‫الجمهورٌة العربٌة الســورٌة‬

‫نمابـــــــــة المهندســـــــــــٌن‬
‫فـــرع مـــحافظة دمشـــــــك‬

‫التصميم الزلزالي للديافرامات البيتونية المسلحة‬

‫‪Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Diaphragms‬‬

‫المحاضر‬
‫الدكتور المهندس ســامر عـــقيـل‬

‫ألمٌت هذه المحاضرة ضمن فعالٌات لجنة الهندسة الزلزالٌة فً نمابة المهندسٌن‬

‫‪2021\01\26‬‬
 Content

1. The Roles of Diaphragms.

2. Diaphragm Components.

3. Design Principles.

4. Diaphragm Design Forces.

5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance.

6. Collectors.

7. Diaphragm to Vertical Element Force Transfer .

 1. The Roles of Diaphragms
• Resist gravity loads.

• Provide lateral
support to vertical
elements.

• Support soil loads

below grade.

• Resist thrust from

inclined or offset
columns.

• Diaphragms transmit inertial

forces from the floor system to
the vertical elements of the
seismic force-resisting system.

• Transfer forces through the • Tying together the vertical elements of

diaphragm. the seismic force-resisting system.
 1. The Roles of Diaphragms
Diaphragms develop transfer forces by imposing displacement
compatibility between different vertical elements of the seismic
force-resisting system.
1. The Roles of Diaphragms
 2. Diaphragm Components
• The diaphragm is commonly idealized as a beam spanning
horizontally . The supports for the beam are the vertical elements
of the lateral load-resisting system.
 2. Diaphragm Components

A diaphragm as a simply-supported beam. A continuous two-span diaphragm.

2. Diaphragm Components

Where the length of a bracing element

is short in plan with respect to the
width of the diaphragm transferring
forces into it, the interface between
the horizontal and vertical element
may be too weak to transfer the forces
between them.
In this case, a ‘collector’ is required.
Explicit modeling of chord and collector elements
 3. Design Principles
• Because each floor reaches its peak response at a different time
during the dynamic response. Thus, two different sets of design
forces commonly are specified for design:

(a) One set of design forces, Fx , is (b) A second set of design

applied to the design of the vertical forces, Fpx , is applied to
elements of the seismic force-resisting the design of the
system. diaphragms.
 3. Design Principles

THE DIAPHRAGMS ARE DESIGNED FOR ESSENTIALLY LINEAR

BEHAVIOR.
that is, minor nonlinearity may be acceptable but significant
inelastic response will be restricted to the vertical elements.

Reinforcement designed to resist diaphragm:

IN-PLANE FORCES SHALL BE IN ADDITION TO REINFORCEMENT
DESIGNED TO RESIST OTHER LOAD EFFECTS,
(except reinforcement designed to resist shrinkage and
temperature load effects shall be permitted to also resist
diaphragm in-plane forces)
Based on ACI 318-19
 4. Diaphragm Design Forces
ASCE 7 § 12.10 requires diaphragms to be designed for inertial
forces determined as the maximum of (a) and (b):
(a) The design seismic force from the structural analysis of the
seismic force-resisting system. :

Where

(b) The diaphragm design force Fpx, where:

NOTE Based on UBC-97:

 ‫‪4. Diaphragm Design Forces‬‬
‫‪ ‬تطبيق‬
‫أوجد الموى المتولدة فً الدٌافرام ‪ Fpx‬فً الطابك السابع للمبنى الموضح فً الشكل وفك‬
‫عاللات الطرٌمة الستاتٌكٌة فً الكود السوري (المتوافمة مع الكود ‪.)UBC-97‬‬
4. Diaphragm Design Forces
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
i- Equivalent Beam Model
 This model treats the diaphragm
as a horizontal beam spanning
between idealized rigid supports.
The rigid supports represent vertical
elements such as shear walls.
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
i- Equivalent Beam Model
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
i- Equivalent Beam Model
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
i- Equivalent Beam Model
“Corrected Moment”

The first is the moment diagram constructed without consideration of the

effect of the perpendicular walls.
The second diagram “Corrected Moment”
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance

Note: Primary chord reinforcement is often concentrated near the

edges of a diaphragm. Alternatively, it is permitted to locate chord
reinforcement within zones that extend from the tension edge of
the diaphragm a distance equal to 25 percent the depth of the
diaphragm in the direction of analysis (ACI 12.5.2.3)
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
ii - Strut-and-Tie Model
Strut-and-tie models may be used to distribute the flow of force
through a diaphragm.
 5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance
iii - FEM Model

Finite element modeling

of a diaphragm can be
useful for assessing the
force transfer among
vertical elements,
addressing force transfer
around large openings,
assessing the impact of
ramps in parking
garages, and designing
irregularly-shaped
diaphragms.
 ‫‪5. Diaphragm Analysis Guidance‬‬
‫مثـــــــــال‬
‫منشأة من طابك واحد ذات بالطة بٌتونٌة من الصنف ‪ .B‬تم حساب الموة فً مستوي‬
‫الدٌافرام والتً كانت تساوي فً االتجاهٌن ‪127.5 Kips‬‬

‫‪ٌ -1‬طلب حساب مخططات المص والعزم الموافمٌن للموة المطبمة المذكورة‪.‬‬

‫‪ٌ -2‬طلب حساب الموة فً الشداد ‪ chord‬الموافمة للموة المطبمة والتسلٌح الالزم فٌه‪.‬‬
 1- EAST–WEST
1”- At the maximum DIRECTION
moment

=127.5 kips / 144 ft

2”- At 24.0 ft from

column line A
 2- NORTH –SOUTH
1”- At the maximum DIRECTION
moment

2”- At 60.0 ft from

column line 1:
 6. Collectors
 Collector Design Forces
The provisions for the design of collectors and their connections are
in ASCE 7 § 12.10.2. For structures assigned to Seismic Design
Categories C through F, collector design forces are the maximum of
(a), (b), and (c):
(a) Forces resulting from application of Fx using the load
combinations with overstrength factor Ω0 of ASCE 7 § 12.4.3.2;

(b) Forces resulting from application of Fpx using the load

combinations with overstrength factor Ω0 of ASCE 7 § 12.4.3.2;

(c) Forces resulting from application of Fpx,min in the basic load

combinations of ASCE 7 § 12.4.2.3.
In addition: Transfer forces as described shall be considered.
 6. Collectors
 Transfer forces are to be considered in the design of collectors:
 For case (a), the transfer forces come directly from the overall
building analysis and are subject to the overstrength factor Ω0.
 For case (b), the transfer forces need to be added to the
inertial diaphragm forces (Fpx). For this case, the transfer forces
are subject to Ω0 but are not subject to the redundancy factor ρ.
 For case (c), the transfer forces are not subject to the Ω0 but
are subject to ρ.

Note: based on ASCE7, For structures assigned to Categories D, E or F, and for

systems with horizontal irregularities or certain vertical irregularities. the design
forces are to be increased by 25 % for (1) connections of diaphragms to vertical
elements and collectors and (2) collectors and their connections.
The 25% increase does not need to be applied to forces calculated using the
overstrength factor.
 6. Collectors
• Beams that are designated
as collector elements must be
designed for the combined
effects from flexure, shear,
torsion, axial compression
forces, and axial tension
forces due to gravity and
lateral loads.

For transverse
reinforcement
in collector
see :
appendix (3)
 6. Collectors
• Collectors can be in
the form of beams or a
zone of reinforcement
within a slab. Wide
sections of slabs used
as collectors are
referred to as
distributed collectors.

• For distributed collectors, portions of the collector force, CD and TD,

are transferred directly to the ends of walls,

• The remaining portions of the collector force, Cv and Tv, are

transferred to the vertical element by shear-friction along the length
of the vertical element.
 6. Collectors

Longitudinal Longitudinal
Reinforcement in a Reinforcement in a
Collector that has the Collector that is Wider
Same Width as the Than the Vertical
Vertical Element of the Element of the LFRS
LFRS
 6. Collectors
 Required Reinforcement Due to Eccentricity of Collector Forces
 6. Collectors
 Partial-depth Collectors
The shortest collector and lowest collector force are obtained by
designing the diaphragm for maximum permitted shear transfer
directly to the vertical element and collector.
 ‫‪6. Collectors‬‬
‫مثـــــــــال‬
‫بناء طابمً مكون من ‪ 18‬طابك له المسمط الموضح فً الشكل المرفك‪.‬‬

‫تم دراسة الدٌافرام فً الطابك الثانً وكانت الموى باالتجاه شرق – غرب كماٌلً‪:‬‬
‫‪Fx= 5.5 kips‬‬ ‫‪Fpx = 70.5 kips‬‬ ‫‪Fpx min= 169.5 kips‬‬

‫يطلب مايلي‪:‬‬
‫‪ٌ -1‬طلب رسم مخططات االمص والعزم لهذا الدٌافرام باالتجاه المدروس‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬حساب لوة الشد فً األوتار ‪ Chords‬فً هذه البالطة مع أخذ وجود الفتحة بعٌن‬
‫االعتبار‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬حساب تسلٌح المجمع المطلوب للجدارٌن وفك المحورٌن )‪.(C & E‬‬

‫‪ -4‬بفرض المجمع فً الطلب السابك كان بعرض أكبر من عرض الجدار‪ ،‬احسب التسلٌح‬
‫اإلضافً المطلوب المتعامد مع الجدار فً طرفٌه‪.‬‬
‫’‪= 169.5 kips/120‬‬

‫الطلب األول‪:‬‬
‫مخططات القص‬
‫والعزم للديافرام‬
‫باالتجاه المدروس‬
‫الطلب الثاني‬
• The maximum moment is equal to 1,627 ft-kips, which is located at
column lines C and D

• The primary tension chord force at the center of the opening

• The secondary tension chord force at the center of the opening

(It is assumed that the subdiaphragms are fixed at both ends and
are subjected to a portion of the total uniform diaphragm load,
based on the mass of the segment)
• The total tension chord force at the center of the opening is equal
to 18.2+0.5=18.7 kips, which is less than the 19.5 kip tension chord
force determined above for the overall diaphragm. The larger of the
two tension chord forces is used to determine the required chord
reinforcement.

• Secondary tension chord forces develop at the corners of the

opening due to the negative bending moments in the
subdiaphragm bounded by column lines 3, 5, C, and D. The tension
chord force that occurs along column line 3 is determined by
Equation:
 The required area of chord reinforcement

Provide: 2 #4 bars

 At the edges of the opening

The required amount of secondary chord reinforcement is nominal.

‫الطلب الثالث‬
• In buildings assigned to SDC C, collectors and their connections
must be designed for the maximum of the three forces given in
ASCE/SEI 12.10.2.1:
1. Forces calculated using the seismic load effects including
overstrength. For the building frame system with ordinary
reinforced concrete shear walls Ω=2.5 and the required in-plane
diaphragm force = 2.5 x 5.5 =13.8 kips.

2. Forces calculated using the seismic load effects including

overstrength. The required diaphragm in-plane force including
overstrength is equal to= 2.5 x70.5= 176.3 kips.

3. The diaphragm force based on ASCE/SEI Equation (12.10-2) is

equal to 169.5 kips
Therefore, the collectors and their connections to
the vertical elements of the SFRS must be
designed for the effects due to the 176.3-kip
 So the maximum axial force in the collectors is equal to:
45.17 x ( 176.3 / 169.5) = 47 Kips

Determine the Collector Reinforcement:

Provide 2-#6 bars = 0.88”

• It may be possible to terminate one of the collector reinforcing

bars along the depth of the diaphragm based on the magnitude of
the axial tension force in the collector.

• One of the #6 bars can be theoretically cut off at the location

where 1-#6 bar is adequate to resist the corresponding axial
tension force, which is equal to 0.9*60*(0.88/2)=23.8 kips. (bar
must extend past this cut off point at least a tension development
length) Therefore, 1-#6 bar must extend at least 23.3’ to the east
of column line 3. Similarly, the 1-#6 bar must extend at least 8.9’
to the west of column line 3.
 ‫الطلب الرابع‬

• Assume 5-#4 collector bars are

used (provided As= 1 in2 > 0.87
in2) instead of the 2-#6 bars, and
that 1-#4 bar is provided within
the 12.0-in. wall thickness; the
remaining 4-#4 bars are
uniformly distributed within the
effective slab width, beff , which
in this case is equal to (1 ft +
22/2 = 12 ft)

Tu = 47kips , Cu= 22.6 * (176.3/169.5)=23.5 kips

Assuming Td=Cd= (1/5)*47 = 9.4 kips >> Tv= Tu-Td = 47-9.4= 37.6 kips
Cv= Cu-Cd = 23.5-9.4= 14.1 kips
Conservatively taking the shear
strength of the diaphragm due to the
reinforcement, Vs, equal to zero

Provide 2-#4 bars (As = 0.4 in2 ) placed perpendicular to the face of
the walls at both ends; these bars must be developed for tension
into the slab and into the wall.
 Reinforcement details for
the collector along column
line D assuming the
collector is wider than the
wall.
7. Diaphragm-to-Vertical-Element Force Transfer
 Where collector bars enter a vertical element such as a wall, the
force is directly transferred to the wall.
7. Diaphragm-to-Vertical-Element Force Transfer
Based on ACI 318
7. Diaphragm-to-Vertical-Element Force Transfer
 The Design Strength Provisions For In-plane Shear:
For a diaphragm that is entirely cast-in-place, Vn shall be calculated
by Eq.

The term Acv refers to the cross-sectional area of the effective deep
beam that forms the diaphragm.

For a diaphragm that is entirely cast-in-place, cross-sectional

dimensions shall be selected to satisfy Eq.
7. Diaphragm-to-Vertical-Element Force Transfer
 Shear transfer reinforcement must be provided between the
diaphragm and the walls and the diaphragm and the collector.
Note (based on ACI318)
7. Diaphragm-to-Vertical-Element Force Transfer
 For example let study the Shear Transfer Reinforcement at Face
of Wall:
• If the width of the collector is
equal to the thickness of the wall,
then Vu(total) = Vu where Vu is the
factored shear force in the wall
determined from analysis >>>

• Where collector elements are wider

than the thickness of the wall >>>