.

Information Sheet-4 Modifying Page set up options and printing Information

4.1. How to Adjust Print Margins on a Web Browser

If you run a small business, the Internet enables you to find valuable resources that can help you expand your business
and increase your profits. However, you can't always take your laptop with you and you don't have an Internet
connection everywhere you travel. To take the information with you everywhere, you must print it. You can print Web
pages directly from your Web browser and, to print more data on a page; you can adjust the print margins. Both Internet
Explorer and Mozilla Firefox enable you to adjust print margins from the Print menu.
 Printing background colors
If you are trying to print a story with a background color, Internet Explorer and Firefox users will need to also turn on
'Print Background Colors', usually found under Page Setup. Chrome and Safari have this option turned on by default.
 Other printing options
This article explains how you can remove the number of pages, date, title etc. that the browser applies to the headers and
footers of each printed page by default.
 Different browsers, operating systems and printers
Since all printers have slightly different set-ups, these tips may not work for you. If you find a better way, we'd love to
hear about it. Please contact us and let us know. (Please include your browser, operating system, printer type and any
other information that you think may be helpful). Thanks!
Information sheet -5 Shutting Down and Exiting Browser
a. Overview of shutting down and exiting browser
Before you are going to shutdown your browser first you should save all the necessary information
And also you must wait if down loading and uploading data/image is on progress, if you shut down before the data is
completed your data may be corrupted or destructed.

Information sheet -6 Observing OHS and netiquette principles

6.1. OHS and netiquette principles implemented on online communication

In the information superhighway, netiquette (internet-etiquette) are the rules of the road. These simple guide posts on
good manners in online communication will not only make you seem like a great person to talk to, but more

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importantly, it helps you become better understood, exude professionalism, and create a positive online reputation that
will lead you to more lasting and meaningful connections.
Here are some guide posts on online behaviour:
 It’s all about respect
Just like in face to face communication, courtesy goes a long way in making everyone‘s internet experience pleasant
and enjoyable. Always think of how you would want to be treated. That‘s probably how others want to be treated too.

 Core rules of netiquette

In her book Netiquette, Writer Virginia Shea wrote these important guidelines:
 Remember the human – this is the Golden Rule of internet communications. Always be aware that you are
talking to a person, not a device. Therefore, the same rules of courtesy apply.
 Adhere to the same standards of behaviour online that you follow in real life
 Know where you are in cyberspace – netiquette varies from domain to domain. What is acceptable in a chat
room may not be appropriate in a professional forum so ―lurk before you leap‖.
 Respect other people‘s time and bandwidth
 Make yourself look good online – spelling and grammar count! Always write thoughtful posts and keep your
language clean.
 Share expert knowledge
 Help keep flame* wars under control
 Respect other people‘s privacy
 Don‘t abuse your power
 Be forgiving of other people‘s mistakes

If you want to know more about these rules, go to 10 Core Rules where each one is explained at length.

*Flaming is writing content online that intentionally invokes responses such as rage, sadness, humiliation, self-doubt,
and others. From: No bullying.com.

 Netiquette basics

These basic rules are adapted and updated from living internet.com :
 Help the newbie’s – good netiquette dictates that you share your knowledge to new users by answering some of
their questions. Remember, you too were a newbie once.
 Research before asking – most sites have a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) page to guide new users.
Read this before emailing or messaging so as not to waste other people‘s time.
 Remember emotion – subtle emotions and meanings do not transmit very well in an email. However, do not
use all caps as it designates shouting, or overuse smileys and emoticons as these may make you look
unprofessional. Constructing your sentences carefully and checking (and re-checking, several times) what you
write before hitting send is always a good policy.
Living internet.com also has helpful tips on the Netiquette of sending, Netiquette of replying, and Netiquette of
confidentiality. You can read them here: Internet Etiquette.
 The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
(from the Computer Ethics Institute)
 Do not use a computer to harm other people.
 Do not interfere with other people‘s computer work.
 Do not snoop around in other people‘s computer files.
 Do not use a computer to steal.
 Do not use a computer to bear false witness.

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 Do not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
 Do not use other people‘s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.
 Do not appropriate other people‘s intellectual output.
 Do think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
 Always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow humans.
 Remember that your digital footprint can be tracked
Even if you write under an alias or a made-up handle, the account can easily be traced back to you. So don‘t think
that you won‘t be found out if you write nasty remarks on your boss‘s blog, or that your posts flaming somebody in
a forum can be easily remedied by deleting them. Your activities online leave data that may be stored and can be
retrieved. Always be a decent and responsible citizen.

Operation sheet- 1 Procedures to Opening Search Engine

To open search Engine Follow the following steps:
1. Open one of your preferable browser
2. Write the search engine you want to use
3. Click search

Figure 1.1. Opening search Engines

Operation sheet- 2 How to save search results

How to save search results

You can save the results of your search in a number of ways. Generally you would display on the screen the web page
of a particular search result. You can then save the search results in one of two ways:
1 You can save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file.
2 You can copy and paste the contents of a web page into a word document.
1..1 1 Save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file
To save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file, follow these steps:

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 Choose the File menu.

 Click on Save As.
 Choose the location you wish to save your web page to, ie the drive as well as the folder you wish to use.
 Click on Save.

Figure 2.1: File Menu, showing Save As command

Figure 2.2:Choose a folder to save into

On the Save Web Page screen, when you click on Save, the file IT Framework Course – Information Technology will
be saved into the OTEN folder in this example.
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Figure 2.3: The file saved

Notice that a folder holding all the graphics relating to this web page is also saved. This allows all information to be

Operation sheet-3 Steps to Creating and saving bookmarks

viewed offline, ie when you are no longer connected to the Internet.

In Internet Explorer:
1 Go to the website you wish to save as a favourite.
2 Choose Favourites menu or click on the Favourites button on the toolbar.
3 Choose Add To Favourites.
4 At the next screen, click on Create In if you cannot see the New Folder option.
5 Now click on New Folder if you wish to create a new folder.
6 Name your folder and click on OK.
7 Ensure the folder you want to save into is open.
8 Change the name of the page against Name if you feel it is not a very helpful name.
9 Click on OK.

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Figure 3.1: Choose Add to Favorites from the Favorites menu

Figure 3.2: New folder option

In Netscape:
1 Go to the site you wish to save as a bookmark.
2 Choose View Menu or click on Bookmarks on the toolbar.

Figure 3.4: The View menu in Netscape

3 Choose Bookmarks.
4 Choose AddBookmark.
5 At the next screen, click on File Bookmark if you cannot see the New Folder option.

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6 Now click on New Folder if you wish to create a new folder.

7 Name your folder and click on OK.
8 Ensure the folder you want to save into is open.
9 Change the name of the page against Name if you feel it is not a very helpful name.
10 Click on OK.

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Operation sheet –4 Steps to Modifying page set up options and printing information
The results of a search can be printed in two ways.
The first way:
1 Choose File menu, then Print Preview.
2 If you are happy with what will be printed, click on the Print button.

Figure 4.1: Print preview

On clicking the print button you would create a hard copy of the two pages of this web page. Notice that you will also
print the page title (the name at the top of each page), and the URL of the page at the bottom of the page.
The second way:
1 Select the text and graphics you want to print.
2 Choose File menu, then Print.
3 At the next screen, go to Page Range, click in the circle next to the word Selection.

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Figure 4.2: File menu with Print selected

Figure 4.3: Only the highlighted information will be printed

By choosing Page Range, Selection from this screen, (note the dot against this option in the screen above) only that
information selected in the left area of the screen would be printed.

Operation sheet - 5 Steps to Shutting Down and Exiting Browser

To close and exist Browser soft application follows one of the following procedures:
Step 1.
Click on the "X" button in the upper-right corner of the browser window to close it.
Step 2.
You can also click "File" in the upper-left corner and then choose "Exit" to close the browser.
Step 3.
For an alternate method, push "Alt" and "F4" simultaneously to close the browser using a Windows shortcut.
Step 4

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Click on the browser icon beneath "Applications" and select "End Task." This will force the browser to close if it is
frozen, although it may take a few seconds. Click "End Now" if you see a browser warning window.

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ___________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the following tasks
within --- hour.

Task 1. Open Google Search Engines

Task 2. Save and Present Search engine data
Task 3. Create and Save the created Book Mark
Task 4.Modifying page set up options and printing information
Task 5. Shut down and Exit currently running browsers

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