AuE 816 – Engine Combustion and Emissions

Dr. Brian Gainey

Dr. Benjamin Lawler

Section 5 – Ideal Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Analysis

Section Outline

• Thermodynamics Review
• Ideal Cycle Processes
• Constant Volume Combustion
• Constant Pressure Combustion
• Limited Pressure Combustion
• Ideal Cycle Comparison

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Thermodynamics Review

• Equation of State: A relation between thermodynamic properties such

as pressure, temperature, and specific volume for a given state
• State Postulate: Two independent, intensive thermodynamic properties
completely specify the state of a simple, compressible system

• Process: An evolution from one thermodynamic state to another

• Process Relation: An equation that relates the thermodynamic properties of
two distinct states

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Ideal Gas Equation of State

• Ideal gas equation of state is derived using the following assumptions:

• The ideal gas consists of a large number of molecules
• Individual molecules have a negligible size
• Collisions between molecules are purely elastic
• There are no attractive forces between molecules

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Ideal Gas Law – Equation of State

kJ
PV = nR T R = 8.3145
kmol K

mi R
PV = mRT MWi = Ri =
ni MWi

V
Pν = RT ν=
m
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Other Equations of State

n = 0the following
• Ideal gas equation of state is derived using Isobaricassumptions: ( )
• The ideal gas consists of a large number of molecules
• Individual molecules have a negligible size
• Collisions between molecules are purely elastic
n =1 ( Isothermal
Pν = RT)
• There are no attractive forces between molecules
n=k ( Isentropic )
n= ∞ ( Isochoric )
• Van der Waals Equation of State

• General Virial Expansion

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First Law of Thermodynamics

m (V22 − V12 )
Q1→2 = U 2 − U1 + + mg ( Z 2 − Z1 ) + W1→2
2
2

Where: W1→2 = ∫ P dV
1
2

If pressure is constant W=
1→ 2 P∫=
dV P(V2 − V1 )
1

Define Enthalpy: H= U + PV
ℎ = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
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 Work
2
W1→2 = ∫ P dV
1
2

If pressure is constant W=
1→ 2 P∫=
dV P(V2 − V1 )
1

2
If volume is constant W1→2 = 0
P

1 1 2

V
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 Specific Heat

Common Specific Heat Relations (Ideal Gas)

Q dU + ∂W
∂= = dU + PdV
CP − CV =
R

1  ∂Q  1  ∂U   ∂u  CP
CV =   =     k= γ=
m  ∂T V m  ∂T V  ∂T V CV
R
CV =
1  ∂Q  1  ∂H   ∂h  k −1
CP =   =    
m  ∂T  P m  ∂T  P  ∂T  P kR
CP =
k −1
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Polytropic Process

n=0 ( Isobaric )
n =1 ( Isothermal )
PV = constant
n

n=k ( Isentropic )
n= ∞ ( Isochoric )
n n
( n −1) n −1
P2  ν 1   V1  T2  P2   ν1  n
= =    = =   
P1  ν 2   V2  T1  P1  ν 2 

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 Polytropic Work

p2V2 − p1V1
W1→2 = for n ≠ 1
2
1− n
W1→2 = ∫ P dV for PV n = constant
1 V2
W1→2 = p1V1 ln for n = 1
V1

mR(T2 − T1 )
W1→2 = for n ≠ 1
1− n
For an ideal gas (polytropic process):
V2
W1→2 = mRT ln for n = 1
V1
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AuE 816 - Engine Combustion and Emissions (Dr. Prucka) 12
Log P vs. Log V

1000

Cylinder Pressure (kPa)

Expansion
∆ lnP
∆ lnP
∆ lnV
∆ lnV
Compression
100

10
Slopes range from ~1.2 to 1.4
0.0001 0.001
3
Cylinder Volume (m )
n
P2  V1  ln P2 − ln P1
=   solving
= for n ⇒ n
P1  V2  ln V1 − ln V2

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Ideal Cycle Comparison
Ideal Thermodynamic Engine Cycles
Constant Volume Combustion

Constant Pressure
Cylinder Pressure Combustion
Limited Pressure Combustion

Cylinder Volume

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Constant Volume Combustion

• Assumptions
• Working fluid is ideal gas with constant properties.
• Constant mass of working fluid throughout cycle. 2Q3 3 Ideal Gas Constant
Volume Cycle
• Combustion is modeled as heat addition from
external source. m = constant
• Cycle is completed by heat transfer to surroundings

Pressure (p)
(as opposed to intake and exhaust processes of an
actual engine). 3W 4

• 1-2: Isentropic compression of working fluid. s = constant

2
• 2-3: Constant volume heat addition at 4
4Q1
s = constant 1
• clearance volume. 1W 2
Vc Volume (V) Vc+Vd
• 3-4: Isentropic expansion of working fluid.
• 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection at total
cylinder volume.
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Process 1-2: Isentropic compression

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Process 1-2: Isentropic compression

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Process 2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition

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Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion

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Process 4-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection

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Constant Volume Combustion Overview

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Efficiency of Constant Volume Combustion

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 Constant Volume Combustion Example

T1 = 300 K; P1 = 1 bar; cv = 0.717 kJ/kgK

r = 12; q = 1000 kJ/kg; MWair = 29 kg/kmol

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Constant Volume Combustion Example

100

80

60

Pressure [bar]
40

20

0
1 12

V/V
T D C

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Constant Volume Combustion Example

100

80

60

Pressure [bar]
40

20

0
1 12

V/V
T D C

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Constant Volume Combustion Example

1
ηth i. g . = 1 −
r[
γ −1]

100

80

60

Pressure [bar]
40

20

0
1 12

V/V
T D C

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Constant Volume Combustion Ideal Cycle

1
ηth i. g . = 1 −
r[
γ −1]

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 CV Combustion Ideal Cycle

1
ηth ,ig = 1 −
r[
γ −1]

IMEP  q*   1   r   1 
=     1 − [γ −1] 
P1  cv T1   γ − 1   r − 1   r 

 
IMEP  q*   1   1   1 
=     q* ηth ,ig
P3  cv T1   γ − 1   r − 1   + r[ ] 
γ −1

 cv T1 
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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle
*
m f QLHV
q =
mtotal If you assume the density of exhaust
gas is equal to the incoming charge
mtotal = m fuel + mair + mresidual the following relation is true:

mresidual mresidual V 1
f = xr = f = = c =
m fuel + mair + mresidual mtotal VBDC r

mf (1 − f ) F
= A
mtotal 1+ F
A
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 CV Combustion Ideal Cycle

Combining the previous equations The total-mass-weighted heat input

and assumptions the following total- relation can be converted for
mass-weighted heat input relation is calculation of the non-dimensional
derived: heat input for a constant-volume
combustion ideal cycle:
 r −1  F
QLHV   A
q* =  r   r −1  F
QLHV   A
1+ F  q*   r   γ −1 
A   =  
1+ F 
 cv T1  A  R T1 

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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P1

 q* 
 =↑ as r ↑ because RGF ↓
 cv T1 

T1 = 300 K

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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P3

 q* 
 =↑ as r ↑ because RGF ↓
 cv T1 

T1 = 300 K

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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle: Efficiency vs. CR

1
ηth i. g . = 1 −
r γ −1

γ = 1.32

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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P1

 q* 
  ↑
c T
 v 1

γ = 1.32

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CV Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P3

 q* 
  ↑
c T
 v 1

γ = 1.32

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Constant Pressure Combustion

• Assumptions
• Working fluid is ideal gas with constant properties. 2Q3 2W3

• Constant mass of working fluid throughout cycle.

2 3 Ideal Gas Constant
• Combustion is modeled as heat addition from Pressure Cycle

external source.
• Cycle is completed by heat transfer to surroundings
(as opposed to intake and exhaust processes of an 3W4

Pressure (p)
s = constant
actual engine).

• 1-2: Isentropic compression of working fluid. 4

• 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition at 1W2 4Q1
s = constant
1
• Compression pressure.
• 3-4: Isentropic expansion of working fluid.
• 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection at total
cylinder volume.
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Constant Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

Cut-off ratio

𝑉𝑉3 𝑇𝑇3
𝛽𝛽 = =
𝑉𝑉2 𝑇𝑇2

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Process 2-3: Constant Pressure Heat Addition

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Constant Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

Compression ratio is
not included here!
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Constant Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

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Constant Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle
1  β γ −1 
ηth ,ig = 1 − γ −1 
r  γ ( β − 1) 

IMEP  q *  1  r 
=    ηth ,ig
P1  cv T1  γ − 1  r − 1 
IMEP  q*   1   1   1 
=     γ −1 ηth ,ig
P3  cv T1   γ − 1   r − 1   r 
 q*   1 
β = 1+    γ −1 
 v 1  γ r 
c T
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Constant Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

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CP Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P1

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CP Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P3

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CP Combustion Ideal Cycle: Efficiency

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CP Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P1

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CP Combustion Ideal Cycle: IMEP/P3

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Limited Pressure Cycle
• Assumptions
• Working fluid is ideal gas with constant properties.
• Constant mass of working fluid throughout cycle.
3aW3b
3aQ3b
• Combustion is modeled as heat addition from external
source. Ideal Gas Limited
Pressure Cycle
3a 3b
• Cycle is completed by heat transfer to surroundings (as
opposed to intake and exhaust processes of an actual
2Q3a
engine).

Pressure (p)
• 1-2: Isentropic compression of working fluid.
3W 4
s = constant
2
• 2-3a: Constant volume heat addition at
• Clearance volume to limited pressure.
• 3a-3b: Constant pressure heat addition at 1W 2 4
• limit pressure. s = constant
1 4Q1
• 3b-4: Isentropic expansion of working fluid. Volume (V)
• 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection at total
cylinder volume.

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Limited Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

P3a P3b
α= = Pressure ratio
P2 P2
V3b
β= Cut-off ratio
V3a

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Limited Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

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Limited Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

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Limited Pressure Combustion Ideal Cycle

IMEP  q *  1  r 
=    ηth ,ig
P1  cv T1  γ − 1  r − 1 

IMEP  q*   1   r   1 
=    γ ηth ,ig
P3 c T
 v 1  γ − 1  r − 1  α r 

 q*   1 
   γ −1  + 1 + α (γ − 1)
 cv T1   r 
β=
γα
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 Ideal Cycle Comparison

Ideal Thermodynamic Engine

Cycles Constant Volume
Combustion
Constant Pressure
Combustion
Cylinder Pressure

Limited Pressure
Combustion

Source: Heywood Text, Chapter 5

Cylinder Volume

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Ideal Cycle Comparison: Thermal Efficiency

Gasoline Diesel
In reality both engine types

Ideal Thermal Efficiency

operate on something close
to the limited-pressure cycle,
so compression ratio largely
influences efficiency
differences between engine
types.

P3
P1
Compression Ratio
Source: Heywood, J., “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
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Ideal Cycle Comparison: Thermal Efficiency

P3
P1
Source: Heywood Text, Chapter 5

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Ideal Gas Exchange (Blow-down, Exhaust,
and Intake)
Assumptions:
EVO occurs at BDC and EVC at TDC.
IVO occurs at TDC and IVC at BDC.
There is no valve overlap (overlap duration=0°).
Heat transfer does NOT occur during the intake and exhaust strokes, they are
adiabatic.
Pressure is constant during the intake and exhaust strokes.
Cylinder volume is constant during blow-down and the ‘overlap’ period.

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Ideal Gas Exchange Strokes

• Assumptions
• The exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and
closes at top dead center.
• The intake valve opens at top dead center (gas
exchange) and remains open until bottom
• dead center of the compression stroke.
• There is no intake and exhaust valve overlap.
• The intake and exhaust processes are adiabatic.
• 4-5a: Constant volume blowdown
• 5a-6: Constant pressure exhaust
displacement
• 6-7: Constant volume piston reversion
• 7-1: Constant pressure intake
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Ideal Gas Exchange: Blow-down
The in-cylinder contents are assumed to isentropically expand to
the exhaust pressure during the blow-down process.

4
n=γ
5a Allows calculation of
5
Pexhaust Texhaust and νexhaust

V
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Pumping Work

Throttled Example Exhaust Stroke

6

P
∫ PdV =
W5−6 = Pexh (V6 − V5 ) =
5
− PexhVd

4
Intake Stroke
1
Pexhaust 6 5 W7 −=
1 ∫ PdV=
7
Pint (V1 − V7 =
) PintVd
Pintake 7 1

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Additional Gas Exchange Equations

Exhaust Process (5-6) Temperature Approximation at State 1

T5=
a T=
5 T=
6 Texhaust
ν 5= ν= ν= ν exhaust   P   γ − 1 
a 5 6 T1 = (1 − f )Tintake + f Texhaust 1 − 1 − intake  
  Pexhaust   γ 
m6 V6T4 Pexh T4 Pexh
f
= = =
m4 V4Texh P4 r Texh P4

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