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Mathematics of Codes: Topics (And Subtopics)

This document discusses the mathematics of codes. It covers topics like codes and coding schemes, ciphers, modular arithmetic, decoding and deciphering, cryptology, cryptography, and cryptanalysis. It provides examples of codes throughout history, including Caesar ciphers, the Rosetta Stone, Morse code, ASCII, and the Enigma machine. It also discusses coding in qualitative research and provides instructions for encrypting and decrypting messages using a cipher wheel.

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david jenil nabua
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175 views19 pages

Mathematics of Codes: Topics (And Subtopics)

This document discusses the mathematics of codes. It covers topics like codes and coding schemes, ciphers, modular arithmetic, decoding and deciphering, cryptology, cryptography, and cryptanalysis. It provides examples of codes throughout history, including Caesar ciphers, the Rosetta Stone, Morse code, ASCII, and the Enigma machine. It also discusses coding in qualitative research and provides instructions for encrypting and decrypting messages using a cipher wheel.

Uploaded by

david jenil nabua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics of Codes

Topics (and Subtopics)

 Codes and Coding Schemes (e.g. Binary Codes and other


Identification/Privacy/Security Codes such as ISBN, check
digit in a UPC or Barcode, Credit Card Numbers, etc.)
 Ciphers (e.g. Caesar Cipher, Decimation Cipher, etc.)
 Modular Arithmetic (in Number Theory, a topic which may
also be introduced under Problem Solving and Reasoning,
as well as Mathematical Systems)
 Decoding and Deciphering
 Cryptology, Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
 Cryptograms and Cryptorithms
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ON MATH OF CODES

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The movie THE DA VINCI CODE (a 2006 film based from
Dan Brown’s novel):

…illustrates the use of the Fibonacci sequence (to find a


safe deposit box that contains the CRYPTEX, a cylindrical
container that can only be safely opened by turning dials
to spell a CODE word. Inside it is the clue to finding the
Holy Grail.
Clue: “’neath the Ross = Rosslyn (Chapel in Scotland)”

Coding (in its simplest sense) involves substituting one


for another; just like in
‘neath the Ross = Rosslyn
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Some obvious and basic occurrences/uses:

1. “color coding of yarns or threads” in a laundry shop


– before laundry, items would be coded to prevent
mixing up of different items belonging to different
persons (e.g. all your laundry = red yarn; another
person’s laundry = yellow yarn, etc.)

2. “coding” in a qualitative inquiry.


In Research, a Code is most often a word or short phrase that
symbolically assigns a summative, salient, essence-capturing,
and/or evocative attribute for a portion of language-based or
visual data (Saldana, 2013).
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Cryptography is the study of enciphering
and encoding and deciphering and decoding
(Hipschman, 2017)

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Note: to decode or decipher is to “crack down” the code.
Hackers of computer-enabled transactions are excellent
decoders!

Didn’t you know: Basic Cryptography was used/applied as


early as 47 B.C. by a great conqueror!

Julius Caesar, ruler of Rome and its territories, is fighting


to conquer Egypt. After months of fighting, Caesar cannot
defeat his enemy. Something must be done. He prepares a
secret message to send to his allies. He is careful to
DISGUISE the message so that only his allies could
understand his message. He used what is now known as the
Ceasar’s Cipher.
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Julius Ceasar used or did something like this:

Plaintext: BEWARE!
Ciphertext: EHZDUH!
 KEY: Encrypted by shifting each letter of the English alphabet
three positions to the right. In modern notation (i.e. Number
Theory and Modulo), encrypted by applying the congruence
c ≡ (p + 3) mod 26.
Note: Ceasar’s Cipher in the form of a Cipher Wheel will be shown later.
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Some popular codes and
Ciphers

Hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone

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The International Morse Code

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The ASCII Binary Codes

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The Pig Pen Cipher

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• The WWII German Enigma Machine
(successfully “hacked” by mathematician Alan
Turing and other code breakers)

• Cryptocurrency/Bitcoin
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Let’s watch
a video clip

to learn how to
create and “crack down”
secret messages through a
Cipher Wheel

(Note: After watching this video


clip, you will be using a Cypher
Wheel to answer 3 questions
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Encrypt using a Cipher Wheel:

“Launch Attack!”
(Use Wp as index)

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Encrypt using a Cipher Wheel:

“Destroy the territory!”


(Use Fu as index)

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Decrypt using a Cipher Wheel:

“SWPYD KQP!
BNAJAIEAO WDAWZ!”
(index is Xb)

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My primary references for Topic 5 and Topic 6:
Aufmann, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R. D., & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical excursions (3 rd ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks / Cole Cengage Learning.
Baltazar, E, Ragasa, C., & Evangelista, J. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. QuezonCity: C & E Publishing, Inc.
and others.
http://www.touchgraph.com/news
and other websites.

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