Abstract

On roads, speed breakers provided to control the speed of traffic in rushed areas. The

potential energy in terms of weight of vehicle is loss on speed breaker can be utilized for

useful purposes. This paper describes the potential energy of such type of energy

available on roads and its utilization for useful work. The stages of development of a

speed breaker device are described and the mechanism to generate compressed air with

the help of piston cylinder compressor arrangement. Whenever the vehicle is allowed to

pass over the speed breaker dome, it gets pressed downwards. As the springs are attached

to the dome, they get compressed and the rack, which is attached to the bottom of the

dome, moves down in reciprocating motion. Since we can use for air compression in

reservoir, with help of piston cylinder arrangement. Simultaneously reciprocating piston

cylinder arrangement compresses the air and stores it in the reservoir.

Index
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1Introduction

On road vehicles waste a tremendous amount of energy on speed breakers, where

there is a necessity to provided speed breaker to control the speed of the vehicles. The

annual rate of growth of motor vehicle population in India has been almost 20 percent

during the last decade. There is tremendous vehicular growth in year by year. The

increasing traffic and number speed breakers on roads motivate to manufacture an

innovative device which can channelize the energy of vehicles that is wasted on speed

breakers to some useful work. In this practical manufacturing processes and steps of

speed breaker device for generation of compressed are described which can be used to

generate compresses air on highways in remote areas. The reciprocating air compressors

are used for pressurized air generation taking advantage of design simplicity and also

these are the most common type of compressors found in various applications. This paper

based on the principle of reciprocating air compressor in which compressor compresses

the air by reducing the volume of air that has been isolated. we put our machine

underground of road exactly below speed barker, the head of piston rod is bring up to

level of road surface. When vehicles move on rack it will be pushed down. The piston is

reciprocating in the cylinder. The piston and cylinder arrangement convert reciprocating

motion in to air compression. The second part is specially planned to design and fabricate

the conversion unit for utilizing the available unconventional energy source. That is

tremendously available energy in low intensity with ample quantity can be utilized. This

machine converts reciprocating motion in to rotary motion.

 The following elements are used for construction of „speed breaker air

compressor and energy generation‟ model. Specification of this equipment is as per

requirement amount of energy generation and air compression as shown in Table No.3.1.

The welding is used in fabricating the device is shielded metal arc welding by using the

flux coated electrode. Another part welded on the bottom of the mild steel plate and in

the middle of the plate. It is welded to give support and adjusts the reciprocating air

compressor head.

In our project we are producing the compressed air using with the aid of speed

breaker setup in road ways. This is the simple and easy method of producing the

compressed air without using the electricity. Nowadays the electric power demand is

increased. So we are generating the compressed air without using the electric power.

Here instead of electric drive we are using the mechanical drive to generate the

compressed air.
1.2. Objective

1. To know the various types of air generation system

2. To know the construction & working of various parts used in project.

3. To development of demonstration model of compressed air generation using speed

breaker
 Chapter 3

Literature review

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the

method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and

consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via

many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power,

come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial

pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from

wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry forwater-

cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for

operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical

processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for

body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have evolved,

and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical

pumps.Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be

placed external to the fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement

pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless

pumps.

Positive displacement pump

A lobe pump
Lobe pump internals

Mechanism of a scroll pump

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and

forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.Some positive

displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity

on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side

expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is

constant through each cycle of operation.

Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically

can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge

pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a

slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is

therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer
normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is

usually only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve

Positive displacement types

Screw pump

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used

to move the fluid:1

 Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible

vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots

(e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid ring vacuum pumps

 Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston or diaphragm pumps

 Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

Rotary positive displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

Positive displacement rotary pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a

vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid Advantages: Rotary pumps are very

efficient because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed

the air from the lines manually.

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump demands very close clearances between the rotating

pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are

operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged

clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:

 Gear pumps - a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between

two gears

 Screw pumps - the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws

turning against each other to pump the liquid

 Rotary vane pumps - similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor

encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid

between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating pump

Simple hand pump

Hand-operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump inKošice-

Ťahanovce, Slovakia(walking beam pump)Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one

or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict

fluid motion to the desired direction.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some

cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two)

ortriplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one

direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and

discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by

a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—

in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating

pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in

special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance.

Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle

pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a

decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the

suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The

volume is constant given each cycle of operation.

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

 Plunger pumps - a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open

valves, closed by suction on the way back.

 Diaphragm pumps - similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes

hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm

valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.

 Piston pumps displacement pumps - usually simple devices for pumping small

amounts of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.

 Radial piston pumps

Various positive displacement pumps[edit]

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

 Rotary lobe pump

 Progressive cavity pump

 Rotary gear pump

 Piston pump

 Diaphragm pump
 Screw pump

 Gear pump

 Hydraulic pump

 Rotary vane pump

 Regenerative (peripheral) pump

 Peristaltic pump

 Rope pump

 Flexible impeller

Gear pump

Main article: Gear pump

Gear pump

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed

gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around
the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth

mesh closely in the centre. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in

various hydraulic power packs.

Roots-type pumps

Roots-type supercharger

Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the liquid

trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at

90°, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of

suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal

volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance

that some applications require.

Applications include:

 High capacity industrial air compressors

 Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.

 A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

Peristaltic pump

Peristaltic pump

360 Degree Peristaltic Pump

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It contains fluid within a

flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have

been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the

flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes

(or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its

natural state after the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid into the pump. This

process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as

the gastrointestinal tract.

Plunger pumps
Plunger pump

A plunger pump compared to apiston pump Plunger pumps are reciprocating

positive displacement pumps.These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger.

The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction

stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the

cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve.

Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid

flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle

positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is

wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and water

hammer may be a serious problem. In general the problems are compensated for by using

two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.

Triplex-style plunger pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single

reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can

further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic

relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger

seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow,

or smoother flow without a pulsation dampener. The increase in moving parts and

crankshaft load is one drawback.

Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation

dampeners). In 1968, William Bruggeman significantly reduced the size of the triplex

pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes could use equipment with smaller

footprints. Durable high pressure seals, low pressure seals and oil seals, hardened

crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and

roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad

of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who

uses a home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts

100 hours between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the

other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.
The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps

called mud pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings

back to the surface.[2] Drillers use triplex or even quintuplex pumps to inject water and

solvents deep into shale in the extraction process called fracking.[3]

Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement diaphragm pumps is compressed-air-

powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically

safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with

industry regulation. These pumps are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide

variety of duties, from pumping water out ofbunds, to pumping hydrochloric acid from

secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body

construction). Lift is normally limited to roughly 6m although heads can reach almost

200 psi (1.4 MPa).[citation needed]

Rope pumps
Rope pump schematic

Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from

very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple

rope pump. For this reason they have become extremely popular around the world since

the 1980s. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grass roots organizations and the

techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.[4]

Flexible impeller pump

Flexible impeller pump

The variation of vane volume during the rotation cause the dry self priming feature of the

pump. Pump is also reversible.

The pulser pump

Impulse pumps

Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas

trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the

pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Impulse pumps include:

 Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored

temporarily in an air-bubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a

higher head.

 Pulser pumps - run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.

 Airlift pumps - run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the water, when bubbles

move upward, or on pressure inside pipe pushing water up.

Hydraulic ram pumps[edit]

Airlift pump vs. Geyser pump

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.

It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a

higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to

develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point

higher than where the water started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of

low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation

than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside

source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

Velocity pumps
A centrifugal pump uses an impeller with backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic

energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is

converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or

as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to

pressure is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or more specifically

by Bernoulli's principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity

gain is achieved.[5]

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:

1. Continuous energy

2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)

3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head

A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they

operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace

fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a

continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump.

Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions

(for short periods of time).

Radial-flow pumps
[6]
 These simply referred to as centripetal design pumps. The fluid enters along the axial

plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft(radially). Radial-

flow pumps operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than axial and mixed-flow

pumps.

Axial-flow pumps[edit]

Main article: Axial-flow pump

 Chapter 4

MANUFACTURING AND SELECTION OF MATERIAL

The proper selection of material for the different part of a machine is the main

objective in the fabrication of machine. For a design engineer it is must that he be

familiar with the effect which the manufacturing process and heat treatment have on the

properties of materials. The choice of material for engineering purpose depends upon the

following factors. 1. Availability of the materials. 2. Suitability of materials for the

working condition in service. 3. The cost of materials. 4. Physical and chemical

properties of material. 5. Mechanical properties of material. The mechanical properties of

the metals are those, which are associated with the ability of the material to resist

mechanical forces and load. We shall now discuss these prosperities as follows. Required

properties for the selection of material are Strength, stress, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity,

ductility, brittleness, toughness, resilience, creep, hardness. The science of the metal is a

specialized and although it overflows in to realms of knowledge it tends to shut away

from the general reader. The knowledge of material and their properties is of great

significance for a design engineer. The machine elements should be a material which has

properties suitable for the conditions of operations. In addition to this a design engineer

must be familiar with the manufacturing processes and the heat treatments have on the

properties of the materials. In designing the various part of the machine it is necessary to

know how the material will function in service. For this certain characteristics or

mechanical properties mostly used in mechanical engineering practice are commonly

determined from standard tensile tests. In engineering practice, the machine parts are

subjected to various forces which may be due to either one or more of the following

1. Energy transmitted

2. Weight of machine

3. Frictional resistance

4. Inertia of reciprocating parts

5. Change of temperature

6. Lack of balance of moving parts

The selection of the materials depends upon the various types of stresses that are set up

during operation. The material selected should with stand it. Another criterion for

selection of metal depends upon the type of load because a machine part resist load more

easily than a live load and live more easily than a shock load. Selection of the material

depends upon factor of safety which in turn depends upon the following factors. [3]

1. Reliabilities of properties.

2. Reliability of applied load.

3. The certainly as to exact mode of failure.

4. The extent of simplifying assumptions.

5. The extent of localized.

6. The extent of initial stresses set up during manufacturing.

7. The extent loss of life if failure occurs.

8. The extent of loss of property if failure occurs.

9. Materials selected in machine

 Chapter 5

SPEED BREAKER AIR COMPRESSOR

5.1 Block Diagram

Speed Breaker Spring Air pump

Out let valve

Air tank

Supporting frame
5.2 Part used in project

1. Air pump size: 140mm Stroke, Bore dia: 100mm

2. Air tank 2 liter volume

3. Spring

4. Pipe

5. Supporting frame
5.3 Construction

These machine unit kept underground of road exactly below speed breaker , the

head of piston rod is bring up to level of road surface. When vehicles move on speed

breaker it will be pushed down so rack move downward and rack is jointed to piston

roads the piston is reciprocating in the cylinder. The piston and cylinder arrangement

convert reciprocating motion in to air compression. Now during the dome shaped part

press stroke, the piston is coming towards or away direction pressing the already admitted

air to be compressed. Thus the pressure or air increases due to compaction of air in the

restricted air i.e. more amount of air packed in the low volume area caused by the

sweeping of the piston inside the cylinder. The principle parts of kinetically operated

reciprocating air compressor are same as that for the I.C. Engine. Inlet and delivery

valves Automatic in their operation being spring loaded. They are operated and closed

due to the difference of pressure created on either side and a spring provided to close the

valve at its seat.

5.4 Working Principle

It works on the principle of reciprocating air compressor in which compressor

compresses the air by reducing the volume of air that has been isolated. Here, first

important point is how we get reciprocating motion, which is prime input in the system

for that we use weight of moving vehicles that run on roads.

In Working there are two strokes 1. Suction Stroke. 2. Delivery Stroke during the suction

stroke, piston moves down ward due to which pressure in cylinder falls down below

atmospheric pressure. Intake value opens and the atmospheric air is taken inside during

the whole stroke. In delivery stroke the piston moves inward with the compression of air

in cylinder. Both the inlet and delivery are closed and compression proceeds. At the end

of compression strokes, the pressure increases above the receiver pressure. The high

pressure air overcomes the spring force on delivery valve and the air is discharged to the

receiver tank.
 Chapter 6

Application compressed air

Compressed air a mixture of all gases contained in the atmosphere. In this paper

compressed air is referred to a gas when it is used as a fluid medium. The unlimited

supply of air and the ease of compression make compressed air the most widely used

fluid for pneumatic system although moisture and solid particles must be removed from

the air it does not require the extensive distillation or separation process required in the

production of other gases. Compressed air has most of the desired properties and

characteristics of a gas for pneumatic system. It is nonpoisonous and non –flammable but

does contain oxygen, which supports combustion .One of the most undesirable qualities

of compressed air as a fluid medium for pneumatic systems is moisture content. The

atmosphere contains varying amount of moisture in vapor from. Changes in the

temperature of compressed air will cause condensation of moisture in the pneumatic

system. This condensed moisture can be very harmful to the system, as it increases

corrosion, dilutes lubricants, and may freeze in lines and compressed air lines to

minimize or eliminate moisture in systems where moisture would deteriorate system

performance. The supply of compressed air at the required volume and pressure is

providing by an air compressor. The normal type of compressor will be of the multi

stage, reciprocating piston type (displacement of time the diver must carry with him a

supply of breathing gas, usually compressed air. A single cylinder compressor capable of

charging a scuba cylinder to 300bar would have compression ratio of 300:1 it would

require massive construction and use colossal power to drive it.To simplify the

compressor, improve efficiency and reduce power requirements manufacturers use a

multi stage arrangement. The following theoretical example is a 3 stage (3 cylinders)

compressor with a compression ratio of 1:9 or 1:7 per stage. This would provide us an

output pressure of 441barin practice compressor manufactures may install four or more

stages use different compressor ratios to arrive at the desired output pressure and will

arrange for the air to be cooled as it passes from one stage to another. [5] The volume of

gas contained within a diving cylinder can be calculated using Boyle‟s law e.g.: A 10

liter cylinder charged to 200bar contains 2000 liters. Notes that the amount of air that a

cylinder will hold when charged to its working pressure is known as its working pressure

is known as its free air capacity i.e. if discharged to atmospheric pressure the volume to

which the compressed air would expand .The size of compressor will depend upon the

desired duty. A scuba cylinder of 12 liter working capacity and 240 bar working pressure

will hold 2880 liters when charged. A portable compressor of 2 cfm (60 1/ min) will take

over 45 minutes to fill the cylinder from empty. It is obvious that a machine with such a

slow delivery would be useless in a dive center. [5] When air is compressed considerable

heat is generated. If no attempt is made to cool it, the air will contain all the heat

generated. Air, which contains all the heat in this way, is said to have undergone

adiabatic compression (sometimes termed isentropic).

 Chapter7

ADVANTAGES

1. No fuel is required for its operation.

2. Uninterrupted power generation during day and night.

3. Easy for maintenance.

4. Nonpolluting energy sources.

5. Multipurpose. 6. It is cheap compared to the conventional power Generation units

 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

The growth of any nation depends on utilization of energy and this paper helps for

that. It is successfully produced compressed air by using speed breaker. And compressed

air can use for cleaning purpose in tollbooth and refilling of air in tires. This paper helps

for conservation of natural resources

REFERENCES

[1] “S.K. HajraChoudhary”, “A.K. HajraChaudhary”, “Nirjhar Roy” Workshop

Technology.

[2] “R.S.khurmi”, J.K. Gupta Machine Design, S.Chand Publication.

[3] “P.C.Sharma” Production Technology S.Chand Publication.

[4] “R.K.Jain” EngineeringMetrology, khanna publication.

[5] “PSG College” Machine Design Data Book PSG Data Book.

[6] “Ashok Kumar Sharma1”, “Omkar Trivedi2”, “Umesh Amberiya2”, “Vikas

Sharma2” (2012) „ Development of speed breaker device for generation of compressed

Air on highways in remote areas‟ „International journal of recent research and review,

vol. I’

[7] “Aswathaman.V”, “Priyadharshini.M” (2011) „Every speed breaker is now a source

of power‟ ‘International conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry IPCBEE,

vol.IACSIT press Singapore’.