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Per Unit System

This document discusses representing power system components using mathematical models and per unit calculations. It aims to represent generators, transmission lines, and transformers using appropriate models and analyze multi-node power systems using admittance or impedance matrices. Key points include using a per unit system to facilitate calculations by relating actual values to base values, selecting appropriate base values for MVA and voltage, and the importance of the per unit system in comparing equipment ratings and ensuring consistent impedance values across transformers. An example calculates the per unit impedance of a transformer on both the low and high voltage sides.

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63 views10 pages

Per Unit System

This document discusses representing power system components using mathematical models and per unit calculations. It aims to represent generators, transmission lines, and transformers using appropriate models and analyze multi-node power systems using admittance or impedance matrices. Key points include using a per unit system to facilitate calculations by relating actual values to base values, selecting appropriate base values for MVA and voltage, and the importance of the per unit system in comparing equipment ratings and ensuring consistent impedance values across transformers. An example calculates the per unit impedance of a transformer on both the low and high voltage sides.

Uploaded by

ChetanModi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Representation of Power System

Components
Manbir kaur
Objectives
• Represent elements of a power system including
generators, transmission lines, and transformers
using an appropriate mathematical model
• Analyze multi-node power systems using an
admittance matrix or impedance matrix
representation of the power system
• Sequence model of generator, transmission lines
and transformer under unbalanced conditions

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Per unit System of Calculations
• Per unit value of a quantity=
Actual value of electrical quantity
base value of same electrical quantity
For an electric circuit:
S- Apparent power
V: Voltage
I: Current
Z: per phase impedance
Out of four quantities, two can be derived from two other
known quantities.
In Power equipment, S and V are taken as known
quantities (Base quantities)
I and z can be derived from S and V.
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Electric circuit Relations
• For three phase circuit
𝑆 𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = or
3 𝑉𝐿 3 𝑉𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑆= Three phase apparent power (MVA)
𝑃: 𝑆 x𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ is three phase active (real power)
𝑉𝐿 : Line to line voltage (kV)
𝐼𝐿 : Line current (A)
For star connections : 𝐼𝐿 =𝐼𝑝ℎ
𝑉𝐿 / 3 𝑉𝐿2
Impedance per phase = 𝑍 = = 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝐿 𝑆
Per unit value of impedance = 𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑍/𝑍𝐵
2
𝑘𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝐵 : 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
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Selection of Base Values
• Base value of MVA: (either of the following)
 Rating of any equipment connected in circuit
 Maximum value of rating of equipment’s connected
 Sum of ratings of equipment’s connected

• Base value of voltage (kV)


 Line to line value of voltage on generator side
 Line to line value of voltage on load side
 Line to line value of voltage on highest transmission
voltage in the circuit

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Importance of per unit System
• It makes calculations easier
• Ratings (size) of equipment can be easily
compared
• Per unit value of impedance on either side of
transformer is same.

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Example: Calculate the per unit value of impedance of transformer
on low voltage side and high voltage side.
Transformer: Three phase, 11kV/400V, 10kVA, low voltage leakage
impedance = 6 ohms
Solution:
Per unit value of impedance of transformer on low voltage side=
𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑍/𝑍𝐵
2
𝑘𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 0.4 2
𝑍𝐵 = = = 16 ohms
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 10×10−3
𝑍(𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) =6/16=0.375

112
impedance of transformer on high voltage side= 6 × = 4537.5
0.4 2
ohms
Per unit value 2of impedance of transformer on high voltage side=
11
4537.5/( −3 )=0.375
10×10

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Example 1.1 Cont…

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