Lalitpur Engineering College

Chakupat, Lalitpur
(Affiliated to Tribhuvan University)

A
Project Proposal
On
Earthquake Resistance Design of
Multi Storied Apartment Building at Lalitpur

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Ashim Shrestha (074-BCE-013) Department of Civil Engineering
Bikesh Maharjan (074-BCE-015) Er. Pukar Joshi
Gaurab Shrestha (074-BCE-019) Head of Department
Sichhya Tamrakar (074-BCE-041)
Surubhi Shrestha (074-BCE-044)
 Acknowledgement
The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of our final year project work. Whatever we have done is only due to
such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

Firstly, we would like to thank Institute of Engineering for including the final year
project as a part of our curriculum. Special thanks go to Department of Civil
Engineering for initiating and facilitating this Building Project to further enhance
our knowledge of structural analysis and design.

We respect and thank our Head of Department – Er. Rupesh Karki, for
providing us all support and guidance during the working phase.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,

support and guidance from all teaching staffs and Department of Civil
Engineering which helped us in successfully completing our project work.

Acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning our family members

and friends who have been constant source of inspiration during the
preparation of the project.

Aaditya Oli (073-BCE-001)

Byasish Dahal (073-BCE-017)
Mukesh Kumar Yadav (073-BCE-024)

Sanjay Ray (073-BCE-032)

Saroj Kumar Mahato (073-BCE-033)

1.INTRODCUTION

1.1Background

Nepal's proximity to earthquake hazard is mainly due to her young and fragile geology.
Haphazard and unplanned settlements and poor construction practices are the other factors
that have made her highly vulnerable to earthquakes.
The main aim of the project is to structurally analyze and design a seismic resistant multi
storeyed building. A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these
functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety,
fire safety; and compliance with hygienic sanitation and ventilation and daylight standards.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirement prescribed for each
of the above functions.

As per the recent following of the Gorkha Earthquake that occurred on 25th April, 2015, the
construction of multi storeyed buildings has been of major concern. So proper selection of
the building site is required. The analysis and design of our building is based on increasing
the seismic capacity through proper configuration of the structure as well as proper
designing and ductile detailing of structural elements.
The project will commence within the above mentioned criteria and the strength and
serviceability will be checked. If the conditions are okay the final output of the project as
detailed drawings will be obtained else certain changes in the design will be required.

Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or

greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from
earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare
better during Seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building
codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a
certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should
be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of
the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.

Currently, there are several design philosophies in earthquake engineering, making use of
experimental results, computer simulations and observations from past earthquakes to offer
the required performance for the seismic threat at the site of interest. These range from
appropriately sizing the structure to be strong and ductile enough to survive the shaking with
an acceptable damage, to equipping it with base isolation or using structural vibration
control technologies to minimize any forces and deformations. While the former is the
method typically applied in most earthquake-resistant structures, important facilities,
landmarks and cultural heritage buildings use the more advanced (and expensive) techniques
of isolation or control to survive strong shaking with minimal damage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Need of Study
1.4 Scope & Limitations

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

3.METHODOLOGY

4.BIBLIOGRAPHY

5.APPENDIX
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of the project are listed below.
• Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.
• Re-modeling of the building for structural analysis.
• Detailed structural analysis of the building using
computer software.
• Design of various structural components.
• Detailing of structural members.
• Better acquaintance with the code provisions for
reinforced concrete design.
• Acquire knowledge on earthquake engineering.
• Estimating total cost of building construction.
1.3 Need of Study

1.4Scope & Limitations

\The scope of the study are as follows:
1. Understanding the structural components of the Building such
as beams,
columns and other components.
2. Understanding the considerations to be made while designing
the institutional
buildings other than residential buildings.
3. Application of the codes and by laws while designing the
building components.
4. Understanding the designing procedures and calculating the
loads on different
components of the building.
5. Learn to apply the basic knowledge of the course while
designing the components of the water supply system
 Literature Review
Every engineering design is the outcome of the past experiences and observations. It
is necessary to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to
the pre-existing standard results or the past experiences. Structural design is the
methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic
objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting
all applied loads without failure during its service life. Safe design of structures can be
achieved by applying the proper knowledge of structural mechanics and past
experiences. It is needed to provide authentic reference to the design made i.e. the
design should follow the provision made in codes of practices. Use of codes also
keeps the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within its service life. For
this design, certain references and criteria are taken from the literatures discussed
below.

I. Nepal National Building Code (NBC:000- 1994):

Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1993 as part of a bigger project to
mitigate the effect of earthquakes on the building of Nepal. It deals primarily with matters
relating to the strength of buildings. However, there are some chapters on site
considerations and safety during construction and fire hazards. This code aims to bring
uniformity to the building construction by providing some bye-laws and mandatory rules.
But its development is relatively recent and it still lacks many documents required to
support it. To compensate for this unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian
Standard codes. The four different levels of sophistication of design and construction
that are being addressed in this National Building Code are as follows.
i. International state-of-art
ii. Professionally engineered structures
iii. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
iv. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.
This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e. Professionally Engineered
Structures. As the National Building Code defines the use of international codes
which meets the requirements stated in NBC, different Indian Standard codes are
used for the design and analysis purpose.

II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian
Standard code since National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient
information and refers frequently to the Indian standard codes. Indian Standard
codes used in the analysis and design of this building are described below:
1. IS:875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:
A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these
functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy,
structural safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic, sanitation,
ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent
upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above functions.
The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of the building
are being covered in this code by way of laying down minimum designed load
which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed load, snow load and other
external loads, the structure is required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standard recommended in this code claims to ensure the safety of the buildings
and thereby reduced the hazards to life and property caused by unsafe
structures as well as eliminates the wastage caused by the assumption of
unnecessary heavy loading.
This code is divided into five different parts for five different kinds of loadings.
The different parts of the code are:

Part 1: Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Materials and Stored Materials:
This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design of the
building. These loads are given in the form of unit weight of materials. The
unit weight of the materials that are likely to be stored in the building are
also given in the code for the purpose of the load calculation due to stored
materials.
This code covers the unit weight or mass of the materials and parts and
components in the building that apply to the determination of the dead load
in the design of building.
Table 1 of this code covers unit weight of the building materials and Table
2 of the code covers the unit weight of the building parts or the components.

Part 2: Imposed Loads

Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use or
occupancy of a building including the weight of moveable partitions,
distributed, concentrated loads, loads due to impact and vibrations and dust
loads (Excluding wind, seismic, snow, load due to temperature change,
creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.)
This part of the code deals with imposed load of the building produced by
the intended occupancy or use. Minimum imposed load that should be taken
into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of the buildings are
given in the code but it do not cover the incidental to construction and
special cases of vibration, such as moving machinery, heavy acceleration
from cranes hoist etc.
Part 3: Wind Loads
This part deals with the wind load to be considered when desigining the
building, structure and component thereof. This code gives the wind force
and their effect (Static and Dynamic) that should be taken into account
when designing buildings, structures and components thereof. In the code
wind load estimation is done by taking into account the random variation of
the wind speed with time.
Part 4: Snow Loads
This part of the code deals with snow loads on roofs of buildings. Roofs
should be designed for the actual load due to snow or the imposed load
 specified in Part 2 whichever is more sever. Since location of the building is
within Kathmandu Valley, there is no possibility of snowfall. Hence the
snow load is not considered in the design.
Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations
This code loads and loads effects (Except the loads covered in Part 1 to 4
and seismic load) due to temperature changes, internally generated stress
due to creep shrinkage, differential settlement etc. in the building and its
components, soil and hydrostatic pressures, accidental loads etc. This part
also covers the guidance for the load combinations.

2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(General Provision and Building):
This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures and
earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are applicable to
buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like structures; bridges;
concrete masonry and earth dams; embankment and retaining structures and
other structures. Temporary supporting structures like scaffoldings etc. need
not be considered for the seismic loads. It is concerned with the methods of
determining seismic loads and the effects of various irregularities in a building
can have upon its seismic response. This standard does not deals with the
construction features relating to earthquake resistant design in building and
other structures.

3. IS 13920: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete

Structures Subjected to Seismic Force- Code of Practice:
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic
reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and
ductility to resist sever earthquake shock without collapse. The provision for
the reinforced concrete construction given in the code are specifically to the
monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For precast and prestressed
concrete members, its use is limited only if they can provide the same level of
ductility as that of monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after
earthquake. The code include the detailing rules for flexural members, column
and frame member subjected to bending and axial loads and shear walls.

4. IS 456: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005) Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice:
This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural use of
plain and reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method. According
to the code, plain concrete structures referred to those structures where
reinforcement if provided is ignored for determination of the strength of the
structure. This code does not cover special requirements for the structures like
bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake resistance buildings etc. but
allows the use of separate code for those structures in conjunction with this
code.

5. IS 4326: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of

Buildings – Code of Practice:
 This standard deals with the selection of materials, special features of design
and construction for earthquake resistant buildings including masonry
construction using rectangular masonry units, timber construction and
buildings with prefabricated flooring or roofing elements.

6. IS 5525: 1969 (Reaffirmed 1990) Recommendations for Detailing of

Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Works:
This standard deals with the general requirements of detailing of reinforcement
in reinforced concrete structures with some suitable modifications whenever
necessary. This code includes the common method of detailing of
reinforcement based on good practice with deviations made in special cases to
comply with IS 456.

7. IS 1642: 1989 (Reaffirmed 1994) Fire Safety of Buildings (General): Details of

Construction – Code of Practice:
This standard lays down the essential requirements of fire safety of buildings
with respect to details of construction.

8. IS 2950 (Part I): 1981 (Reaffirmed 1998) Code of practice for design and
construction of Raft Foundations:
Raft foundation is a substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or
walls in a row or rows and transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a
continuous slab with or without depressions or openings. Such types of
foundations are found useful where soil has low bearing capacity. This standard
covers the design of raft foundation based on conventional method (for rigid
foundation) and simplified methods (flexible foundation) for residential and
industrial buildings, store-houses, silos, storage tanks, etc., which have mainly
vertical and evenly distributed loads.

III. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP):

For the clarification and explanation for the clauses and equations mentioned in
Indian Standard Codes, Bureau of Indian Standard has published some special
publications including charts and tables for required values like material properties
and explaining examples of designs. Following design aids will be used for the design
of the structure:

1. SP 16: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978:

This handbook explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and provides
several design charts and interaction diagrams for flexure, deflection control
criteria, axial compression, compression with bending and tension with
bending for rectangular cross-sections (for circular section in case of
compression member) which can greatly expedite the design process if done
manually. This design aid is particularly useful for the preliminary design.

2. SP 22: Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering (IS 1893:

1975 and IS 4326: 1976):
The theoretical background behind many of the code provisions have been
elaborated herein. Additionally, many worked out examples explaining the use
of equations and charts in the code can also be found in this handbook.
 3. SP 24: Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete IS 456: 1978
SP 16 is meant to aid the calculation process, while SP 24 is meant to aid the
conceptual understanding of the IS 456 code. It contains clause by clause
explanation of the original code. The logic and justification behind the various
equations and assumptions in the code are well explained here.

4. SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing:

The compilation of provisions and guidelines regarding reinforcement detailing
scattered throughout IS codes 456, 4326, 5525 and 13920 can be found in this
handbook. Searching for that information in the original codes can be very time
consuming. This handbook presents all that information in a well-organized
manner.

IV. Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:

Many available books related to design of reinforced concrete structure and
earthquake engineering written by distinguished authors such as Pillai and Menon, SN
Sinha and AK Jain are based on the Indian Standard Codes of Practice and provides
sufficient theoretical background with illustrative examples. So, for the analysis and
design, reference from such textbooks are very helpful. Books related to foundation
engineering will also be valuable in the design of building foundation. Besides these,
other books related to structural mechanics (Statics and Dynamics) will also be helpful
for performing and verifying the analysis output from computer software.

Apart from these references there may requires data related to the past earthquake, the
earthquake zoning map and soil condition of the site. These data may be obtained
from the government authorities and other concerning organizations.

The reports on the same project prepared by the students of previous batches was
also an important reference to the project.
 Methodology
Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya – the highest, youngest and seismically very
active mountain range. Hence building construction in Nepal should consider the
seismic loading. In Nepal, design of buildings is mainly based upon the guidelines
provided by the Nepal National Building Codes: 000- 1994. But in most of the cases
NBC refers to the Indian Standard Building Codes and other foreign building codes
and permit the use of such codes. The design based on the foreign codes must fulfill
the requirement that the finished structure must meet or exceed both qualitatively and
quantitatively the requirements of NBC:000-1994. Hence for this project, analysis and
design of the given building is aimed to be done using Indian Standard Codes of
Practice and design aids (Special Publications of Bureau of Indian Standard) which
follows the limit state design method.

Limit state design (LSD) is also known as Load and Resistance factor Design. Limit
state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the design criteria.
The objective of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve and acceptable
probability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for
which it is intended i.e. structure will not reach limit state within its lifetime. The limit
state that concern with the safety of people and safety of structure is known as limit
state of collapse. It includes the loss of equilibrium of structure, failure by excessive
deformation, fatigue, rupture, loss of stability of the structure or any part of it including
supports and foundations. The limit state that concern with the functioning of the
structure or structural members under normal use, or comfort of people or appearance
of the construction works is classified as limit state of serviceability.

The analysis and design of the building in this project will be carried out
following the below listed methods:

i. The design and analysis process requires knowledge of structural

mechanics and design theories which were acquired in previous semesters
(1st to 6th semesters). Reinforced Concrete Design and Earthquake resistant
design are being studied in this semester (7th semester). It is planned to
learn structural analysis and design software during this Semester (7 th
Semester).

ii. After completing these basic requirements, detailed design of the structure
will be accomplished.

iii. Estimation and idealization of the loads i.e. dead load and live load will be
done based on the Indian Standard Code of Practice IS:875-1987 (Code of
Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures, Part 1, 2 and 3).
iii. Estimation of the seismic load will be based on IS:1993-2002 (Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1).

iv. All the calculations for the design will be based on IS:456-2000 (Plain and
Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice), IS:4326-2003 (Earthquake Resistant
Design and Construction of Buildings- Code of Practice), IS:5525-1999
(Recommendations for Detailing of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Works)
and IS:13920-1993. Beside these codes design aids Indian Standard Special
Publications (SP 16, SP 22, SP 24 and SP 34) along with the textbooks by Pillai and
Menon, SN Sinha, AK Jain etc. will be referred.

v. Final outcome of the analysis and design will be the structural drawing
including detail ductile detailing of the reinforcement bars based on IS 13920 and
other related Indian Standard codes.

vi. If sufficient time is left at the end, estimation of cost for the construction of
the building will also be carried out.

vii. After the complete analysis and design, required modifications for the
provided architectural drawing including size of structural members, partition walls
etc. will be carried out and all the drawing will be printed in appropriate format for
inclusion with the final report.
The following stages are

Preliminary design
Proposal Preparation and Defence Selection of Architechtural of Building
Drawing for the project components

Preparation of Final
Report and Final
Defence

Preparation of Modelling of Building in

Analysis and
Detailing drawing SAP/Software
desig of structural
Analysis(SAP)
components

involved in the analysis and design of “Earthquake Resistance Design of Multi-

storeyed Apartment Building at Lalitpur”
 References
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The National Academy Press.
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performance. Building Research & Information, 33(4), 353-360.
doi:10.1080/09613210500162008
 William, B. (1993). What is Performance? Performance Management, 11(3), 196—91.
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