CHAPTER-2: The Study Area
The Study Area:
West Flowing River Basin of Kutch,
Saurashtra and Marwar
12
BASIN AT A GLANCE
The main characteristics of the basin are as follows:
1) Name of the Basin: West flowing river basin of Kutch, Saurashtra and Marwar (WFR-KSM
basin)
2) Area: 1,84,865.96 Sq. Km (GIS area)
3) Sub Basins (Drainage Area): As per the major contributing rivers in the basin, there are
following 6 sub basins with major rivers
(i) Luni Upper sub basin (70,202.6 Sq. Km): Luni river
(ii)Luni Lower sub basin (29,180.1 Sq. Km): Luni river and Rann of Kutch
(iii) Saraswati sub basin (27,260.8 Sq. Km): Saraswati, Banas, Machhu, Rupen & Rann of
Kutch
(iv) Drainage of Rann sub basin (21,229.9 Sq. Km): Aji, Und, Rukmawati, Kankawati
(v) Bhadar and other west flowing rivers sub basin (18,489.7 Sq. Km): Bhadar
(vi) Shetrunji and other east flowing rivers sub basin (18,221.7 Sq. Km): Shetrunji
4) Watersheds: 268 watersheds ranging from 332 Sq. Km. to 1448 Sq. Km.
5) Major rivers with their length, origin and outfall:
(i) The Luni (482 Km): It originates at South of Pilwa Village in Nagaur District
(Latitude 26° 37’N, Longitude 74° 38’E) and finally flows into the Rann of Kutch.
(ii) The Saraswati (144 Km): It originates at North-east of Jalotr village in the
Banaskantha district (Latitude 24° 12’N, Longitude 72° 38’E) and joins Little Rann of
kutch.
(iii) Drainage of Rann: Many Independent small seasonal rivers as Aji (122 Km), Und (76
Km), Rukmawati (48 Km), Kankawati (56 Km).
(iv) The Bhadar (198 Km): It originates at South-east of Aniali village in the Rajkot
District (Latitude 22° 07’N, Longitude 71° 17’E) and flows till its confluence with
Arabian Sea at Navibandar (Porbandar).
(v) The Shetrunji (182 Km): It originates near Dalkhania village in the Amreli district
(Latitude 21°13’N, Longitude 70°54’E) to the outfall into the Gulf of Khambhat
6) States: The basin covers three states of India
(i) Gujarat: 63.22% of the state of Gujarat constitutes 1, 13,016.5 Sq. Km (61.13%) area
of the basin.
(ii) Rajasthan: 21.75% of the state of Rajasthan constitutes 71,817.4 Sq. Km (38.85%)
area of the basin.
13
(iii) Diu: 100% of Diu constitutes 32.1 Sq. Km (0.02%) area of the basin.
7) Districts and Villages: The basin is covering 27 districts and 13787 villages.
8) Demography (Census of India 2001)
(i) Population: 28744868 persons
(ii) Average Male to Female Ratio: 1:0.94
(iii) Population Density: 225 persons per Sq. Km; least densely inhabited being Kachchh
and most densely populated is Ahmadabad
9) Elevation: Majority area (71.48%) between 10-300m (SRTM)
(i) Highest elevation: 1698 m (Guru Shikhar)
(ii) Lowest elevation: less than 5m (Rann of Kutch)
10) Climate (IMD)
(i) Rainfall: average annual rainfall is 445.55 mm; 1971-2005 trend indicates a decrease
in annual rainfall.
(ii) Temperature: average annual mean temperature is 26.15 ᵒC; 1969-2004 trend
indicates an increase in average annual temperature.
11) Land use/Land cover (NRSC): Major is Agriculture being 65.06% of the total area (2005-
06)
12) Agro climatic zones: 3 Agro climatic zones-Western dry region; Central plateau & hills
region; and Gujarat plains & hills region.
13) Agro-ecological zones: 3 Zones-Hot Arid Ecoregion with desert and saline soils ; Hot
Semi-Arid Ecoregion with Medium and Deep Black Soils ; and Hot Semi-Arid Ecoregion
with Alluvium Derived Soils
14) Surface Water resources structures (CWC)
(i) Dams: 408 Dams; Highest being Dantiwada Dam (61 m)
(ii) Commands: 121 command areas
(iii) MMIR projects: 108
15) Ground Water Wells: There are 1048 Ground water observation wells (CGWB)
16) Hydro-met observation sites (CWC)
(i) Hydrological observation sites: 14
(ii) Flood forecasting sites: 1
(iii) Meteorological stations: 15 (CWC), 115 (IMD), 27 (ISRO AWS)
(iv) Surface Water Quality monitoring Stations: 5
14
2.1. THE STUDY AREA AND ITS LOCATION
The study area is West Flowing River basin of Kutch, Saurashtra and Marwar (WFR-
KSM Basin) in India representing an area dominated by the rivers flowing westwards
towards the Arabian Sea. The basin is located in western part of India with administrative
set-up in Gujarat, Rajasthan States and Diu Union Territory (Map 2-1). The state’s share
as a part of this basin is given below (as per GIS figures):
(i) Gujarat: 63.22% of the state of Gujarat with 1,13,016.5 Sq. Km comprises
61.13% area of the basin, covering majority of the area.
(ii) Rajasthan: 21.75% of the state of Rajasthan with 71,817.4 Sq. Km comprises
38.85% area of the basin.
(iii)Diu: 100% of Diu with 32.1 Sq. Km comprises 0.02% area of the basin.
Gujarat
Rajasthan Rajasthan
Daman and Diu
Index Map 21.75 % of
Rajasthan
61.13%
63.22 % of
Gujarat
Gujarat
38.86%
100% of
Diu
Diu
Statewise % Contribution Statewise % area in the basin
by States
Map 2-1: Location of Basin and Share of states
15
2.1.1. Topographical Characteristics
The area represents ample variability in 27.37ᵒ 27.37ᵒ
N N
terms of topography. In the west lies
shallow wetlands of Rann of Kutch
consisting of grasslands, dry river beds,
creeks, mangroves and coastline; hilly Pakistan WFR -KSM
Basin
terrain of Aravallies chain forms the
Rann of
eastern extremity; northern part is Kutch
represented by Luni river and southern
part is covered by other important Arabian Gulf of
Sea Gir Range Khambhat
smaller rivers as Shetrunji; Machhu,
20.90 N 20.90 N
Rupen and Bhader. There are 12 main 67.91 E 75.32 E
independent rivers contributing water Map 2-2: Main Topographical Features
to this west flowing rivers basin namely in the Basin
Luni, Banas, Shetrunji, Bhadar,
Machhu, Rupen, Purna, Ambica, Vaitarna, Dhadhar, Damaganga and Kim. The
physiographic features surrounding this basin are Aravalli hill ranges and Gujarat plains
in the east, Thar Desert in the north, Arabian Sea in the south and the west (Map 2-2).
The basin has an area of 1,84,865.96 Sq. Km., and the bounding coordinates are 20.90° N
to 27.37° N and 67.91° E to 75.32° E. The reported length and width of the basin are 865
km and 445 km respectively [12].
2.1.2. Elevation Zones
The majority of the area of the basin (71.48 per cent) falls in the elevation zone of 10-300
m. The highest elevation is 1500-2000 m exhibited by Guru Shikhar Peak at Mount Abu
in Sirohi District of Rajasthan. Most of the high elevation regions (>750m) are located in
Aravalli ridge area which separates this basin from Ganga Basin whereas Rann of Kutch
(Gujarat) represents the lowest elevation zone with elevation less than 5 m which is a salt
marsh area of Gujarat with unique topography. Map 2-3 presents the elevation zones in
the basin.
16
Map 2-3: Elevation zones in the basin 17
2.2. HYDROLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF THE BASIN
Hydrologically the basin is comprised of six sub basins and 268 watersheds (Figure 2-1).
The sub-basins and watersheds are described below. The detailed maps of hydrological
divisions of the basin are presented from Map 2-4 to Map 2-10.
2.2.1. Sub-basins
The six sub basins are named according to their main drainage network and have the
following characteristics:
1. Luni Upper Sub-basin (38.03%): It is bounded by the Aravallis on eastern side,
Thar Desert on north and west and the southern side has Gujarat plains. Here,
River Luni and its tributaries are contributors. The elevation ranges from 10 m
(near the outlet) to 890 m.
2. Luni Lower Sub-basin (15.81%): It is bounded by Banas River and Saraswati
basin in east, Muddy areas and creeks of Arabian Sea in west, international border
with Pakistan in north and the hilly zone of kutch in south. The contributing River
is Luni and smaller rivers of the great Rann.
3. Saraswati Sub-basin (14.77%): It is bounded by the Aravallis on northern side,
Kutch on west, Gujarat plains in eastern and southern regions. The major
contributing Rivers are Saraswati, Banas and Machchhu.
4. Drainage of Rann Sub-basin
(11.50%): The sub basin has
the Little and Great Ranns
that are a unique salt
encrusted monotonously flat
waste land. The sub basin is
also bounded by hilly region
of Kutch in north, Machchhu
river and saraswati sub basin Figure 2-1: Sub-basins per cent contribution in
drainage area of WFR-KSM Basin
in east, and Gulf of Kutch in
18
southern & south western region and the Arabian Sea in western region. Every
year the Rann of Kutch gets flooded by water both fresh water from inland areas
and saline water from the Gulf of Kutch. There are independent seasonal rivers
originating from hillocks in the basin and draining into Gulf of Kutch.
5. Bhadar and other WFR (10.02%) Sub-basin: The sub basin is bounded by hilly
terrain of Drainage of Rann sub-basin in north, Shetrunji basin in the east, Gir
forests in south-eastern region and Arabian Sea in southern and western parts. The
main river is River Bhadar which originates at an elevation of 261 m above m.s.l.
in Vaddi and flows till its confluence with Arabian Sea in Navibandar
(Porbandar).
6. Shetrunji and other EFR Sub-basin (9.87%): The sub basin is bounded by Bhadar
& other WFR sub basin in west, Gujarat plains in north and Arabian Sea in
eastern and southern sides. The river Shetrunji originates in Chchai hills in Gir
forest of Junagadh district at an elevation of 380 m above m.s.l. and flows
towards east direction till its confluence with Gulf of Khambhat.
2.2.2. Watersheds
The basin is divided in six sub basins which are further divided into 268 Watersheds. The
area ranges from 300 Sq. Km. to 1448 Sq. Km. with maximum number of watersheds
falling in Luni Upper Sub Basin. Number of watersheds and the range of size for the sub-
basins are given in Table 2-1.
S. Name of Sub- Area Size Range of No. of
No. basin (Sq. Watershed (Sq. Watersheds
Km.) Km.)
1. Luni Upper 70202.58 381.48-1447.71 81
2. Luni Lower 29180.12 315.95-1418.64 42
3. Drainage of Rann 21229.90 310.82-968.30 40
4. Saraswati 27260.84 308.99-1017.93 43
5. Bhadar & other WFR 18489.70 331.14-964.84 30
6. Shetrunji & other EFR 18221.67 300.06-855.86 32
Source: India-WRIS
Table 2-1: Sub-basin wise watersheds [21] 19
West Flowing River Basin of Kutch, Saurashtra and Marwar
20
Map 2-4: The Basin Map of West Flowing River Basin of Kutch, Saurashtra and Marwar [21]
Luni Upper Sub Basin
21
Map 2-5: The Sub-Basin Map of Luni Upper Sub Basin [21]
Luni Lower Sub Basin
22
Map 2-6: The Sub-Basin Map of Luni Lower Sub Basin [21]
Drainage of Rann Sub Basin
23
Map 2-7: The Sub-Basin Map of Drainage of Rann Sub Basin [21]
Saraswati Sub Basin
24
Map 2-8: The Sub-Basin Map of Saraswati Sub Basin [21]
Bhadar and other West Flowing Rivers Sub Basin
25
Map 2-9: The Sub-Basin Map of Bhadar and other West Flowing Rivers Sub Basin [21]
Shetrunji and other East Flowing Rivers Sub Basin
26
Map 2-10: The Sub-Basin Map of Shetrunji and other East Flowing Rivers Sub Basin [21]
2.3. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate of the basin is identified by four main seasons – winter, summer, monsoon
and post-monsoon. January represents the coldest month and the winter season continues
till March. The hot weather sets in from March onwards and continues till June. The
climate of the basin is dominated by monsoon season from June to September which
represents the main rainy season and 92% of the annual rainfall occurs during this period.
The south-west monsoon withdraws by about the middle of September and the weather
clears up. Pleasant weather prevails till the end of December.
The climate in this region varies spatially. The coastal regions has humid and sultry
climate, central part has dry conditions, arid and semi-arid climate in found in northern
part of Gujarat & Kutch and arid to sub-humid in northern part of the basin that is in
Rajasthan. The temperature ranges from 25 degree Celsius to 45 degree Celsius in
summers and 15 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius in winters. The average annual
rainfall varies from 100 mm in north-western dry part of the basin to 1600 mm in Sirohi
district of Rajasthan.
The region is also facing the problem of intensification of monsoons due to global
warming. The process of global warming has increased the frequency and intensity of
climate related disasters and surveys in 2007-08 revealed India is ranked the third highest
in the world in terms of number of significant disasters. The climate change is posing
vulnerability to agriculture which is inherently sensitive to climate variations and is
associated with the livelihood of millions of Indians.
2.4. THE RIVER NETWORK
The major rivers of the basin are flowing towards Arabian Sea and include Luni (462.5
Km), Banas (122.9 Km), Bhadar (257.5 Km), Shetrunji (172.6 Km), Rupen (103.7 Km),
Saraswati (182.8 Km) and Macchu (69.7 Km). Several ephemeral rivers and local
streams discharge their water in the Rann area. Luni River flows up to Rann of Kutch
forming a delta where the water spreads out and does not contribute any runoff. The
Shetrunji drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, the Bhadar outfalls into Arabian Sea, and the
27
Machhu, the Rupen, the Saraswati and the Banas drains into Little Rann of Kutch (Map
2-4). The sub basin wise description of the major rivers in WFR-KSM basin is as follows
[5], [6], and [7].
2.4.1. Luni Upper sub basin
The major contributing river is Luni and its tributaries.
(i) Luni: It originates from western slopes of the Aravalli ranges at an elevation of
772 m above m.s.l. near Ajmer and finally flows into the Rann of Kutch. Luni
receives all the main tributaries on its left bank except one i.e. Jojari (Mithri) on
the right bank. Luni receives ten tributaries namely Lilari, Guhiya, Bandi
(Hemawas), Sukri (Hemawas), Sukri, Mithri, Jawai, Khari Bandi, Sukri Bandi and
Sugi. Hence, the drainage on the left bank of Luni is more extensive than that on
the right bank.
2.4.2. Luni Lower sub basin
The major contributing rivers are Luni and Independent rivers draining into Rann of
Kutch.
(i) Luni: This part of Luni River is drains into Rann of Kutch. This remaining
catchment area of the Luni River below Chittalwana and up to Rann of Kutch is the
delta area where the water spreads out and does not contribute any runoff.
(ii) Independent Rivers draining into Rann of Kutch: There are independent
seasonal rivers originating from hillocks in the basin and draining into Rann of
Kutch.
· Bhuki: It originates from near Angia village- Nakhatrana, Kutch & meets
Great Rann of Kutch. Its length is 28 km.
· Bharud: It originates from near Chavdka Adhochhni village & meets Great
Rann of Kutch. Its length is 50 km.
28
· Nara: It originates from near Paneli (Walka) village-Lakhapat & meets Great
Rann of Kutch. Its length is 25 km.
· Kharod: It originates near Gadhshisha village & meets in Great Rann of Kutch
after traversing a length of 40 km.
2.4.3. Saraswati sub basin
The major contributing rivers are Saraswati, Banas, Macchu and Rupen.
(i) Saraswati: It originates in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat and joins Little
Rann of Kutch.
(ii) Banas: The Banas rises near Pindwara of Sirohi district of Rajasthan at an
elevation of 372.51 m above m.s.l. and joins Little Rann of Kutch.
(iii)Machhu: Machhu River rises in the hills of Jasdan near village Khokhara in
Chotila taluk of Surendranagar districts at an elevation of 220 m above m.s.l. The
total length of this north flowing river from its origin to its outfall into the little
Rann of Kutch is 141.75 km.
(iv) Rupen: Rupen River originates from Taranga hill ranges near Kheralu taluka of
Mehsana district in Gujarat at an elevation of 180 m above m.s.l. and descends in
south-western direction and travels through Mehsana district before it drains into
little Rann of Kutch.
2.4.4. Drainage of Rann sub basin
There are independent seasonal rivers originating from hillocks in the basin and draining
into Gulf of Kutch. Some rivers are Aji, Und, Rukmawati and Kankawati.
(i) Aji: Originating at a height of 160 m from South-east of Vadali, Rajkot district, the
river after traversing a length of 122 Km. drains into Gulf of Kutch.
(ii) Und: Originating at a height of 145 m from South of Nikara, Rajkot district, the
river after traversing a length of 76 Km. drains into Gulf of Kutch.
29
(iii)Rukmawati: Originating at a height of 155 m from North of Daisara-Bhuj, Kutch
district, the river after traversing a length of 48 Km. drains into Gulf of Kutch.
(iv) Kankawati: Originating at a height of 150 m from North of West of Magwana-
Bhuj, Kutch district, the river after traversing a length of 56 Km. drains into Gulf
of Kutch.
2.4.5. Bhadar and other west flowing rivers sub basin
The major contributing rivers are Bhadar, Ojat, Sarsvati and Sangavadi.
(i) Bhadar: The River Bhadar originates at an elevation of 261 m above m.s.l. in
Vaddi and flows till its confluence with Arabian Sea at Navibandar (Porbandar).
The total length of this South West flowing river from its origin to its outfall into
the sea is 198 km. For the first 150 km the river flows in Rajkot district and the
rest of 48 km in Junagadh district. The river receives tidal influence for a length of
about 26 km from mouth in Junagadh district.
(ii) Ojat: It originates from near Visavadar and meets in Arabian Sea. Its length is 125
km. Abajal & Popatdi are right bank tributaries, and Uben & Utavali are left bank
tributaries of this river.
(iii)Sarsvati: It originates from Gir Forest & meets in Arabian Sea. Its length is 50 km.
(iv) Sangavadi: It originates from Gir Forest & meets in Arabian Sea. Its length is 38
km.
2.4.6. Shetrunji and other east flowing rivers sub basin
The major contributing rivers are Shetrunji, Dhantarvadi and Machnudri.
(i) Shetrunji: The total length of this East flowing river from its origin to the outfall
into the Gulf of Khambhat is 182 km. This river receives tidal influence for a
length of 5 km from mouth. The drainage system on left bank of Shetrunji is more
extensive as compared to the right bank area.
30
(ii) Dhantarvadi Nadi: It originates near krishnagarh meets in Gulf of Khambhat. Its
length is 44 km.
(iii)Machnudri: It originates from Gir forest and meets Arabian Sea after traversing a
length of 50 Km
2.5. THE KUTCH, SAURASHTRA AND MARWAR ENVIRONMENT
The entire basin can be seen as three distinct socio-cultural zones which represent
separate topographical characteristics also which can help us in understanding the socio-
cultural responses of the population and topographical impacts on specific issues as water
availability, agriculture & others. The zones are Kutch, Saurashtra and Marwar.
The Kutch represent a unique salty marshland which is world’s only saline desert,
Saurashtra has a typical tableland structure with rocky soils, sea water ingress & frequent
droughts and the Marwar is a sandy desert region on the western side of Aravallies and is
characterized by Luni and its tributaries. The characteristics of these regions are
described below.
2.5.1. Kutch
The name Kutch is derived from its geographical and topographical characteristics
resembling a tortoise (Kutch) is a marshy and saline region. The area possesses varied
and distinctive biodiversity, harsh conditions and is seismically active, falling in the
highest magnitude zone of V. The Great Rann of Kutch and the little Rann of Kutch
represent the world’s only saline desert.
Physiographically, the Kutch peninsula is characterized by nine regions: Rann of Kutch,
Dungar Upland, khadir Island, Banni Lowland, Rapar Stony Waste, Sathsaida Bet
Coastal Plain, Bhuj Upland and Creek Zone. Rann of Kutch is a low lying with salt and
mud flat land covering north-western part of the basin, sharing international boundary
with Pakistan and is surrounded by Pakistan in north, Rajasthan state in north-east,
Gujarat plains in south-east and Arabian Sea in south, south-west & west. The Dungar
31
Upland is bounded by Rann of Kutch in east, north and west. The Banni Lowland is hilly
and has dendritic type of drainage with maximum height of 458m above msl. The Rapar
stony waste region occupies parts of Rapar and Bhachau talukas. The Sathsaida Bet is
identified by mangrove swamps. The Creek Zone is in the western part of the basin. The
hills are also a major natural feature of Kutch region.
Numerous small rivers are present in this region. All the rivers or streams of Kutch
originate in the central portion of the Kutch region and flow towards the sea, the Great
Rann and the little Rann. The major rivers are the Kali, the Dhudud, the Khari, the
Niruna, the Kankawati, the Nara, the Kukmavti, the Nagmati, theBukhi etc.
The climate of Kutch is unique as it is surrounded by Arabian Sea in the south and the
harsh Rann in the north and eastern boundary. The climate is characterized by aridity,
low rainfall, high ET and extreme temperatures. The March to May months are the
hottest and the temperature rises to more than 40 degree Celsius. The monsoon rainfall is
irregular, erratic and ranges from few mm to 900 mm annually.
2.5.2. Saurashtra
The Saurashtra region is constituted by the southern part of the basin. The soil is varied
and rocky, rainfall is deficient & uneven, droughts occur frequently, short river course,
soil salinity and sea water ingress are major characteristics of this region. Black and
Alluvial soil covers major portion of the peninsula, but tidal influence results in ill
drained, saline and not much productive soil.
The region is irregularly shaped with central tableland which is surrounded by undulating
barren hills (eg. Manda, Gir, Barda hills) covering three districts Surendranagar, Amreli
and Rajkot. Most of the rivers are originated in this tableland and flow radially.
Most of the rivers of this region are short, rainfed and non-perennial. There are about 71
rivers and streams but except eight including Shetrunji, Bhadar, Ozat, Machhu, all others
have a course shorter than 80 Kms.
32
The climate of Saurashtra has erratic, uneven and unreliable rainfall ranging from 400 to
800 mm. Except some regions of Junagadh, Rajkot and Bhavnagar districts, the other
regions are receiving deficient rainfall. The temperature of the region is characterized by
hot days and cold nights. The winters are mild.
The major crops in this region can be described based on the agro-climatic zone it is
falling in. The Saurashtra region is falling in Zone VI and VII representing North and
South Saurashtra zones. The main crops are pearl millet, sorghum, groundnut and cotton.
The rainfed crops include wheat, cotton, sorghum and gram.
2.5.3. Marwar
The Marwar region of the basin represents regions in the left of the Aravallie hill ranges
and having the drainage of Luni and its tributaries in Rajasthan. The eastern side has hilly
terrain of Aravallie ranges and narrow gently sloping alluvial plain are present in western
side of the hills. The region has sandy plains and lies in the Thar Desert except the thorn
scrub forest which is located next to Aravalli ranges.
The Luni River is the main river of Marwar plains, which has its origin in Pushkar lake of
Ajmer at an elevation of 550 m. The river flows in south-western direction and is joined
by several tributaries having their origin in Aravallies until it disappears into the marshy
Rann of Kutch. The river is non-perennial, dependent on monsoon rains and has sweet
water up to Balotra which becomes more and more saline further downstream. There are
a large number of textiles and other industries that dump their effluents into dry Luni
making it even more salty.
The region has low annual rainfall and extreme of temperatures. Most of the rainfall
occurs during the four Monsoon months from June to September.
2.6. THE SELECTION OF WFR-KSM BASIN FOR THE STUDY
Adaptation to climate change requires identification of areas exhibiting accelerated
trends. With the current pace of climate change especially after the start of industrial era,
33
the study of magnitude and direction of changing climate is absolutely necessary to
identify the areas where climate adaptation measures need to be initiated and mal
adaptation practices are needed to be avoided. Available water and agricultural area with
respect to climate change is absolutely necessary to analyze, as the people are entirely
dependent on water and agriculture for their survival.
The study is motivated by the fact that the global warming is happening and the expected
rate of global warming is 0.2 degree Celsius per decade. With this expected rate, whether
the warming rate changes significantly at regional level or it remains similar to global
predictions. Spatial and temporal pattern of water availability in a basin is essential for
regional planning and decisions on water management. In most cases, runoff values are
not readily available for planning. The conventional techniques are expensive, time
consuming and difficult. Therefore the study will try to calculate runoff by spatial
modeling and try to find out the presence of any trend in calculated runoff at regional
levels. Agriculture is a climate sensitive sector in India that provides livelihood to more
than 60% of Indian population. This study will try to assess the association of climate
variations on agriculture at regional levels.
This area is full of topographic, climatic and agricultural variability, so it provides more
scope for research. This area is quiet important in terms of its water scarcity as Kutch
comes under scarce water availability area [16]. So the trends exhibited by water scarce
areas can lead us in protecting other vulnerable areas.
34
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