100% found this document useful (10 votes)

5K views86 pages

2018 AMC Solutions P

solutions to the 2018 AMC math competition

Uploaded by

Michael

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

100% found this document useful (10 votes)

5K views86 pages

2018 AMC Solutions P

solutions to the 2018 AMC math competition

Uploaded by

Michael

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 86

M

A u s t r a l i a n M a t h e ma t i c s T r u s t
www.amt.edu.au
A
T
AMT Publishing
Published by

AM T P u b l i s h i n g

A u s t r a l i a n M at h e mat i c s T r u s t
170 H a y d o n D r i v e B r u c e A CT 2617
AUST RA LIA

Telephone: +61 2 6201 5136

www.amt.edu.au

Copyright © 2018 Australian Mathematics Trust AMTT Limited

ACN 083 950 341

Australian Mathematics Competition Solutions ISSN 2652-7235

2018 AMC

Contents
Questions – Middle Primary Division 1

Questions – Upper Primary Division 9

Questions – Junior Division 16

Questions – Intermediate Division 22

Questions – Senior Division 28

Solutions – Middle Primary Division 33

Solutions – Upper Primary Division 41

Solutions – Junior Division 48

Solutions – Intermediate Division 59

Solutions – Senior Division 69

Answers 80

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au
2018 AMC

About the Australian Mathematics Competition

The Australian Mathematics Competition (AMC) was introduced in Australia in 1978 as the
first Australia-wide mathematics competition for students. Since then it has served almost all
Australian secondary schools and many primary schools, providing feedback and enrichment to
schools and students. A truly international event, there are entries from more than 30 countries
across South-East Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. As of 2018, the AMC
has attracted more than 15 million entries in its 40 years.
The AMC is for students of all standards. Students are asked to solve 30 problems in 60
minutes (Years 3–6) or 75 minutes (Years 7–12). The earliest problems are very easy. All
students should be able to attempt them. The problems get progressively more difficult until
the end, when they are challenging to the most gifted student. Students of all standards will
make progress and find a point of challenge.
The AMC is a fun competition with many of the problems set in situations familiar to students
and showing the relevance of mathematics in their everyday lives. The problems are also
designed to stimulate discussion and can be used by teachers and students as springboards for
investigation.
There are five papers: Middle Primary (Years 3–4), Upper Primary (Years 5–6), Junior (Years
7–8), Intermediate (Years 9–10) and Senior (Years 11–12). Questions 1–10 are worth 3 marks
each, questions 11–20 are worth 4 marks, questions 21–25 are worth 5 marks, while questions
26–30 are valued at 6–10 marks, for a total of 135 marks.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

Questions – Middle Primary Division

1. What is double 4?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) 12 (E) 24

2. Which pattern has exactly 10 dots?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

3. Which of the following is the same as 6 tens and 3 ones?

(A) sixty-three (B) six and three (C) thirty-six
(D) six hundred and three (E) sixty-one

4. When I add 11 and another number, I get 19. What is the other number?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10 (E) 11

5. What is the diameter of this coin?

(A) 20 mm (B) 21 mm (C) 22 mm
(D) 25 mm (E) 30 mm
0 10 20 30 40 50
millimetres

6. Which one of these numbers is closest to 208?

(A) 190 (B) 200 (C) 205 (D) 210 (E) 218

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 1
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

7. Kate made this necklace from alphabet beads.

She put it on the wrong way around, showing the back
of the beads. What does this look like?
KAT E
(A)
E TAK KAT E E TAK (B) (C)

KATE
(D)
E TAK (E)

8. Each day, tours of Parliament House and the Na-

tional Museum begin at 8.30 am. The tours for national
museum
Parliament House leave every 15 minutes and the
parliament house
tours for the National Museum leave every 20 min-
utes. 10
11 12 1
2 10
11 12 1
2
first first
How often do the tours leave at the same time? tour
9
8 4
3
tour
9
8 4
3
7 6 5 7 6 5

every 15 minutes every 20 minutes

(A) every 5 minutes (B) every 15 minutes (C) every 30 minutes

(D) every 45 minutes (E) every 60 minutes

9. The children in class 3P voted on their favourite Class 3P: Favourite Pets
pets. Sally recorded the results in a column 15
graph but forgot to draw in the column for cats. 14
13
There are 29 children in the class and everyone 12
voted once. 11
10
How many children voted for cats? 9
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 8
7
(D) 8 (E) 9 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
fish cats dogs rabbits

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 2
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

10. Which of the following is a whole?

(A) 1 half plus 2 quarters (B) 2 quarters plus 2 halves
(C) 3 quarters plus 1 half (D) 1 half plus 1 quarter
(E) 4 quarters plus 1 half

11. Mrs Chapman put 58 books back on the library shelves. She put 12 books on each shelf
except the last shelf. How many books did she put on the last shelf?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10 (E) 11

12. This solid cube is built from small cubes.

How many small cubes cannot be seen from this view?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 9
(D) 10 (E) 11

13. Shelley walked into a lift.

She went down 5 floors, up 6 floors, then down 7 floors. She
was then on the second floor.
On which level did she enter the lift?
(A) 1st floor (B) 2nd floor (C) 3rd floor
(D) 6th floor (E) 8th floor

14. Six friends each make a phone call to another city. Al

The cost of each call depends on the time taken for 80c
the call as well as the distance.
Jo
From this diagram decide whose phone call lasts longer 60c
Cost of call

than Pat’s, but costs less.

Pat Mia
(A) Al (B) Bill (C) Jo 40c
(D) Mia (E) Zac
Zac Bill
20c

3 6 9 12 15
Time (minutes)

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 3
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

15. One of these shapes made of squares has been flipped and
turned to make the following pattern, without any overlaps.
Which one?

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

16. Karen, Warren, and Andrew bought plastic letters to spell

each of their names on their birthday cakes. WA R R E N
Their birthdays are on different dates, so they planned to reuse
letters on different cakes.
What is the smallest number of letters they needed?

(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10

2
17. At Susie’s party, they have four pizzas to share and each person gets of a pizza. How
3
many people are at the party?

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12 (E) 16

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 4
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

18. Fred looked at the clock during the Library lesson. Friday timetable
Which one of these times could the clock have shown? 9.00 am English
10.00 am Mathematics
11.00 am Recess
11.30 am Library
12.30 pm Assembly
1.00 pm Lunch
2.00 pm Sport

(A) (B) (C)

11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

(D) (E)
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

19. Three standard dice are sitting next to each other as shown in
the diagram. There are 7 faces visible.
How many dots are hidden on the other 11 sides?
(A) 26 (B) 36 (C) 41 (D) 54 (E) 63

20. The numbers from 1 to 3 are entered into the circles

in the grid shown. Two circles joined by a line may
not contain the same number.
There are several ways of doing this. What is the
smallest possible total of the eight numbers?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 14
(D) 15 (E) 16

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 5
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

21. Six small eggs weigh the same as five medium eggs. Six medium eggs weigh the same as
four large eggs. How many small eggs would weigh the same as five large eggs?
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 12

22. Pictures of fruit have been placed in this grid to

represent numbers less than 10. 24
The totals for each row and column are shown.
What is the total value of an apple and an
22
orange ?

(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 18

(D) 11 (E) 12
16

21 19 18 22

23. Warren drew two large squares that overlap to form

the hexagon shown. The area of each small square is
1 square centimetre.
In square centimetres, what is the total area of the
hexagon that Warren drew?
(A) 12 (B) 36 (C) 48
(D) 60 (E) 72

24. Beginning with a row of 20 coins, Anh takes the first coin, then
every fourth coin after that.
From the remaining coins, Brenda takes the first coin and every
third coin after that.
From the remaining coins, Chen takes the first coin and every
second coin after that.
Dimitris takes all the remaining coins.
Does anyone get more coins than all the others?
(A) Yes, Anh does (B) Yes, Brenda does
(C) Yes, Chen does (D) Yes, Dimitris does
(E) No, they all get the same number of coins

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 6
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

25. Yasmin has a 20 cm × 20 cm square of paper that is coloured on one side. She folds over a
strip along each edge to make a white square with an 8 cm × 8 cm coloured square inside.
How far from each edge is each fold?

20 cm
8 cm
?
20 cm

8 cm

(A) 8 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 4 cm (D) 3 cm (E) 1 cm

26. Four archers are having some target practice, each with two arrows.
Ari hits regions A and C for a total of 15. Billy hits regions A and
C
B for a total of 18. Charlie hits regions B and C for a total of 13. B
If Davy hits region B twice, what will his score be? A

27. A teacher wants her students to guess the three-digit number that she is thinking. She
gives these clues:

• It is divisible by both 3 and 11.

• If you subtract one, the result is divisible by both 2 and 7.

Which number is it?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 7
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Questions

28. These staircases are made from layers of blocks.

Each staircase is one block wider, one block longer and one block taller than the previous
staircase.
How many blocks are needed to build the 12-step staircase?

One step Two steps Three steps

29. In the algorithm below, the letters a, b and c represent different digits from 0 to 9.
What is the three-digit number abc?

a
a b
a b c
+ 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 8

30. I wrote the counting numbers joined together:

1234567891011121314151617 . . .

Which of the counting numbers was I writing when the 100th zero was written?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 8
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

Questions – Upper Primary Division

1. Which one of these numbers is closest to 208?

(A) 190 (B) 200 (C) 205 (D) 210 (E) 218

2. Callie has $47 and then gets $25 for her birthday. How much does she have now?
(A) $52 (B) $62 (C) $65 (D) $69 (E) $72

3. Which one of the following numbers is a multiple of 8?

(A) 18 (B) 28 (C) 38 (D) 48 (E) 58

4. Kate made this necklace from alphabet beads.

She put it on the wrong way around, showing the back
of the beads. What does this look like?
KAT E
(A)
E TAK KAT E E TAK (B) (C)

KATE
(D)
E TAK (E)

5. Write the number for eight thousand, eight hundred and eight.
(A) 88008 (B) 80808 (C) 80088 (D) 888 (E) 8808

6. Jane has a number of 20c coins and Tariq has a number of 50c coins. They have the same
amount of money. What is the smallest number of coins they could have all together?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 10

7. Mrs Chapman put 58 books back on the library shelves. She put 12 books on each shelf
except the last shelf. How many books did she put on the last shelf?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10 (E) 11

8. A shopkeeper displays plastic cups like this. Each level has one
less than the level below it, and the top level has only one cup.
She keeps this pattern going until she has 28 cups. How many
levels is this?
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 9

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 9
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

9. Six friends each make a phone call to another city. Al

The cost of each call depends on the time taken for 80c
the call as well as the distance.
Jo
From this diagram decide whose phone call lasts longer 60c

Cost of call
than Pat’s, but costs less.
Pat Mia
(A) Al (B) Bill (C) Jo 40c
(D) Mia (E) Zac
Zac Bill
20c

3 6 9 12 15
Time (minutes)

10. Aimee, Bilal and Caitlin are comparing their ages. Aimee is 8 years old. In three years
time, Bilal will be 9. Two years ago, Caitlin was 5.
Ordered from youngest to oldest, they are
(A) Aimee, Bilal, Caitlin (B) Bilal, Caitlin, Aimee
(C) Caitlin, Aimee, Bilal (D) Bilal, Aimee, Caitlin
(E) Aimee, Caitlin, Bilal

11. What value is indicated on this popularity meter?

(A) 36.65 (B) 37.15 (C) 37.3
(D) 37.65 (E) 38.65 36 38

12. One of these shapes made of squares has been flipped and
turned to make the following pattern, without any overlaps.
Which one?

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 10
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

13. Fred looked at the clock during the Library lesson. Friday timetable
Which one of these times could the clock have shown? 9.00 am English
10.00 am Mathematics
11.00 am Recess
11.30 am Library
12.30 pm Assembly
1.00 pm Lunch
2.00 pm Sport

(A) (B) (C)

11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

(D) (E)
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

14. Last year Alan worked 5 days a week for 48 weeks. The
graph shows how Alan travelled to work each day. On how
many days did Alan travel by bus? CAR
(A) 20 (B) 80 (C) 100 BUS
BIKE
(D) 140 (E) 240
WALK

15. In this grid, each number at the end of a row or below a column
1
indicates how many squares in that row or column contain a
counter. 3
Which one of the following grids could also have counters with
2
these rules?
2 2 2

(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 3 (E) 3

2 2 2 3 2
3 3 2 2 1
3 3 0 1 1 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 2 3

16. To send large parcels overseas, it costs $24 for the first 10 kg and $8 for each extra 5 kg or
part thereof. How much would it cost to send a 28 kg parcel overseas?
(A) $48 (B) $52 (C) $56 (D) $60 (E) $64

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 11
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

17. The numbers from 1 to 3 are entered into the circles

18. What fraction of this regular hexagon is shaded?

1 2 3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
2 3 4 5 5

19. Pictures of fruit have been placed in this grid to

represent numbers less than 10. 24
The totals for each row and column are shown.
What is the total value of an apple and an
22
orange ?

(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 18

(D) 11 (E) 12
16

21 19 18 22

20. Andrew is doing some tidying. He can tidy 2 big rooms in the same time it takes to tidy
3 small rooms. He can tidy one big room and three small rooms in 90 minutes.
How long will it take him to tidy 3 big rooms and 6 small rooms?
(A) 3.5 hours (B) 4 hours (C) 4.5 hours (D) 5 hours (E) 5.5 hours

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 12
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

21. A rectangle measures 3 cm by 4 cm. A diagonal 1

stripe is shaded which starts 1 cm from the diago-
nal corners, as in the diagram. 1
What fraction of the area of the rectangle is this
shaded strip?
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C)
2 3 4
1 2
(D) (E) 1
5 5
1

22. Beginning with a row of 20 coins, Anh takes the first coin, then
every fourth coin after that.
From the remaining coins, Brenda takes the first coin and every
third coin after that.
From the remaining coins, Chen takes the first coin and every
second coin after that.
Dimitris takes all the remaining coins.
Does anyone get more coins than all the others?
(A) Yes, Anh does (B) Yes, Brenda does
(C) Yes, Chen does (D) Yes, Dimitris does
(E) No, they all get the same number of coins

23. These two water tanks are to be filled. A hose used to do this can fill the smaller tank in
2 hours. How many hours will the same hose take to fill the larger tank?

3m 6m

4m 10 m
5m
12 m

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12 (E) 24

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 13
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

24. A farmer has a rectangular property 8 km by 8

H O
6 km, with fencing along the boundary and
diagonal fences as shown.
One day she leaves her farmhouse at H to 5 5
inspect all her fences, returning home to H 6 6
when this is done. 5 5
What is the minimum distance, in kilometres,
she must travel to do this? 8
E M
(A) 48 (B) 58 (C) 59 (D) 60 (E) 64

25. What is the sum of the digits in the result of the subtraction

111 . . 111} − 222

| .{z | .{z
. . 222}
20 digits 10 digits

where the first number has 20 digits each 1, and the second has 10 digits, each 2?
(A) 72 (B) 81 (C) 89 (D) 90 (E) 99

26. In the algorithm below, the letters a, b and c represent different digits from 0 to 9.
What is the three-digit number abc?

a
a b
a b c
+ 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 8

27. Using only digits 0, 1 and 2, this cube has a different number
on each face. 220
Numbers on each pair of opposite faces add to the same
3-digit total.
121
What is the largest that this total could be? 201

28. I wrote the counting numbers joined together:

1234567891011121314151617 . . .

Which of the counting numbers was I writing when the 100th zero was written?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 14
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Questions

29. Jan and Jill are both on a circular track.

Jill runs at a steady pace, completing each circuit in 72 seconds.
Jan walks at a steady pace in the opposite direction and meets Jill every 56 seconds.
How long does it take Jan to walk each circuit?

30. The answer to a cross-number puzzle clue is a whole number (not a word).
A fragment of such a puzzle is shown. Some clues are:

Across 1 2
1. Square of 27-down.
6. Half of 1-across. 6 7

Down 9
1. Twice 2-down.
2. A multiple of 9.

What is 2-down?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 15
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

Questions – Junior Division

1. What is 2 + 0 + 1 + 8?
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 38 (E) 2018

2. Callie has $47 and then gets $25 for her birthday. How much does she have now?
(A) $52 (B) $62 (C) $65 (D) $69 (E) $72

3. The value of 4 × 10000 + 3 × 1000 + 2 × 10 + 4 × 1 is

(A) 4324 (B) 43024 (C) 43204 (D) 430204 (E) 430024

4. Kate made this necklace from alphabet beads.

She put it on the wrong way around, showing the back
of the beads. What does this look like?
KAT E
(A)
E TAK KAT E E TAK (B) (C)

KATE
(D)
E TAK (E)

5. What is the time 58 minutes before 5.34 pm?

(A) 5.32 pm (B) 5.36 pm (C) 6.32 pm (D) 6.12 pm (E) 4.36 pm

6. What value is indicated on this charisma-meter?

(A) 36.65 (B) 37.65 (C) 38.65 36 38
(D) 37.15 (E) 37.3

7. Starting at 1000, Ishrak counted backwards, taking 7 off each time. What was the last
positive number he counted?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 16
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

8. What is the value of z?

(A) 75 (B) 85 (C) 95 55◦
(D) 100 (E) 105
z◦
40◦

9. Five friends (Amelia, Billie, Charlie, David and Emily) are playing together and decide to
line up from oldest to youngest.

• Amelia is older than Billie who is older than Emily.

• David is also older than Billie.
• Amelia is not the oldest.
• Emily is not the youngest.

Who is the second-youngest of the five friends?

(A) Amelia (B) Billie (C) Charlie (D) David (E) Emily

10. A length of ribbon is cut into two equal pieces. After using one piece, one-third of the
other piece is used, leaving 12 cm of ribbon. How long, in centimetres, was the ribbon
initially?
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 36 (D) 48 (E) 50

11. 1000% of a number is 100. What is the number?

(A) 0.1 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 100 (E) 1000

12. Nora, Anne, Warren and Andrew bought plastic capital

letters to spell each of their names on their birthday cakes. A NN E
Their birthdays are on different dates, so they planned to
reuse letters on different cakes.
What is the smallest number of letters they needed?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10
(D) 11 (E) 12

13. The cost of feeding four dogs for three days is $60. Using the same food costs per dog per
day, what would be the cost of feeding seven dogs for seven days?
(A) $140 (B) $200 (C) $245 (D) $350 (E) $420

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 17
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

14. What fraction of this regular hexagon is shaded?

1 2 3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
2 3 4 5 5

15. Leila has a number of identical square tiles that she puts together edge to edge in a single
row, making a rectangle. The perimeter of this rectangle is three times that of a single
tile. How many tiles does she have?
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 9

16. James is choosing his language electives for next year. He has to choose two different
electives, one from Group A and one from Group B.

Group A Group B
Mandarin Mandarin
Japanese German
Spanish Arabic
Indonesian Italian

How many different pairs of elective combinations are possible?

(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 15 (E) 16

A B
17. In the diagram, ABCD is a 5 cm × 4 cm rectangle and the grid
has 1 cm × 1 cm squares. What is the shaded area, in square
centimetres?
(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 0.5 (D) 2 (E) 3
D C

18. Fill in this diagram so that each of the rows, columns and diago-
nals adds to 18.
What is the sum of all the corner numbers?
6
(A) 20 (B) 22 (C) 23
(D) 24 (E) 25 4

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 18
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

19. A square of paper is folded along a line that joins the midpoint of one side to a corner.
The bottom layer of paper is then cut along the edges of the top layer as shown.

When the folded piece is unfolded, which of the following describes all the pieces of paper?
(A) a kite and a pentagon of equal area
(B) a rectangle and a pentagon of equal area
(C) an isosceles triangle and a pentagon, with the pentagon of larger area
(D) a kite and a pentagon, with the kite smaller in area
(E) a rectangle and a pentagon, with the rectangle larger in area

20. A 3-dimensional object is formed by gluing six identical cubes together. Four of the
diagrams below show this object viewed from different angles, but one diagram shows a
different object. Which diagram shows the different object?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

21. Approximately how long is a millimonth, defined to be one-thousandth of a month?

(A) 20 seconds (B) 70 seconds (C) 8 minutes (D) 40 minutes (E) 3 hours

22. The numbers from 1 to 8 are entered into the eight y

circles in this diagram, with the number 3 placed as
shown.
In each triangle, the sum of the three numbers is the 3
same. x
The sum of the four numbers which are at the corners
of the central square is 20.
What is x + y?
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12
(D) 13 (E) 14

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 19
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

23. A long narrow hexagon is composed of 22 equilateral triangles of unit side length.
In how many ways can this hexagon be tiled by 11 rhombuses of unit side length?

Hexagon Rhombus

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 12 (E) 16

24. In this expression

1 1 1 1 1
3 4 5 6 7
we place either a plus sign or a minus sign in each box so that the result is the smallest
positive number possible. The result is
1 1 1
(A) between 0 and (B) between and
100 100 50
1 1 1 1
(C) between and (D) between and
50 20 20 10
1
(E) between and 1
10

25. In this subtraction, the first number has 100 digits and the second number has 50 digits.

111 . . . . 111} − 222

| . . {z | .{z
. . 222}
100 digits 50 digits

What is the sum of the digits in the result?

(A) 375 (B) 420 (C) 429 (D) 450 (E) 475

26. Using only digits 0, 1 and 2, this cube has a different number
on each face. 220
Numbers on each pair of opposite faces add to the same
3-digit total.
121
What is the largest that this total could be? 201

27. I have a three-digit number, and I add its digits to create its digit sum. When the digit
sum of my number is subtracted from my number, the result is the square of the digit sum.
What is my three-digit number?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 20
2018 AMC
Junior Questions

28. A road from Tamworth to Broken Hill is 999 km long. There are road signs each kilometre
along the road that show the distances (in kilometres) to both towns as shown in the
diagram.

0|999 1|998 2|997 3|996 ··· 998|1 999|0

How many road signs are there that use exactly two different digits?

29. In the multiplication shown, X, Y and Z are different non-zero digits.

X Y Z
× 1 8
Z X Y Y

What is the three-digit number XY Z?

30. Let A be a 2018-digit number which is divisible by 9. Let B be the sum of all digits of A
and C be the sum of all digits of B. Find the sum of all possible values of C.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 21
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

Questions – Intermediate Division

2018 − 18
1. The value of is
1000
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.1 (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) 2000

2. What value is indicated on this charisma-meter?

(A) 36.65 (B) 37.65 (C) 38.65 36 38
(D) 37.15 (E) 37.3

3. What is the difference between the sum and the product of 4 and 5?
(A) 1 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 11 (E) 20

4. In the diagram, P QRS is a square. What is the size of ∠XP Y ? P Q

25◦
(A) 25◦ (B) 30◦ (C) 35◦
X
(D) 40◦ (E) 45◦ ◦
25

S R
Y

5. Which of the following is not a whole number?

(A) 350 ÷ 2 (B) 350 ÷ 7 (C) 350 ÷ 5 (D) 350 ÷ 25 (E) 350 ÷ 20

6. Nora, Anne, Warren and Andrew bought plastic capital

letters to spell each of their names on their birthday cakes. A NNE
Their birthdays are on different dates, so they planned to
reuse letters on different cakes.
What is the smallest number of letters they needed?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10
(D) 11 (E) 12

7. In years, 2018 days is closest to

(A) 4.5 years (B) 5 years (C) 5.5 years (D) 6 years (E) 6.5 years

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 22
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

8. Two paths from A to C are pictured. C

The stepped path consists of horizontal and vertical
segments, whereas the dashed path is straight.
What is the difference in length between the two
3m
paths?
(A) 1 m (B) 2 m (C) 3 m
(D) 4 m (E) 0 m A B
4m

9. The value of 9 × 1.2345 − 9 × 0.1234 is

(A) 9.9999 (B) 9 (C) 9.0909 (D) 10.909 (E) 11.1111

10. What fraction of this regular hexagon is shaded?

1 2 3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
2 3 4 5 5

11. The cost of feeding four dogs for three days is $60. Using the same food costs per dog per
day, what would be the cost of feeding seven dogs for seven days?
(A) $140 (B) $200 (C) $245 (D) $350 (E) $420

12. In a certain year there were exactly four Tuesdays and exactly four Fridays in the month
of December. What day of the week was 31 December?
(A) Monday (B) Wednesday (C) Thursday (D) Friday (E) Saturday

13. Fill in this diagram so that each of the rows, columns and diago-
nals adds to 18.
What is the sum of all the corner numbers?
6
(A) 20 (B) 22 (C) 23
(D) 24 (E) 25 4

14. The sum of 4 consecutive integers is t.

In terms of t, the smallest of the four integers is
t − 10 t−2 t−3 t−4 t−6
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
4 4 4 4 4

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 23
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

15. A 3-dimensional object is formed by gluing six identical cubes together. Four of the
diagrams below show this object viewed from different angles, but one diagram shows a
different object. Which diagram shows the different object?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

16. In the circle shown, C is the centre and A, B, D and E B

all lie on the circumference.
Reflex ∠BCD = 200◦ , ∠DCA = x◦ and ∠BCA = 3x◦
as shown.
The ratio of ∠DAC : ∠BAC is A 3x◦
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 5 : 2 (C) 8 : 3 C
x◦
(D) 7 : 4 (E) 7 : 3 200◦
E
D

17. Allan and Zarwa are playing a game tossing a coin. Allan wins as soon as a head is tossed
and Zarwa wins if two tails are tossed. The probability that Allan wins is
1 3 5 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
2 5 8 3 4

18. In this expression

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 24
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

19. A town is laid out in a square of side 1 kilometre, with six straight roads
as shown.
Each day the postman must walk the full length of every road at least
once, starting wherever he likes and ending wherever he likes.
How long is the shortest route he can take, in kilometres?
√
2 √ √ √ √
(A) 4 + (B) 4 + 2 (C) 4 + 2 2 (D) 4 + 3 2 (E) 5 + 2 2
2

20. A rectangle with integer sides has a diagonal stripe 1

which starts 1 unit from the diagonal corners, as
in the diagram. 1
The area of the stripe is exactly half of the area of
the rectangle.
What is the perimeter of this rectangle?
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 18
(D) 20 (E) 22
1

21. How many digits does the number 2018 have?

(A) 24 (B) 38 (C) 18 (D) 36 (E) 25

22. In this subtraction, the first number has 100 digits and the second number has 50 digits.

111 . . . . 111} − 222

| . . {z | .{z
. . 222}
100 digits 50 digits

What is the sum of the digits in the result?

(A) 375 (B) 420 (C) 429 (D) 450 (E) 475

23. Suppose p is a two-digit number and q has the same digits, but in reverse order. The
number p2 − q 2 is a non-zero perfect square. The sum of the digits of p is
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 11 (D) 12 (E) 13

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 25
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

Q
24. In triangle 4P QR, U is a point on P R, S
is a point on P Q, T is a point on QR with
U S k RQ, and U T k P Q.
The area of 4P SU is 120 cm2 and the area of T

>>
4T U R is 270 cm2 .
The area of 4QST , in square centimetres, is S

<
(A) 150 (B) 160 (C) 170 >>
270

<
(D) 180 (E) 200 120
P U R

25. This year Ann’s age is the sum of the digits of her maths teacher’s age. In five years Ann’s
age will be the product of the digits of her maths teacher’s age at that time.
How old is Ann now?
(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 15 (D) 14 (E) 16

26. I have a three-digit number, and I add its digits to create its digit sum. When the digit
sum of my number is subtracted from my number, the result is the square of the digit sum.
What is my three-digit number?

27. A road from Tamworth to Broken Hill is 999 km long. There are road signs each kilometre
along the road that show the distances (in kilometres) to both towns as shown in the
diagram.

0|999 1|998 2|997 3|996 ··· 998|1 999|0

How many road signs are there that use exactly two different digits?

28. In the division shown, X, Y and Z are different non-zero digits.

Z X rem. Y
8 X Y Z

What is the three-digit number XY Z?

29. An infinite increasing list of numbers has the property that the median of the first n terms
equals the nth odd positive integer. How many numbers in the list are less than 2018?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 26
2018 AMC
Intermediate Questions

30. For n ≥ 3, a pattern can be made by overlapping n circles, each

of circumference 1 unit, so that each circle passes through a
central point and the resulting pattern has order-n rotational
symmetry.
For instance, the diagram shows the pattern where n = 7.
If the total length of visible arcs is 60 units, what is n?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 27
2018 AMC
Senior Questions

Questions – Senior Division

1. In the diagram, P QRS is a square. What is the size of ∠XP Y ? P Q

25◦
(A) 25◦ (B) 30◦ (C) 35◦
X
(D) 40◦ (E) 45◦ 25◦

S R
Y

2. The Great North Walk is a 250 km long trail from Sydney to Newcastle. If you want to
complete it in 8 days, approximately how far do you need to walk each day?
(A) 15 km (B) 20 km (C) 30 km (D) 40 km (E) 80 km

3. Half of a number is 32. What is twice the number?

(A) 16 (B) 32 (C) 64 (D) 128 (E) 256

4. What fraction of this regular hexagon is shaded?

1 2 3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
2 3 4 5 5

5. The value of 9 × 1.2345 − 9 × 0.1234 is

(A) 9.9999 (B) 9 (C) 9.0909 (D) 10.909 (E) 11.1111

6. What is 20 − 18 ?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 10

7. 1000% of a number is 100. What is the number?

(A) 0.1 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 100 (E) 1000

8. The cost of feeding four dogs for three days is $60. Using the same food costs per dog per
day, what would be the cost of feeding seven dogs for seven days?
(A) $140 (B) $200 (C) $245 (D) $350 (E) $420

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 28
2018 AMC
Senior Questions

9. In the triangle ABC, M is the midpoint of AB. C

Which one of the following statements must be true?
(A) ∠CAM = ∠ACM (B) ∠CM B = 2 ∠CAM
(C) AC = 2 BC (D) CM = BC A B
M
(E) Area 4AM C = Area 4M BC

10. The sum of the numbers from 1 to 100 is 5050. What is the sum of the numbers from 101
to 200?
(A) 15 050 (B) 50 500 (C) 51 500 (D) 150 500 (E) 505 000

11. Leila has a number of identical equilateral triangle shaped tiles. How many of these must
she put together in a row (edge to edge) to create a shape which has a perimeter ten times
that of a single tile?
(A) 14 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 28 (E) 30

12. In the circle shown, C is the centre and A, B, D and E B

13. Instead of multiplying a number by 4 and then subtracting 330, I accidentally divided that
number by 4 and then added 330. Luckily, my final answer was correct. What was the
original number?
(A) 220 (B) 990 (C) 144 (D) 374 (E) 176

14. The diagram shows a regular octagon of side length 1 metre.

In square metres, what is the area of the shaded region?
√
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2
√
√ 1+ 2
(D) 3 − 2 (E)
2

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 29
2018 AMC
Senior Questions

15. A netball coach is planning a train trip for players from her two netball clubs, Panthers
and Warriors.
The two clubs are in different towns, so the train fares per player are different. For the
same cost she can either take 6 Panthers and 7 Warriors or she can take 8 Panthers and 4
Warriors.
If she takes only members of the Warriors on the train journey, the number she could take
for the same cost is
(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 16 (D) 20 (E) 25

16. The triangle P QR shown has a right angle at P . P

Points T and S are the midpoints of the sides
P R and P Q, respectively. Also ∠QT P = α and |

k
∠SRP = β.
S α T
The ratio tan α : tan β equals

k
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 5 : 1 |
β
(D) 7 : 2 (E) 9 : 2 Q R

17. Three fair 6-sided dice are thrown. What is the probability that the three numbers rolled
are three consecutive numbers, in some order?
1 1 1 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
6 9 27 36 54

18. How many digits does the number 2018 have?

(A) 24 (B) 38 (C) 18 (D) 36 (E) 25

19. In this subtraction, the first number has 100 digits and the second number has 50 digits.

111 . . . . 111} − 222

| . . {z | .{z
. . 222}
100 digits 50 digits

What is the sum of the digits in the result?

(A) 375 (B) 420 (C) 429 (D) 450 (E) 475

20. I have two regular polygons where the larger polygon has 5 sides more than the smaller
polygon. The interior angles of the two polygons differ by 1◦ . How many sides does the
larger polygon have?
(A) 30 (B) 40 (C) 45 (D) 50 (E) 60

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 30
2018 AMC
Senior Questions

√
21. How many solutions (m, n) exist for the equation n = 100 − m2 where both m and n are
integers?
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 10

22. A tetrahedron is inscribed in a cube of side length 2 as shown. What

is the volume of the tetrahedron?
8 16
(A) (B) 4 (C)
3 3
√ √
(D) 6 (E) 8 − 2 2

23. A rectangle has sides of length 5 and 12

units.
A diagonal is drawn and then the largest
possible circle is drawn in each of the two
triangles.
What is the distance between the cen-
tres of these two circles?
√ √ √
(A) 60 (B) 8 (C) 65 (D) 68 (E) 9

rq
√ (8x )
24. In the equation . . . 256 = 2 the value of x is
| {z }
60

(A) −17 (B) −19 (C) −21 (D) −23 (E) 16

25. A right-angled triangle with sides of length

3, 4 and 5 is tiled by infinitely many right-
angled triangles, as shown.
What is the shaded area?
5
18 54 8
(A) (B) (C) 3
7 25 3
27 96
(D) (E)
17 41

26. Let A be a 2018-digit number which is divisible by 9. Let B be the sum of all digits of A
and C be the sum of all digits of B. Find the sum of all possible values of C.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 31
2018 AMC
Senior Questions

27. The trapezium ABCD has AB = 100, BC = 130, A B

CD = 150 and DA = 120, with right angles at A and
D.
An interior point Q is joined to the midpoints of all 4
sides. The four quadrilaterals formed have equal areas.
What is the length AQ? Q

D C

28. Donald has a pair of blue shoes, a pair of red shoes, and a pair of white shoes. He wants to
put these six shoes side by side in a row. However, Donald wants the left shoe of each pair
to be somewhere to the left of the corresponding right shoe. How many ways are there to
do this?

29. For n ≥ 3, a pattern can be made by overlapping n circles, each

30. Consider an n × n grid filled with the numbers 1, . . . , n2 in ascending order from left to
right, top to bottom. A shuffle consists of the following two steps:

• Shift every entry one position to the right. An entry at the end of a row moves to the
beginning of the next row and the bottom-right entry moves to the top-left position.
• Then shift every entry down one position. An entry at the bottom of a column moves
to the top of the next column and again the bottom-right entry moves to the top-left
position.

An example for the 3 × 3 grid is shown. Note that the two steps shown constitute one
shuffle.

1 2 3 9 1 2 8 6 7
shift shift
4 5 6 3 4 5 9 1 2
right down
7 8 9 6 7 8 3 4 5

What is the smallest value of n for which the n × n grid requires more than 20 000 shuffles
for the numbers to be returned to their original order?

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 32
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

Solutions – Middle Primary Division

1. 4 + 4 = 8,
hence (C).

2. A = 3 × 3 = 9, B = 2 × 4 = 8, C = 2 + 3 + 2 = 7, D = 4 + 4 = 8, E = 5 + 5 = 10,
hence (E).

3. 6 tens is sixty, and 3 ones is three, so sixty-three,

hence (A).

4. 19 − 11 = 8 so 11 + 8 = 19,
hence (B).

5. The diameter is 5 mm past 20 mm, making 25 mm,

hence (D).

6. (Also UP1)
208 is between 205 and 210. Of these, the distance to 205 is 3 and the distance to 210 is
2. Therefore 210 is closer,
hence (D).

7. (Also UP4, J4)

The back of the necklace will look like the mirror image of the front of the necklace. So
each letter will be mirrored, and the order of the letters will be reversed:

KATE ETAK
front back

hence (A).

8. Parliament House tours leave at 8.30, 8.45, 9.00, 9.15, 9.30, 9.45, and so on.
National Museum tours leave at 8.30, 8.50, 9.10, 9.30, 9.50, and so on.
So tours leave at the same time at 8.30, 9.30, 10.30, and so on, which is every 60 minutes,
hence (E).

9. The number of votes for fish, dogs and rabbits in total is 4 + 14 + 3 = 21. So there were
29 − 21 = 8 votes for cats,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 33
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

10. Alternative 1
Since one-half is two quarters, we can convert (A)–(E) into quarters. (A) is 4 quarters,
(B) is 6 quarters, (C) is 5 quarters, (D) is 3 quarters and (E) is 6 quarters. Only (A) is 4
quarters, or a whole,
hence (A).

Alternative 2
The values in (A)–(E) can be sketched in comparison to the whole unit on the left:

1 1 1
4 1 4 4
1 2 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1
1 1 4 1 1 4 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 4 4

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Then only (A) is equal to one whole,

hence (A).

11. (Also UP7)

Alternative 1
If she had 60 books, she would fill 5 shelves with 12 books each. Since she has 2 fewer, her
last shelf has 10 books,
hence (D).

Alternative 2
58 ÷ 12 = 4 r10 so that she fills 4 shelves with 12 books, with 10 books on the 5th shelf,
hence (D).

12. Alternative 1
The total number of cubes is 3 × 3 × 3 = 27. The number that are visible are 9 in the
top layer, 5 in the middle layer and 5 in the bottom layer, for a total of 19. Therefore
27 − 19 = 8 cubes are not visible,
hence (B).

Alternative 2
The hidden cubes form a 2 × 2 × 2 cube behind the visible cubes. This has 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
small cubes,
hence (B).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 34
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

13. Alternative 1
Working backwards:

• 2nd floor, up 7 floors to 9th floor

• 9th floor, down 6 floors to 3rd floor
• 3rd floor, up 5 floors to 8th floor

So Shelley must have started on the 8th floor,

hence (E).

Alternative 2
Shelley’s total lift travel is 6 floors up and 12 floors down, a net travel of 6 floors down.
Since she ended on the 2nd floor, she must have started on the 8th floor,
hence (E).

14. (Also UP9)

The points for Zac and Bill are lower than Pat’s, so their calls cost less.
Since the point for Bill is to the right, his call is longer and cheaper than Pat’s,
hence (B).

15. (Also UP12)

There are 20 squares in the pattern. Since there are no overlaps, shape (C), with 6 squares,
can’t be the answer.
Shape (E) can’t be the answer, since the the leftmost and rightmost squares can’t be
covered by this pattern.
Shapes (B) and (D) can be ruled out by trying to cover the area without overlap, as shown
below.

(A) (B) (D)

This leaves only (A), which can be done as shown,

hence (A).

16. For KAREN, 5 letters are needed.

For WARREN, set aside the K, and another two letters are needed: W and R.
For ANDREW, set aside one R, and other letter is needed: D.
In all the smallest possible set of letters is A, D, E, K, N, R, R, W,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 35
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

17. Slicing each pizza into thirds, there are 12 slices. Each person gets 2 slices, so there are 6
people,
hence (B).

18. (Also UP13)

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
The clock needs to show after 11.30 9 3 and before 12.30 9 3 .
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Of the clock faces (A)–(E) shown, only (A) is between these,

hence (A).

19. Alternative 1
The hidden faces on each of the 3 dice can be added:

2 + 3 + 6 = 11
1 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 13
2 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 17
41

hence (C).

Alternative 2
On three standard dice, there are (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) × 3 = 63 dots.
In the diagram 22 dots are showing, so 63 − 22 = 41 dots are hidden,
hence (C).

20. (Also UP17)

Any triangle must have the numbers 1, 2 and 3, for a total of 6.
As the first diagram shows, the total is at least 14. Also, 14 is only possible with 1 on the
left and the right.

1, 2 or 3
1
6 3 2
6 6 1 1
2 3
1, 2 or 3 6 1, 2 or 3
1
1, 2 or 3

Similarly, the second diagram shows that 14 is only possible with 1 in the top and bottom
circles.
Trying 1 in all four outer circles leads to the third diagram, with total 14,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 36
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

21. Alternative 1
15 medium eggs weigh the same as 18 small eggs, and also the same as 10 large eggs.
So 5 large eggs weigh the same as 9 small eggs,
hence (D).

Alternative 2
Suppose the small egg weighs 50 g, so that six small eggs weigh 300 g.
Then one medium egg weighs 60 g and six medium eggs weigh 360 g.
Then one large egg weighs 90 g and five large eggs weigh 450 g.
This is the same as 9 small eggs,
hence (D).
Note: For any other weight of a small egg, the other weights would be different, but in the
same proportions, leading to the same answer.

22. (Also UP19)

From the first row, = 24 ÷ 4 = 6.

Comparing the first two rows, = − 1 = 5.

Comparing the first two columns, = − 2 = 3.

Then + = 6 + 3 = 9,
hence (B).

23. Alternative 1
The hexagon can be divided into pieces that can be rearranged as shown.

3 3 3 3

24 24 24 24
3 3

The total area is 2 × 24 + 4 × 3 = 60 square centimetres,

hence (D).

Alternative 2
1
The hexagon is made of two trapeziums, each of area 2
× 6 × (6 + 4) = 30 cm2 .
The total area is then 2 × 30 = 60 cm2 ,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 37
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

24. (Also UP22)

1
Anh gets of the coins, which is 20 ÷ 4 = 5 coins, leaving 15.
4
1
Then Brenda gets of these coins, which is 15 ÷ 3 = 5 coins, leaving 10.
3
Then Chen gets half of these coins, as does Dimitris, which is 5 coins each.
So they all get the same number of coins,
hence (E).

25. The edge of the coloured square showing in the final pattern is two strips from the edge of
the paper. So the 20 cm is made up of 8 cm plus 4 strip-widths.
1
That is, the width of the folded-over strip is of 12 cm, which is 3 cm,
4
hence (D).

26. Alternative 1
The total of Ari, Billy and Charlie combined is 15 + 18 + 13 = 46. In this total, the three
regions A, B and C are hit twice each.
So the total from hitting A, B and C once each is 23.
Since the scores from A and C add to 15, region B must score 8, and then Davy scores 16,
hence (16).

Alternative 2
Together Billy and Charlie score 18 + 13 = 31, from region A once, region B twice and
region C once.
Together Ari and Davy also hit region A once, region B twice and region C once, so their
combined score is also 31.
Since Ari scored 15, Davy must have scored 31 − 15 = 16,
hence (16).

27. Let the number be N .

Since N is divisible by 3 and by 11, it is divisible by 33. That is, N is one of the numbers
33, 66, 99, 132, 165 and so on.
Also, N is one more than a multiple of 14, so N is odd. So we check the odd multiples of
33:

N 33 99 165 231 297 363 429 495 561 627 ...

N −1 32 98
divis. by 14? × X

We notice that 98 is a multiple of 14. However this is not a 3-digit number, so it is not
the solution. We could keep checking, but we don’t have to. The next multiple of 14 will
occur 7 steps later, since 7 × 66 = 462 is a multiple of 14.

N 33 99 165 231 297 363 429 495 561 627 ...

N −1 32 98 560
divis. by 14? × X X

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 38
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

So 561 is a 3-digit solution. The next solution is 561 + 462 = 1023, which is not a 3-digit
number, so that 561 is the only solution,
hence (561).

28. Alternative 1
The staircase can be sliced into vertical slices, each with a triangular number of blocks.
For the 12-step staircase, each vertical slice is a triangle with 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 +
8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 = 78 blocks, and there are 12 such slices.
Therefore the 12-step staircase has 12 × 78 = 936 blocks,
hence (936).

Alternative 2
Slice the staircase halfway up and turn the top part over as shown.

6 7
6
6

6 6
12 12
12 1 12

The result is a rectangular prism with 6 × 12 × 13 = 936 blocks,

hence (936).

29. (Also UP26)

In the algorithm, there must be a carry from the 100s column to the 1000s column.
In the units column, a + b + c = 8 or a + b + c = 18, with 0 or 1 carried into the 10s column.
If a + b + c = 8, then there is no carry from the 1s column, and then the 10s or 100s
columns don’t have a carry either. This makes the 1000s column add to 1, not 2. So this
case is eliminated.
So a + b + c = 18 and 1 is carried from the 1s column to the 10s column.
In the 10s column, 1 + a + b = 1 or 1 + a + b = 11, so that a + b = 0 or a + b = 10. However,
if a + b = 0, then a = b = 0, which is too small to have a + b + c = 18.
Thus a + b = 10 and c = 8.
In the 100s column, 1 + a = 10, so that a = 9. Then b = 1.
Therefore the 3-digit number abc is 918,
hence (918).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 39
2018 AMC
Middle Primary Solutions

30. (Also UP28)

From 1 to 99 there are 9 zeros, from 10, 20, . . . , 90.
From 100 to 199 there are 20 zeros, ten being units digits and ten being tens digits. We
can count these within the ‘century’ of 100s.

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109110 ... 120 ... 130 ... 140 ... 150 ... 160 ... 170 ... 180 ... 190 ...
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Similarly each century (200s, 300s, etc) contains another 20 zeros in the same pattern.
Since 9 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 11 = 100, the 100th zero is the 11th zero in the 500s. Referring
to the diagram above, this will be in the number 509,
hence (509).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 40
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

Solutions – Upper Primary Division

1. (Also MP6)
208 is between 205 and 210. Of these, the distance to 205 is 3 and the distance to 210 is
2. Therefore 210 is closer,
hence (D).

2. (Also J2)
She has 47 + 25 = 72 dollars,
hence (E).

3. Multiples of 8 less than 60 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56. The only one of these listed in
(A)–(E) is 48,
hence (D).

4. (Also MP7, J4)

The back of the necklace will look like the mirror image of the front of the necklace. So
each letter will be mirrored, and the order of the letters will be reversed:

KATE ETAK
front back

hence (A).

5. Adding, 8000 + 800 + 8 = 8808,

hence (E).

6. The amount of money they each have in cents is a multiple of both 20 and 50. The least
common multiple of 20 and 50 is 100. So for the smallest number of coins, they have
100 cents each, and Jane has 5 coins and Tariq has 2. Then the total number of coins is
5 + 2 = 7,
hence (D).

7. (Also MP11)
Alternative 1
If she had 60 books, she would fill 5 shelves with 12 books each. Since she has 2 fewer, her
last shelf has 10 books,
hence (D).

Alternative 2
58 ÷ 12 = 4 r10 so that she fills 4 shelves with 12 books, with 10 books on the 5th shelf,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 41
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

8. With three levels there are 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 cups. With four levels there are 6 + 4 = 10 cups.
With five levels there are 10 + 5 = 15 cups. With six levels there are 15 + 6 = 21 cups.
With seven levels there are 21 + 7 = 28 cups,
hence (C).

9. (Also MP14)
The points for Zac and Bill are lower than Pat’s, so their calls cost less.
Since the point for Bill is to the right, his call is longer and cheaper than Pat’s,
hence (B).

10. Bilal is 6 and Caitlin is 7. So Bilal is younger than Caitlin, who is younger than Aimee,
hence (B).

11. The major markings are 36, 37 and 38, so the minor markings are 0.2 units apart. Then
the arrow is 0.3 above the 37, so it is on 37.3,
hence (C).

12. (Also MP15)

(A) (B) (D)

This leaves only (A), which can be done as shown,

hence (A).

13. (Also MP18)

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
The clock needs to show after 11.30 9 3 and before 12.30 9 3 .
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Of the clock faces (A)–(E) shown, only (A) is between these,

hence (A).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 42
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

14. Alternative 1
There are 12 equal subdivisions marked on the pie graph, so each represents 4 weeks.
The bus part of the graph is 5 of these subdivisions, so Alan must have caught the bus for
a total of 20 weeks. At 5 days per week this is 100 days,
hence (C).

Alternative 2
5
The bus part of the graph represents × 48 × 5 = 100 days,
12
hence (C).

15. Since every answer has a full row of 3 counters, every column must have at least one
counter. So (A) is eliminated.
The number of counters in a grid can be counted by rows or by columns. 3
Consequently the total of all 3 rows must match the total of all 3 columns. 2
This rules out (B) 6 6= 5, (C) 7 6= 6, and (D) 8 6= 7. 1
This only leaves (E), which can only be filled in one way, as shown here, 1 2 3
hence (E).

16. Since the weight is between 25 kg and 30 kg, four ‘extra 5 kg’ amounts are required.
The total cost is 24 + 4 × 8 = 24 + 32 = 56 dollars,
hence (C).

17. (Also MP20)

Any triangle must have the numbers 1, 2 and 3, for a total of 6.
As the first diagram shows, the total is at least 14. Also, 14 is only possible with 1 on the
left and the right.

1, 2 or 3
1
6 3 2
6 6 1 1
2 3
1, 2 or 3 6 1, 2 or 3
1
1, 2 or 3

Similarly, the second diagram shows that 14 is only possible with 1 in the top and bottom
circles.
Trying 1 in all four outer circles leads to the third diagram, with total 14,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 43
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

18. (Also J14, I10, S4)

There are many subdivisions of the hexagon into equal areas that show that the shaded
2
area is of the total:
3

2 4 4 8
3 6 6 12
hence (B).

19. (Also MP22)

From the first row, = 24 ÷ 4 = 6.

Comparing the first two rows, = − 1 = 5.

Comparing the first two columns, = − 2 = 3.

Then + = 6 + 3 = 9,
hence (B).

20. In 90 minutes, Andrew can tidy 1 big room plus 3 small rooms.
The 3 small rooms take the same time as 2 big rooms, so in 90 minutes Andrew can tidy
3 big rooms. Each big room takes 90 ÷ 3 = 30 minutes, or half an hour.
Now, 3 big rooms and 6 = 3 + 3 small rooms take as long as 3 + 2 + 2 = 7 big rooms. This
is seven half hours, or 3.5 hours,
hence (A).

3 1
21. The rectangle has area 12 cm2 .
1 1
The lower white triangle has area × 3 × 2 = 3 cm2 . The upper 2
2
right triangle has the same area. 2
So the shaded strip has area 12 − 3 − 3 = 6 cm2 . This is half the 1
area of the rectangle, 1 3
hence (A).

22. (Also MP24)

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 44
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

23. Alternative 1
The smaller tank has volume 3 × 4 × 5 = 60 cubic metres, so the hose delivers 30 cubic
metres per hour.
The larger tank has volume 6 × 10 × 12 = 720 cubic metres. At 30 cubic metres per hour,
this will take 72 ÷ 3 = 24 hours,
hence (E).

Alternative 2
The larger volume can be divided into 12 smaller volumes, each congruent to the smaller
tank. (The smaller tank has been rotated in this diagram to the same orientation as the
smaller volumes.)

5
5 3

4 4 4 3
3 6

5 10
4
12

So filling the larger tank will take 12 × 2 = 24 hours,

hence (E).

24. The total length of fencing is 48 km, but she may have to travel more than this.
At each of the corners, H, O, M and E there are 3 fences she must travel. Since the path
she takes leaves a corner as many times as it arrives, the best she can do is visit each corner
twice (two in, two out) and the centre twice (two in, two out).
This can either be done by travelling the two fences HE and OM twice, or by travelling
the two fences HO and EM twice. Clearly the first of these is shorter, and a route
such as HEOM OHM EH can be found by trial and error. The distance travelled is
48 + 2 × 6 = 60 km,
hence (D).
Note: Problems like this are related to Euler’s Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem.

25. Alternative 1
Start with some simple cases:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 3 × 1 + 3 × 8 + 9 = 36
2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 0 8 8 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 4 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 9 = 45
2 2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 9

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 45
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

Clearly this pattern continues, and we can generalise. Then the sum of all digits is 9 × 1 +
0 + 9 × 8 + 9 = 90,
hence (D).

Alternative 2

11111111111111111111 − 2222222222
= 11111111101111111111 + 10000000000 − 2222222222
= 11111111101111111111 + 1 + 9999999999 − 2222222222
= 11111111101111111112 + 7777777777
= 11111111108888888889
and the digit sum is 9 + 8 × 9 + 9 = 90,
hence (D).

26. (Also MP29)

27. (Also J26)

Let X be the sum of each pair of opposite faces, with digits abc. Since all digits on the
cube are less than 5, the addition has no carry between place values. We just consider the
sums of corresponding digits.
In the hundreds, a = 1 + = 2 + , where each box is 0, 1 or 2. Only a = 2 and a = 3
are possible. (If a hidden number has fewer than 3 digits, its hundreds digit is taken to be
0.)
In the tens, b = 0 + =2+ , and only b = 2 is possible.
In the units, c = 0 + = 1 + , and only c = 1 and c = 2 are possible.
So X is 221, 222, 321 or 322.
If X = 322, then the hidden faces are 102, 201 and 121, and there are only 4 different
numbers on the cube. So X = 322 is not a solution.
If X = 321, then the hidden faces are 101, 200 and 120, and there are 6 different numbers
on the cube. So X = 321 is the largest solution,
hence (321).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 46
2018 AMC
Upper Primary Solutions

28. (Also MP30)

From 1 to 99 there are 9 zeros, from 10, 20, . . . , 90.
From 100 to 199 there are 20 zeros, ten being units digits and ten being tens digits. We
can count these within the ‘century’ of 100s.

29. Alternative 1
56 7
In 56 seconds, Jill runs = of the track.
72 9
2
In these same 56 seconds, Jan has walked along the other of the track.
9
1
In half this time, which is 28 seconds, Jan will have walked of the track.
9
Then Jan will take 9 × 28 = 252 seconds to walk the complete track,
hence (252).

Alternative 2
The LCM of 72 and 56 is 504 = 7 × 72 = 9 × 56. So if they start together at the same
point, then they meet for the 9th time 504 seconds later when Jill has run 7 complete
circuits. So Jan has walked 2 complete circuits, each taking 504 ÷ 2 = 252 seconds,
hence (252).

30. Since 1-down is double 2-down and has an extra digit, its first digit must be 1. Also 2-down
must be at least 500.
Since 1-across is twice 6-across, it is even and also a perfect square, so 1-across is either
100, 144 or 196.
Since 2-down is at least 500, 1-across must be 196. Then 6-across is 196 ÷ 2 = 98.
So now 2-down is of the form 69 ? and a multiple of 9. The digits of a multiple of 9 must
add to a multiple of 9. This can only be 6 + 9 + 3 = 18, and so 2-down is 693,
hence (693).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 47
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Solutions – Junior Division

1. 2 + 0 + 1 + 8 = 11,
hence (C).

2. (Also UP2)
She has 47 + 25 = 72 dollars,
hence (E).

3. 4 × 10000 + 3 × 1000 + 2 × 10 + 4 × 1 = 40000 + 3000 + 20 + 4 = 43000 + 24 = 43024,

hence (B).

4. (Also MP7, UP4)

The back of the necklace will look like the mirror image of the front of the necklace. So
each letter will be mirrored, and the order of the letters will be reversed:

KATE ETAK
front back

hence (A).

5. 60 minutes before 5.34 pm is 4.34 pm, so 58 minutes before 5.34 pm is 2 minutes later,
which is 4.36 pm,
hence (E).

6. (Also I2)
The major markings are 36, 37 and 38, so the minor markings are 0.2 units apart. Then
the arrow is 0.3 to the right of 37, so it is on 37.3,
hence (E).

7. 1000 ÷ 7 = 142 with remainder 6, so after 142 subtractions of 7, Ishrak counts 6,

hence (E).

8. Alternative 1
55◦
◦ ◦ ◦
The upper triangle’s angles add to 180 , so x = 85 .
x◦
Then x◦ + z ◦ = 180◦ , so that z ◦ = 95◦ , z◦
40◦

hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 48
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Alternative 2
In the upper triangle, z ◦ = 40◦ + 55◦ , since an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the other two interior angles,
hence (C).

9. Who is youngest? It is not Amelia, Billie, David or Emily. So Charlie is youngest.

Take out Charlie, who is youngest? It is not Amelia, Billie or David. So the youngest
other than Charlie is Emily,
hence (E).
Note: In age order, the friends are Charlie, Emily, Billie, Amelia and David.

10. Here is the ribbon:

12 cm

The rightmost piece is two-thirds of the right half, so one-third of the right half is 6 cm.
That is, the right half is 18 cm.
Then the left half is also 18 cm, for a total of 36 cm,
hence (C).

11. (Also S7)

1000% means ‘10 times’, since 1000% = 10 × 100%. So 10 times the number is 100, and
the number is 10,
hence (C).

12. (Also I6)

Alternative 1
Tabulate the letters needed.

Letter A D E N O R W
Nora 1 - - 1 1 1 -
Anne 1 - 1 2 - - -
Warren 1 - 1 1 - 2 1
Andrew 1 1 1 1 - 1 1
Needed 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

Then we need 9 letters to cover every name,

hence (B).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 49
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Alternative 2
ANDREW requires letters ADENRW (in alphabetical order).
For WARREN, an additional R is needed: ADENRRW.
For ANNE, an additional N is needed: ADENNRRW.
For NORA, an O is needed: ADENNORRW.
In all, 9 letters are needed,
hence (B).

13. (Also I11, S8)

To feed 4 dogs for 1 day costs $60 ÷ 3 = $20, and then to feed 1 dog for 1 day costs
$20 ÷ 4 = $5.
To feed 7 dogs for 7 days will cost $5 × 7 × 7 = $245,
hence (C).

14. (Also UP18, I10, S4)

There are many subdivisions of the hexagon into equal areas that show that the shaded
2
area is of the total:
3

2 4 4 8
3 6 6 12
hence (B).

15. Alternative 1
Let the edge of a tile be 1 unit. Then the rectangle has perimeter 12 units, so its height
plus width is 6 units. Since the rectangle’s height is 1 unit, its width is 5 units. Thus Leila
has 5 tiles,
hence (B).

Alternative 2
Suppose Leila has n tiles, each of side s. The rectangle has sides s and sn, so it has
perimeter 2s + 2sn. This will equal 3 × 4s = 12s, so 12s = 2s + 2sn. Then 10s = 2sn and
10s
n= = 5,
2s
hence (B).

16. Alternative 1
If James’s Group A choice is Mandarin, he has 3 Group B options.
If James’s Group A choice is Japanese, Spanish or Indonesian, he has 4 Group B options,
giving 12 options.
All of these 15 pairs identified are different, so there are 15 possible pairs,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 50
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Alternative 2
James will choose one of four electives in group A and one of four electives in group B.
There are 16 such choices. Of these, the only forbidden choice is to choose Mandarin from
both groups, so there are 15 possible pairs,
hence (D).

17. Given areas shown in the diagram, the shaded area is 3 1

20 − 10 − 3 − 1 − 4.5 = 1.5 cm2 , 4.5
10

hence (B).

18. (Also I13)

The top centre square must be 8.
Then the top two corners must add to 10 and the bottom two corners must add to 14. So
in any solution, all four corners add to 24.
Checking, there are several possible solutions, as the diagrams show.

3 8 7 4 8 6 8 8 2
10 6 2 8 6 4 0 6 12
5 4 9 6 4 8 10 4 4

hence (D).

19. The folded piece consists of two right-angled triangles, with the fold line being a line of
symmetry and the hypotenuse of both triangles. This must be a kite. The other piece is
a concave pentagon.
Let the side of the square be 2 units, so that its area is 4 square units. The triangle folded
1
over has area × 1 × 2 = 1 square unit, so that the kite’s area is 2 square units. Then the
2
pentagon’s area is also 2 square units, equal to the kite,
hence (A).

20. (Also I15)

When the objects in diagrams (B), (C), (D) and (E) are viewed from
the top, front-left, front-left and front-right, respectively, and rotated
appropriately, then each of them has the view shown.
However, when we try to do the same with (A) the best we can get is
the mirror-image of this view,
hence (A).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 51
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions
1
21. A month of 30 days has 720 hours = 43200 minutes, so that of this month is ap-
1000
proximately 43 minutes. Other months vary from this by no more that 10%, so the best
approximation given is 40 minutes,
hence (D).

22. Alternative 1
The eight numbers add to 1 + · · · + 8 = 36, so the outer 4 numbers add to 16.
Let T be the sum of the numbers on a triangle. Then 4T = 2 × 20 + 1 × 16 = 56 so T = 14.
We can fill in 11 − y and 11 − x on the square, and then the final corner of the square
is 20 − 3 − (11 − x) − (11 − y) = x + y − 5. Then the other two outer corners are
14 − (11 − y) − (x + y − 5) = 8 − x and 14 − (11 − x) − (x + y − 5) = 8 − y.

14
11 − y 3

8 − x 14 20 14 x

x+y−5 11 − x
14
8−y

Now, consider which of the numbers is 8.

If x = 8, then 8 − x = 0, which is not possible, so x 6= 8. Similarly y 6= 8.
Also if 8 − x = 8, then x = 0, which is not possible, so 8 − x 6= 8. Similarly 8 − y 6= 8.
If 11 − x = 8, then x = 3, which is already in the diagram. So 11 − x 6= 8, and similarly
11 − y 6= 8.
Consequently x + y − 5 = 8 and so x + y = 13,
hence (D).
Note: Once we have x + y − 5 = 8 and x + y = 13, either x = 6 and y = 7 or vice versa.
In either case the rest of the diagram can be completed using the formulas above.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 52
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Alternative 2
In this solution, sets of shaded circles are used to represent various totals.

1 2
3 3
=1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8 = 36 − 20
= 36 = 16

3 4
3 3 3 3
= = = 16 ÷ 2
=8
must be {1, 2, 6, 7}

5 6
3 3 3 3
= = 20 + 8 = = 28 ÷ 2
= 28 = 14

7 8
3 3 3
= = 14 − 3 must be
= 11 = 6 + 7 = 13
must be {4, 5, 6, 7}

hence (D).

23. The hexagon has two rows of 11 triangles, so each row is not a whole number of rhombuses,
and at least one rhombus must have one triangle from each row. This rhombus will be
oriented vertically.
Once there is one vertical rhombus then due to the 60◦ angles that need to be filled in
the remaining space, all remaining rhombuses can only fit in one way, with none of them
vertical. For example,

→ →

So each of the six choices of vertical rhombus lead to exactly one tiling, and there are six
tilings,
hence (A).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 53
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

24. (Also I18)

Alternative 1
Multiply all numbers by lcm(3, 4, 5, 6, 7) = 420 to make an integer version of the problem.

140 105 84 70 60

Some of these numbers will be added, and some subtracted, and the result is a positive
integer as close to 0 as possible. So the task is to separate the 5 integers into two sets
(added versus subtracted), where the totals of the two sets are as close together as possible.
To find these sets, we make the total of each set as close as possible to a target of (140 +
105 + 84 + 70 + 60) ÷ 2 = 229.5.
The number 140 will be in one of the sets. The total of the other number(s) in this set
will be close to 229.5 − 140 = 89.5. Clearly 84 is the closest single number. Also the
smallest possible choice of 2 or more numbers is 60 + 70 = 130, which is worse. So this set
is {140, 84}.
Therefore in the best solution, the two sets are {140, 84} and {105, 70, 60} with totals 224
and 235 respectively, giving this solution.

−140 + 105 − 84 + 70 + 60 = 235 − 224 = 11

Transforming this solution back to the original fraction problem gives this solution.

1 1 1 1 1 11
− + − + + =
3 4 5 6 7 420
1 1 1
This is approximately , which is between and .
40 50 20
1 21 11 1 1 11 1 11 1
Checking, = > and < < , so that < < ,
20 420 420 50 42 420 50 420 20
hence (C).

Alternative 2
As decimals, the numbers in the answers are 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 1. The shortest
interval has length 0.01, so we try to solve to 3 decimal places.
To 3 decimal places, the fractions are 0.333, 0.25, 0.2, 0.167, and 0.143. These add to
1.093, so we try to split into two subsets, each with target 1.093 ÷ 2 ≈ 0.546.
In the subset with 0.333, the remaining number(s) have target 0.546 − 0.333 = 0.213. The
closest we can get is 0.2. That is, the best total is 0.333 + 0.2 = 0.533 and this leaves
0.25 + 0.167 + 0.143 = 0.56 as the total of the other numbers.
Thus the smallest possible positive answer is (0.25 + 0.167 + 0.143) − (0.333 + 0.2) =
1 1
0.56 − 0.533 = 0.027. This answer is between 0.02 = and 0.05 = ,
50 20
hence (C).
Note: There are approximations in this solution, but they do not affect the answer. Each
fraction is within 0.0005 of the decimal approximation used. Hence the true answer is
within 5 × 0.0005 = 0.0025 of 0.027, and will still be between 0.02 and 0.05.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 54
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

25. (Also I22, S19)

Alternative 1
Start with some simple cases:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 3 × 1 + 3 × 8 + 9 = 36
2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 0 8 8 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 4 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 9 = 45
2 2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 9

Clearly this pattern continues, and we can generalise. Then the sum of all digits is 49 ×
1 + 0 + 49 × 8 + 9 = 450,
hence (D).

Alternative 2

111 . . 111} − 222

| .{z | .{z . . 111} − 111
. . 222} = |111 .{z . . 111} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
100 50 100 50 50

= |111 .{z
. . 111} 000 . . 000} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
50 50 50

. . 110} 999
= |111 .{z . . 999} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 110}
50 50 50

= |111 .{z
. . 110} 888
| .{z
. . 889}
50 50

In the digit sum of this number, we can pair the 1 + 8 terms, giving 50 × 9 = 450,
hence (D).

26. (Also UP27)

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 55
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

27. (Also I26)

Suppose the number n has digits a, b and c, so that s = a + b + c is the digit sum.
s2 = n − s
= 100a + 10b + c − (a + b + c)
= 99a + 9b
√
Then s2 is a multiple of 9, so that s is a multiple of 3. Also s ≥ 99 > 9 and s ≤ 27. So
we check s = 12, 15, 18, . . . , 27 to see whether n = s2 + s = s(s + 1) works.
s 12 15 18 21 24 27
n = s(s + 1) 156 240 342 462 600 756
X × × × × ×
Here s = 15, . . . , 27 all fail since the digit sum of n is not equal to s. The only solution is
n = 156,
hence (156).

28. (Also I27)

Consider a sign X|Y that uses exactly two different digits, and where X and Y are numbers
with X + Y = 999. There are 10 possibilities for a, the units digit of X. The units digit
of Y will be b = 9 − a, which cannot be the same as a, so the two digits on the sign must
be a and b.
The tens digit of X is either a or b, a two-way choice that also determines the tens digit
of Y . Similarly the hundreds digits of X and Y are a two-way choice.
This gives 10 × 2 × 2 = 40 cases, each of which gives exactly one possible sign. Some of
these have ‘leading zeros’ like X = 090, Y = 909. However these still give a single valid
sign such as 90|909 . So there are 40 signs that only use two digits,
hence (40).

29. Alternative 1
The multiplication is
(100X + 10Y + Z) × 18 = (1000Z + 100X + 10Y + Y )
1800X + 180Y + 18Z = 1000Z + 100X + 11Y
1700X + 169Y = 982Z
Then 169Y is even, so that Y must be even.
Since 169Y and 982Z differ by 1700X, they have the same last two digits. We list possible
values of 169Y and 982Z.
Y 2 4 6 8
169Y 338 676 1014 1352
Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
982Z 982 1964 2946 3928 4910 5892 6874 7856 8838
Only when Z = 9 and Y = 2 do the last two digits match. Then 1700X = 8838 − 338 =
8500 so that X = 5.
Consequently the multiplication is 529 × 18 = 9522 and the three-digit number XY Z is
529,
hence (529).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 56
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

Alternative 2
The multiplication gives us this equation.

18(100X + 10Y + Z) = 1000Z + 100X + 10Y + Y

1700X + 169Y − 982Z = 0

The coefficients 1700, 169 and 982 are equal or close to multiples of 170.

170(10X + Y − 6Z) − Y + 38Z = 0

Then 38Z − Y is a multiple of 170, say 38Z − Y = 170n, where n = 6Z − 10X − Y . Since
Y and Z are non-zero digits, 0 < 38Z − Y < 40 × 9 = 360 so that n = 1 or n = 2. Also
38Z > 170n.
If n = 1, then the smallest multiple of 38 greater than 170 is 5 × 38 = 190, so Z ≥ 5. Then
Y = 38Z − 170 ≥ 20, which isn’t possible if Y is a digit.
If n = 2, then the smallest multiple of 38 greater than 340 is 9 × 38 = 342. Thus
38 × 9 − 2 = 340 = 170n is a solution, where Z = 9 and Y = 2.
Then 10X = 6Z − Y − n = 54 − 2 − 2 = 50 so that X = 5.
Therefore the only solution has X = 5, Y = 2 and Z = 9,
hence (529).

Alternative 3
The units digit Y is the units digit of 8Z. Since Y 6= 0, Z 6= 5.
The tens digit Y is equal to the units digit of 8Y + Z + N , where N is the tens digit of
8Z. Tabulate all possible values of Z.

Z 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
Y , units digit of 8Z 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2
N , tens digit of 8Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
units digit of 8Y 4 8 2 6 4 8 2 6
units digit of 8Y + Z + N 5 1 7 3 4 0 6 2

The only match between Y and the units digit of 8Y + Z + N is with Z = 9.

To find X, consider the complete product

(100X + 29) × 18 = 9000 + 100X + 22

1800X + 522 = 9022 + 100X
1700X = 8500
X=5

Consequently the number XY Z is 529,

hence (529).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 57
2018 AMC
Junior Solutions

30. (Also S26)

A B C
90000000 . . . 0000000 9 9
99999999999
| {z } 00 . . . 00 99 18
11
9999
| .{z
. . 9999} 00 . . . 00 999 27
111
9999
| . . 9999} 00 . . . 00 9999 36
.{z
1111

Therefore the sum of all four possible values of C is 9 + 18 + 27 + 36 = 90,

hence (90).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 58
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

Solutions – Intermediate Division

2018 − 18 2000
1. = = 2,
1000 1000
hence (D).

2. (Also J6)
The major markings are 36, 37 and 38, so the minor markings are 0.2 units apart. Then
the arrow is 0.3 to the right of 37, so it is on 37.3,
hence (E).

3. The sum is 4 + 5 = 9 and the product is 4 × 5 = 20. Their difference is 20 − 9 = 11,

hence (D).

4. (Also S1)
The three angles at P add to 90◦ , so ∠XP Y = 90◦ − 50◦ = 40◦ ,
hence (D).

5. 350 = 7 × 50 and 50 is a multiple of 2, 5 and 25, so 350 ÷ 2, 350 ÷ 7, 350 ÷ 5 and 350 ÷ 25
are all whole numbers.
350 35 1
However, = = 17 is not a whole number,
20 2 2
hence (E).

6. (Also J12)
Alternative 1
Tabulate the letters needed.
Letter A D E N O R W
Nora 1 - - 1 1 1 -
Anne 1 - 1 2 - - -
Warren 1 - 1 1 - 2 1
Andrew 1 1 1 1 - 1 1
Needed 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

Then we need 9 letters to cover every name,

hence (B).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 59
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions
2018 2000 50 5
7. Estimating, ≈ = = 5 , which suggests slightly more than 5.5 years.
365 360 9 9
Checking, 365 × 5.5 = 2007.5 and 365 × 6 = 2190, so that 2018 days is closest to 5.5 years,
hence (C).
Note: We assumed that a year is 365 days. One or two extra leap-year days in the 5.5 and
6 years will not change this answer.

8. In the straight path, the length is the hypotenuse of right-angled triangle 4ABC. By
Pythagoras’ theorem, AC 2 = 32 + 42 = 25 and the straight path is AC = 5.
In the stepped path, the horizontal segments have total length 4 and the vertical segments
have total length 3. So the total length of the stepped path is 7.
The difference in lengths of the two paths is then 7 − 5 = 2 metres,
hence (B).

9. (Also S5)
Using the distributive law,

9 × 1.2345 − 9 × 0.1234 = 9 × (1.2345 − 0.1234) = 9 × 1.1111 = 9.9999

hence (A).

10. (Also UP18, J14, S4)

There are many subdivisions of the hexagon into equal areas that show that the shaded
2
area is of the total:
3

2 4 4 8
3 6 6 12
hence (B).

11. (Also J13, S8)

To feed 4 dogs for 1 day costs $60 ÷ 3 = $20, and then to feed 1 dog for 1 day costs
$20 ÷ 4 = $5.
To feed 7 dogs for 7 days will cost $5 × 7 × 7 = $245,
hence (C).

12. December has 31 days, which equals 4 weeks and 3 days. After 28 days, all days will have
appeared 4 times, and the remaining three days will be the 5th appearance of these days.
So these last 3 days can’t include Tuesday or Friday, which also rules out Wednesday and
Thursday. Therefore the 29th, 30th and 31st days of December that year were Saturday,
Sunday and Monday,
hence (A).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 60
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

13. (Also J18)

3 8 7 4 8 6 8 8 2
10 6 2 8 6 4 0 6 12
5 4 9 6 4 8 10 4 4

hence (D).

14. If the smallest of the integers is x, then

t = x + x + 1 + x + 2 + x + 3 = 4x + 6
t − 6 = 4x
t−6
x=
4

hence (E).

15. (Also J20)

16. (Also S12)

Since x + 3x + 200 = 360, x = 40.
Triangle 4ACD is isosceles with ∠ACD = 40◦ and ∠DAC = ∠CDA. Then 180◦ =
40◦ + 2∠DAC, so that ∠DAC = 70◦ .
Similarly in 4ABC, ∠BAC = ∠ABC = 12 (180 − 120) = 30◦ .
Hence ∠DAC : ∠BAC = 70 : 30 = 7 : 3,
hence (E).

17. The game will only last 1 or 2 tosses.

1 1 1
The probability that Zarwa wins is × = .
2 2 4
1 3
So, the probability that Allan wins is 1 − = ,
4 4
hence (E).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 61
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

18. (Also J24)

Alternative 1
Multiply all numbers by lcm(3, 4, 5, 6, 7) = 420 to make an integer version of the problem.

140 105 84 70 60

−140 + 105 − 84 + 70 + 60 = 235 − 224 = 11

Transforming this solution back to the original fraction problem gives this solution.

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 62
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

19. Label the square ABCD and the centre O.

√ 1
With all lengths in kilometres, the total length of road is 4+2 2. A B
The problem is to minimise the amount of road travelled that has
previously been visited. A route such as ABODCOADCB covers 1 O 1
all roads,
√ with only road CD travelled twice, and so has length
5 + 2 2.
D C
It is possible to rule out any shorter route by elimination, but we 1
can instead use Euler’s rules for paths in networks:
Suppose a network can be traversed by a path that uses every edge exactly once.
Label every vertex with its number of edges, then either (i) every vertex is even
or (ii) exactly two vertices are odd and all others are even. In case (ii), the odd
vertices are the start and finish of the path.
But the road network of this town, shown on the left, has 4 odd vertices. So there is no
path that uses every edge exactly once. This means that any route that covers every edge
at least once must cover some edges more than once.
3 3 3 3 4 3
A B A B A B

O 4 O 4 O 5

D C D C D C
3 3 4 4 3 3

To represent a route traversing roads more than once, add extra edges. Then the route is
an Euler path, and the network has at most 2 odd vertices. We aim to do this with as
little √
extra length as possible. The middle diagram is the network for the route of length
5 + 2 2 found above.
If one of the shorter edges is duplicated, such as in the diagram on the right, then the
graph has less overall length. However, it has 4 odd vertices so is not possible.
There are possibilities
√ where two or more√edges are duplicated, but any of these will be
longer than 5 + 2 2. Consequently 5 + 2 2 is the shortest route length,
hence (E).

20. Alternative 1 x 1
Let x and y be the lengths shown. Since the shaded area is 1
half the rectangle’s area, so is the combined area of the two y
white triangles. These have area 2 × 21 xy = xy while the y
rectangle has area (x + 1)(y + 1). Consequently
2xy = (x + 1)(y + 1) 1
1 x
xy − x − y = 1
(x − 1)(y − 1) − 1 = 1
(x − 1)(y − 1) = 2
Since x and y are positive integers, x − 1 and y − 1 are 1 and 2 in some order, so that x
and y are 2 and 3 in some order. Then x + y = 5 and the perimeter of the rectangle is
2x + 2y + 4 = 10 + 4 = 14,
hence (A).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 63
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

Alternative 2
Slide the triangles together and shade the rest of the rectangle, as 1
shown. Since the original rectangle was half shaded, so is this dia-
gram. One solution that can be observed is a 2 × 3 white rectangle
inside a 3 × 4 rectangle. We claim that this is the only possibility.
1
The white rectangle must be more than 1 high, since otherwise it
fits inside the shaded area. So the original rectangle is more than 2 high. Similarly, the
original rectangle is more than 2 wide.
Slice the shaded and white areas into the rectangles shown on the left. Since A = X, it
follows that B = Y .

X 1 X 1
2
Y A 1 A 1
B Z C D
1 1 1

Now slice areas B and Y into the rectangles shown on the right. Then C = Z, so that
D = 2. Since D has integer sides, it can only be 2 × 1.
Consequently the original rectangle is 4 × 3, with perimeter 2 × 4 + 2 × 3 = 14,
hence (A).

21. (Also S18)

We can approximate 2018 = 218 × 1018 = 28 × 210 × 1018 ≈ 200 × 103 × 1018 = 2 × 1023 ,
which has 24 digits. This indicates that 2018 has 24 digits.
More formally, 218 = 28 × 210 > 100 × 1000 = 105 and 218 = 29 × 29 < 1000 × 1000 = 106 .
Then 1023 < 2018 < 1024 and 2018 has 24 digits,
hence (A).
18
Note: 20 = 262 144 000 000 000 000 000 000

22. (Also J25, S19)

Alternative 1
Start with some simple cases:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 3 × 1 + 3 × 8 + 9 = 36
2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 0 8 8 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 4 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 9 = 45
2 2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 9

Clearly this pattern continues, and we can generalise. Then the sum of all digits is 49 ×
1 + 0 + 49 × 8 + 9 = 450,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 64
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

Alternative 2

111 . . 111} − 222

| .{z | .{z . . 111} − 111
. . 222} = |111 .{z . . 111} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
100 50 100 50 50

. . 111} 000
= |111 .{z . . 000} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
50 50 50

. . 110} 999
= |111 .{z . . 999} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 110}
50 50 50

= |111 .{z
. . 110} 888
| .{z
. . 889}
50 50

In the digit sum of this number, we can pair the 1 + 8 terms, giving 50 × 9 = 450,
hence (D).

23. Let p have digits a and b.

p2 − q 2 = (10a + b)2 − (10b + a)2

= (10a + b + 10b + a)(10a + b − 10b − a)
= 32 × 11(a + b)(a − b)

Since p2 − q 2 is a perfect square, 11(a + b)(a − b) is a perfect square, and so its prime
factorisation includes 112 . Hence either (a + b) or (a − b) is a multiple of 11.
Since a and b are digits, a − b ≤ 9, and then a − b is not a multiple of 11. Consequently
a + b is a multiple of 11, and since a + b ≤ 18, a + b = 11,
hence (C).
Note: The only solution is p = 65, q = 56.

24. Alternative 1
Let the area of 4QST be x cm2 .
Since P Q k U T , 4SP U and 4QST have the same height and their areas are proportional
120 PS PS
to their bases. So = = .
x SQ UT
Similarly, since SU k QR, 4RU T and 4QST have the same height, so their areas are
270 TR TR
proportional to their bases. So = = .
x QT SU
Due to corresponding angles, ∠QP R = ∠T U R and ∠QRP = ∠SU P , so that 4QP R,
PS SU
4SP U and 4T U R are similar. Hence = .
UT TR
120 PS SU x
Then = = = . Solving, x2 = 120 × 270 = 22 × 302 × 32 and x = 180,
x UT TR 270
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 65
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

Alternative 2
Due to the parallel lines, ∠SP U = ∠T U R and ∠SU P = ∠T RU . Hence 4SP U , 4T U R
and 4QP R are similar.
2
270 9 3 3
Now, 4T U R has = = times the area of 4SP U , so it has sides that are
120 4 2 2
3
times the sides of 4SP U . In particular T R = SU .
2
2
Due to the parallelogram SQT U , QT = SU = T R. Considering 4QT S with base QT
3
and 4T RU with base T R, these two triangles have equal altitude and bases in the ratio
2
2 : 3. Consequently the area of 4QST is × 270 = 180,
3
hence (D).

25. We rule out the possibility that the teacher’s age is a single-digit number, on the grounds
that Ann would be the same age. Hence assume that the teacher’s age is the 2-digit number
10x + y, so that Ann’s age is x + y. If y = 5 or 10x + y > 95, then in 5 years Ann’s age
would be 0, which can’t happen. In five years Ann’s age will be x + y + 5 and the teacher’s
age will be either 10x + (y + 5), if y ≤ 4, or 10(x + 1) + (y − 5), if x < 9 and y ≥ 6. The
product condition for each case gives the following equations:

Case I: y ≤ 4 Case II: y ≥ 6

x(y + 5) = x + y + 5 (x + 1)(y − 5) = x + y + 5
xy + 5x = x + y + 5 xy + y − 5x − 5 = x + y + 5
xy + 4x = y + 5 xy − 6x = 10
y+5 10
x= x=
y+4 y−6

Since we are looking for single-digit positive integer solutions for x and y, constrained by
the respective inequalities for y, it is clear that Case I has no solution and Case II only has
the solution y = 8 and x = 5. Hence one possible solution is that the teacher is currently
58 and Ann is 5+8 = 13, and in five years the teacher will be 63 and Ann will be 6×3 = 18,
as required.
Finally, we consider the possibility that the teacher’s age is a 3-digit number of the form
100 + 10x + y, on the grounds that even teachers generally do not live into their 200s, and
Ann’s age is 1 + x + y. Using the same reasoning we have the following additional cases:

Case III: y ≤ 4 Case IV: y ≥ 5

1x(y + 5) = 1 + x + y + 5 1(x + 1)(y − 5) = 1 + x + y + 5
xy + 5x = x + y + 6 xy + y − 5x − 5 = x + y + 6
xy + 4x = y + 6 xy − 6x = 11
y+6 11
x= x=
y+4 y−6

Since neither of these has single-digit positive integer solutions we can rule out the 3-digit
case,
hence (B).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 66
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

26. (Also J27)

s 12 15 18 21 24 27
n = s(s + 1) 156 240 342 462 600 756
X × × × × ×

Here s = 15, . . . , 27 all fail since the digit sum of n is not equal to s. The only solution is
n = 156,
hence (156).

27. (Also J28)

28. Write the division as a multiplication.

8(10Z + X) + Y = 100X + 10Y + Z
8X + Y + 80Z = 100X + 10Y + Z
79Z = 92X + 9Y
Modulo 9, this gives −2Z ≡ 2X, and multiplying both sides by 5 gives −Z ≡ X. Since
1 ≤ X ≤ 9, we have Z = 9 − X.
Then
79Z = 92X + 9Y
79(9 − X) = 92X + 9Y
711 = (92 + 79)X + 9Y = 171X + 9Y
79 = 19X + Y
and since X, Y and Z are in the range 1 to 9, the only solution is X = 4, Y = 3, and then
Z = 5. Checking, 435 ÷ 8 = 54r3,
hence (435).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 67
2018 AMC
Intermediate Solutions

29. Since the nth term is the median of the first 2n − 1 terms, it must equal the (2n − 1)th odd
number, which is 2(2n − 1) − 1 = 4n − 3. Hence, to satisfy the median condition for any
odd number of terms, the sequence must be

1, 5, 9, 13, . . .

It can now be verified that the median condition is also satisfied for an even number of
terms: the median of the first 2n terms is the average of the nth and (n + 1)th terms,
namely
(4n − 3) + (4(n + 1) − 3) 8n − 2
= = 2(2n) − 1
2 2
which is the (2n)th odd number as claimed.
Hence the nth term of the sequence equals 4n − 3. Solving for n to find the number of
terms less than 2018, we have

4n − 3 < 2018
4n < 2021
n < 505 14

hence (505).

30. (Also S29)

Let A be the centre of the pattern, then for each circle there
is a centre O and an isosceles triangle 4ABC as pictured. C B
Then
O
360
∠BAC =
n
1 360 180
∠ABC = ∠ACB = 180 − = 90 − A
2 n n
360
∠AOC = 2∠ABC = 180 −
n
360 1 1

Then reflex angle AOC = 180 + = + × 360. Consequently the visible arc is
n 2 n
1 1 1 1
+ of the circle and it has arc length + .
2 n 2 n
1 1 n n

The total of all visible arcs is then n + = +1 = 60. Therefore = 59 and n = 118,
2 n 2 2
hence (118).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 68
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

Solutions – Senior Division

1. (Also I4)
The three angles at P add to 90◦ , so ∠XP Y = 90◦ − 50◦ = 40◦ ,
hence (D).

2. Since 8 × 30 = 240, slightly more than 30 km per day is required,

hence (C).

3. The number is 64, so twice the number is 128,

hence (D).

4. (Also UP18, J14, I10)

There are many subdivisions of the hexagon into equal areas that show that the shaded
2
area is of the total:
3

2 4 4 8
3 6 6 12
hence (B).

5. (Also I9)
Using the distributive law,
9 × 1.2345 − 9 × 0.1234 = 9 × (1.2345 − 0.1234) = 9 × 1.1111 = 9.9999
hence (A).

6. 20 = 1 and 18 = 1 so that 20 − 18 = 0,
hence (A).

7. (Also J11)
1000% means ‘10 times’, since 1000% = 10 × 100%. So 10 times the number is 100, and
the number is 10,
hence (C).

8. (Also J13, I11)

To feed 4 dogs for 1 day costs $60 ÷ 3 = $20, and then to feed 1 dog for 1 day costs
$20 ÷ 4 = $5.
To feed 7 dogs for 7 days will cost $5 × 7 × 7 = $245,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 69
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

9. Four of the statements can be eliminated through a well-chosen example.

Suppose AM √ = M B = 1, M C = 2 and AB ⊥ M C as shown. Then C
AC = BC = 5 by Pythagoras’ theorem. This eliminates (C) and
(D).
Also AM 6= CM so that 4ACM is not isosceles. Then ∠CAM 6= √ √
5 5
∠ACM , so that (A) is false. 2
Also 2∠CAM > 2 × 45◦ = ∠CM B, so that (B) is false.
In general (E) is always true, since triangles 4AM C and 4M BC
A 1 M 1 B
have bases of the same length and identical altitude,
hence (E).

10. The difference between 1 + 2 + · · · + 100 and 101 + 102 + · · · + 200 is 100 × 100 = 10000.
Therefore 101 + 102 + · · · + 200 = 5050 + 10000 = 15050,
hence (A).

11. Alternative 1
If the edge of the triangular tile is 1 unit, then the row of tiles has perimeter 30 units. To
fit a single row, this will split 30 = 14 + 1 + 14 + 1 like this:

14
1 1
14

Then there are 28 triangles, 14 pointing up and 14 pointing down,

hence (D).

Alternative 2
There are 10 × 3 = 30 triangle edges in the perimeter.
If the row has n triangles, then there are 3n triangle edges, but some are used in a ‘join’.
The triangles are in a single row, so there are n − 1 joins, each using 2 edges. So the
perimeter is 3n − 2(n − 1) = n + 2 edges.
Solving n + 2 = 30, we deduce that 28 tiles are needed,
hence (D).

12. (Also I16)

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 70
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

13. If the number is x, then

x
4x − 330 = + 330
4
16x − 4 × 330 = x + 4 × 330
15x = 8 × 330
x = 8 × 330 ÷ 15 = 8 × 22 = 176

hence (E).

14. Subdivide the octagon with horizontal and vertical lines, and use the standard ratios of
right-isosceles triangles to find the spacing between horizontal lines.

1
√ 1
2/2

1 1

√
2/2
1
√ 1 √
Then the shaded triangle has base 1, altitude 1 + 2 and area (1 + 2),
2
hence (E).

15. Alternative 1
If the fares are p and w and the total cost is C, then

C = 6p + 7w 4C = 24p + 28w
C = 8p + 4w 3C = 24p + 12w
4C − 3C = 24p + 28w − 24p − 12w
C = 16w

That is, for cost C she can take 16 Warriors,

hence (C).

Alternative 2
From the information, swapping 2 Panthers for 3 Warriors doesn’t change the fare.
Consequently starting with 6 Panthers and 7 Warriors, she can swap 6 Panthers for 9
Warriors. On this trip she could take 16 Warriors,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 71
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions
P
16. Let P S = SQ = p and P T = T R = q.
p q
2p p
Then tan α = and tan β = .
q 2q S α T
So p q
β
2p p
tan α : tan β = : = 4 : 1, Q R
q 2q

hence (B).

17. Distinguishing between the three dice, the sample space consists of 63 = 216 equally likely
outcomes.
There are 4 possible selections of consecutive numbers: 123, 234, 345, 456. Each of these
24 1
will appear 6 times in the sample space. So the required probability is = ,
216 9
hence (B).

18. (Also I21)

19. (Also J25, I22)

Alternative 1
Start with some simple cases:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 3 × 1 + 3 × 8 + 9 = 36
2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 0 8 8 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sum of digits = 4 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 9 = 45
2 2 2 2 2 −
1 1 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 9

Clearly this pattern continues, and we can generalise. Then the sum of all digits is 49 ×
1 + 0 + 49 × 8 + 9 = 450,
hence (D).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 72
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

Alternative 2

111 . . 111} − 222

| .{z | .{z . . 111} − 111
. . 222} = |111 .{z . . 111} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
100 50 100 50 50

. . 111} 000
= |111 .{z . . 000} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 111}
50 50 50

. . 110} 999
= |111 .{z . . 999} − 111
| .{z | .{z
. . 110}
50 50 50

= |111 .{z
. . 110} 888
| .{z
. . 889}
50 50

In the digit sum of this number, we can pair the 1 + 8 terms, giving 50 × 9 = 450,
hence (D).

20. Alternative 1
Let the smaller polygon have n sides, so that the larger one will have n + 5.
The sum of the interior angles in a regular n-sided polygon is (n − 2) × 180◦ and the size
180(n − 2) ◦
of the interior angle is . Then
n
180[(n + 5) − 2] 180(n − 2)
− =1
n+5 n
180(n + 3)n − 180(n − 2)(n + 5) = n(n + 5)
180(n2 + 3n − n2 − 3n + 10) = n2 + 5n
n2 + 5n − 1800 = 0
(n − 40)(n + 45) = 0

Since n is positive, n = 40. The larger polygon has n + 5 = 45 sides,

hence (C).

Alternative 2
Let the exterior angle on the larger and smaller polygons be θ◦ and (θ + 1)◦ , respectively.
360 360
Then the polygons have and sides, respectively. Then
θ θ+1
360 360
5+ =
θ+1 θ
5θ(θ + 1) + 360θ = 360(θ + 1)
5(θ + 9)(θ − 8) = 0

360
Since θ > 0, we have θ = 8. Therefore the larger polygon has = 45 sides,
8
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 73
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions
√
21. Since n = 100 − m2 , we have 100 − m2 ≥ 0 so that m2 ≤ 100 and −10 ≤ m ≤ 10.
Also 100 − m2 is a perfect square. By checking possible values of m2 = 02 , 12 , . . . , 102 , the
possible pairs (m, n) are

(±10, 0) , (±8, 6) , (±6, 8) , (0, 10)

Therefore there are 7 possible solutions (m, n),

hence (C).

22. The tetrahedron can be made by slicing 4 triangular pyramids off the cube. Each of these
4
triangular pyramids has base area 2, height 2 and volume .
3
4 8
The volume of the tetrahedron is then 8 − 4 × = ,
3 3
hence (A).

√ √
23. The diagonal of the rectangle is 122 + 52 = 169 = 13 cm.

D C

P
r 13
5 r
O
r
A B
12

To find the radius of the circle, note that the area of 4ADB is 30, which is also equal to
12r 5r 13r
the combined areas of 4AOB, 4DOA, and 4BOD, which is + + = 15r. Thus
2 2 2
r = 2.
We can then subdivide the rectangle horizontally and vertically:

D C
2
P
1
O
2
A B
2 8 2
√ √
Then by Pythagoras’ theorem, OP = 82 + 12 = 65,
hence (C).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 74
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions
√ 1
24. Express each · as (·) 2 , then
1 1 1 x
(· · · ((28 ) 2 ) 2 · · · ) 2 = 28
| {z }
60
8 ( 1 )60 23x
2 2 =2
60
1
8 = 23x
2
2−57 = 23x
x = −19

hence (B).

25. Alternative 1
B
Label the original triangle and the first two smaller
triangles as shown. Note that all the triangles are
similar, since they have a right angle and a common D
acute angle. We first find the fraction of trapezium
BDCE that is shaded.
Similar triangles 4ABC, 4CBD, 4DCE demon-
DE AC 4
strate that = = . So the area of 4DCE
DC AB 5
4 2 16 A
is = times the area of 4CBD. That is, C E
5 25
16
4DCE is of the area of trapezium BDCE.
41
The same ratio applies to the trapezium formed by any pair where the white triangle is the
larger of the two. Furthermore 4ABC is comprised of the sequence of such trapeziums.
16
Consequently the shaded area overall is of the area of 4ABC. That is, the shaded area
41
is
16 96
×6=
41 41
hence (E).

Alternative 2
Suppose x is the area shaded, so that 6 − x is unshaded.
The leftmost unshaded triangle is similar to the whole triangle (area 6) but with hypotenuse
2
3 54
3 instead of 5. So the area of the leftmost triangle is 6= .
25 5
54 96
Removing the leftmost triangle leaves a figure with area 6 − = with x shaded and
25 25
96
− x unshaded. This figure is similar to the original, except that the shading is reversed.
25
Consequently the ratio of unshaded to shaded in the original triangle is equal to the ratio

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 75
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

of shaded to unshaded once the leftmost triangle is removed:

6−x x
= 96
x −x
25
96
x2 = (6 − x)( − x)
25
25x2 = (6 − x)(96 − 25x) = 25x2 − 246x + 576
576 96
x= =
246 41

hence (E).

Alternative 3
In the infinite sequence of triangles (white, shaded, white, . . . ) each triangle is similar
16
to the 3:4:5 triangle. By comparing sides, we deduce that each is r = the area of the
25
previous one. That is, the areas form a geometric series:
a
6 = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + · · · =
1−r
For a general geometric series S = a+ar +ar2 +ar3 +ar4 +· · · , consider the even exponent
and odd exponent terms separately:
A = a + ar2 + ar4 + · · · and B = ar + ar3 + ar5 + · · ·
1 r
Then B = rA and A + B = S. Therefore A = S and B = S.
1+r 1+r
In the current problem, the shaded triangles are represented by the series B above, so with
16
S = 6, r = we have
25
16
r 96
B= S = 25
41
·6=
1+r 41
25
hence (E).

26. (Also J30)

A number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. Thus, B
and C are divisible by 9.
Since A is a 2018-digit number, B < 2018 × 9 6 19999. Hence C 6 1 + 4 × 9 = 37, and C
is one of 9, 18, 27 and 36.
Each one of these 4 values of C is possible, as shown in the table below.
A B C
90000000 . . . 0000000 9 9
99999999999
| {z } 00 . . . 00 99 18
11
9999
| .{z
. . 9999} 00 . . . 00 999 27
111
9999
| .{z
. . 9999} 00 . . . 00 9999 36
1111

Therefore the sum of all four possible values of C is 9 + 18 + 27 + 36 = 90,

hence (90).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 76
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions
120
27. The area of ABCD is (100 + 150) = 15000, so each small quadrilateral has area 3750.
2
Let the sides’ midpoints be E, F, G, H as shown and let
R be the foot of the perpendicular from Q to AD. A 50 E 50 B
The trapezium AEGD and the pentagon AEQGD are
60
both half the area of ABCD—the trapezium because it
P
has half the base and top of ABCD and the same al- H F
titude, and the pentagon because it is 2 of the 4 equal R Q
quadrilaterals.
This can only occur if EQG is a straight line as shown.
D 75 G 75 C
Let P be the midpoint of EG. Then AEP H is a trapez-
125 60
ium with AE = 50, AH = 60 and HP = = 62.5, so AEP H has area (50 + 62.5) =
2 2
3375. Consequently 4HP Q has area 3750 − 3375 = 375.
Let h = HR, the altitude of 4HP Q, then

1 125
375 = h =⇒ h = 12
2 2
25
Then AR = 60 + 12 = 72 and RQ = 50 + 72 × = 65. By Pythagoras’ theorem,
√ √ 120
AQ = 652 + 722 = 9409.
For AQ to be an integer, the last digit of AQ will be 3 or 7. Also AQ2 ≈ 10000 =⇒
AQ ≈ 100, which suggests that AQ = 97.
Checking, 972 = (100 − 3)2 = 10000 − 600 + 9 = 9409 so that AQ = 97,
hence (97).

28. Alternative 1
There are 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720 ways to arrange the six shoes in a row, if we
ignore the fact that we want each pair to appear in the correct order. In half of these
configurations, the blue shoes will be in the correct order. In half of these configurations
again, the red shoes will be in the correct order. And in half of these configurations again,
the white shoes will be in the correct order. Therefore, the number of ways to do this is
720 × 21 × 12 × 12 = 90,
hence (90).

Alternative 2
Start with the two blue shoes in a row BL and BR .
Next place the red shoes RL and RR to make a row of 4 shoes, two of which are red. There
4

are 2 = 6 ways of doing this.
Finally place the two white shoes WL and WR , which can be done in 62 = 15 ways.

Therefore the number of ways of placing the shoes is 6 × 15 = 90,

hence (90).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 77
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

29. (Also I30)

30. Consider the number 1 in the top-left cell of the n × n grid. After one shuffle it has moved
one cell to the right and one cell down. Similarly, after a second shuffle it has moved a
further cell to the right and down. This continues until it reaches the bottom-right cell
after n − 1 shuffles in total. The next shuffle sends it to the cell below the top-left cell.
The next n − 2 shuffles continue to move it right and down until it reaches the bottom row
immediately to the left of the bottom-right cell. The next shuffle sends the number 1 back
to top-left cell.
Hence it takes
(n − 1) + 1 + (n − 2) + 1 = 2n − 1
shuffles for the number 1 to be returned to its original position, as illustrated in the path
on the left. Every other number that starts on this path will also follow the same cycle,
so they too will return to their starting positions after 2n − 1 shuffles.

1 2

path of 1 after each shuffle path of 2 after each shuffle

Similarly, the path taken by the number 2 can be traced as illustrated on the right. After
n − 2 shuffles it reaches the final column, immediately above the bottom-right cell. The
next shuffle sends it immediately back to its starting position, via the bottom-left cell.
Hence it takes
(n − 2) + 1 = n − 1

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 78
2018 AMC
Senior Solutions

shuffles for the number 2 to return to its original position. Again this applies to every
number that starts on this path. A similar analysis shows that all other numbers in the
grid will also take n − 1 shuffles to be returned.
Therefore lcm(2n − 1, n − 1) shuffles are required to return all of the numbers in the grid
to their original position. Since 2n − 1 and n − 1 have no common factors, other than 1,
the number of shuffles is in fact given by S = (2n − 1)(n − 1).
To find when S first exceeds 20000, it is convenient to approximate it by the simpler
expression 2n2 . Hence

2n2 ≈ 20000
n2 ≈ 10000
n ≈ 100

If n = 100 then S = 199 × 99 < 20000. If n = 101 then S = 201 × 100 = 20100,
hence (101).

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 79
2018 AMC
Answers

Answers
Middle Upper
Question Junior Intermediate Senior
Primary Primary

1 C D C D D
2 E E E E C
3 A D B D D
4 B A A D B
5 D E E E A
6 D D E B A
7 A D E C C
8 E C C B C
9 D B E A E
10 A B C B A
11 D C C C D
12 B A B A E
13 E A C D E
14 B C B E E
15 A E B A C
16 C C D E B
17 B C B E B
18 A B D C A
19 C B A E D
20 C A A A C
21 D A D A C
22 B E D D A
23 D E A C C
24 E D C D B
25 D D D B E
26 16 918 321 156 90
27 561 321 156 40 97
28 936 509 40 435 90
29 918 252 529 505 118
30 509 693 90 118 101

c Australian Mathematics Trust www.amt.edu.au 80
Australian Mathematics Trust
COMPETITION ENQUIRIES:
Tel: 02 6201 5136
Fax: 02 6201 5052
Email: [email protected]

POSTAL ADDRESS:
Australian Mathematics Competition
Australian Mathematics Trust
M 170 Haydon Drive
A u s t r a l i a n M a t h e ma t i c s T r u s t Bruce ACT 2617
AUSTRALIA
A
T
Web: www.amt.edu.au

2024 AMC Paper Junior
67% (3)
2024 AMC Paper Junior
6 pages
Skills in Englush Grade 9
No ratings yet
Skills in Englush Grade 9
34 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Practice Questions and Solutions - Upper Primary
100% (2)
Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Practice Questions and Solutions - Upper Primary
3 pages
2022 AMC Solutions
100% (1)
2022 AMC Solutions
80 pages
2022 Amc Booklet
No ratings yet
2022 Amc Booklet
85 pages
AMC 2015 Intermediate
50% (2)
AMC 2015 Intermediate
7 pages
AMC 2014 Solutions
No ratings yet
AMC 2014 Solutions
74 pages
2022 AMC Solutions
100% (10)
2022 AMC Solutions
42 pages
Junior 2017-2021 Past Papers
75% (4)
Junior 2017-2021 Past Papers
42 pages
2021 AMC Solutions For All Divisions
67% (9)
2021 AMC Solutions For All Divisions
84 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition 2020 Solutions
100% (9)
Australian Mathematics Competition 2020 Solutions
88 pages
2021 Amc Solutions Booklet
No ratings yet
2021 Amc Solutions Booklet
85 pages
Problem Solving Via The Amc Amtt Com Au
No ratings yet
Problem Solving Via The Amc Amtt Com Au
13 pages
2018 Junior Solutions
No ratings yet
2018 Junior Solutions
85 pages
Mathematics Contests The Australian
100% (2)
Mathematics Contests The Australian
68 pages
Group 2 1
0% (1)
Group 2 1
29 pages
Unit 1 - Lesson 3.1 - Vocab & Listening - Page 12
No ratings yet
Unit 1 - Lesson 3.1 - Vocab & Listening - Page 12
25 pages
Entrance Exam Guide To The Crmef
No ratings yet
Entrance Exam Guide To The Crmef
10 pages
AMC 2018 - Junior
No ratings yet
AMC 2018 - Junior
18 pages
Amc Book 1 2018 Secure
100% (6)
Amc Book 1 2018 Secure
275 pages
Amc Solutions Book 2016
No ratings yet
Amc Solutions Book 2016
77 pages
2023 AMC Answer
83% (6)
2023 AMC Answer
1 page
Problem Solving Via The AMC: WJ Atknis
14% (7)
Problem Solving Via The AMC: WJ Atknis
20 pages
School Magazine 2021 22 1
No ratings yet
School Magazine 2021 22 1
56 pages
2007 AMC Junior Q and A
100% (3)
2007 AMC Junior Q and A
8 pages
2019 AMC Answers
70% (10)
2019 AMC Answers
1 page
2022 AMC Paper UP OMR
75% (4)
2022 AMC Paper UP OMR
12 pages
2023 AMC Upper Primary
73% (11)
2023 AMC Upper Primary
9 pages
2018 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Juniors Years 7 and 8 - Solutions
No ratings yet
2018 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Juniors Years 7 and 8 - Solutions
11 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition (AMC) Performance Report
No ratings yet
Australian Mathematics Competition (AMC) Performance Report
51 pages
J 2022 AMC Juniors
No ratings yet
J 2022 AMC Juniors
9 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition: Book 2
73% (11)
Australian Mathematics Competition: Book 2
8 pages
AMC Middle Primary 2008
100% (1)
AMC Middle Primary 2008
10 pages
Teaching Innovation Currency in Discipline
No ratings yet
Teaching Innovation Currency in Discipline
5 pages
2023 AMC Middle Primary
100% (3)
2023 AMC Middle Primary
10 pages
Individual Performance Commitment and Review Form
No ratings yet
Individual Performance Commitment and Review Form
7 pages
2021 Amc Solutions Booklet
No ratings yet
2021 Amc Solutions Booklet
85 pages
D. Idealism: Professional Education With Rationalization
No ratings yet
D. Idealism: Professional Education With Rationalization
15 pages
2023 AMC Junior
57% (7)
2023 AMC Junior
8 pages
2018 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Upper Primary Years 5 - 6 and 7 - Questions
100% (1)
2018 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Upper Primary Years 5 - 6 and 7 - Questions
7 pages
Cask of Amontillado
No ratings yet
Cask of Amontillado
6 pages
2023 Amc Solutions SNR
100% (1)
2023 Amc Solutions SNR
24 pages
Wish N Hope
No ratings yet
Wish N Hope
7 pages
Mapeh3 WK3 Q3 - Slogan and Logo Making
No ratings yet
Mapeh3 WK3 Q3 - Slogan and Logo Making
4 pages
Amc 2022 Jun Sol
100% (1)
Amc 2022 Jun Sol
18 pages
2016 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Answers
No ratings yet
2016 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Answers
1 page
MP Solutions 2017
No ratings yet
MP Solutions 2017
5 pages
2022 AMC Paper INT OMR
No ratings yet
2022 AMC Paper INT OMR
8 pages
2023 AMC Intermediate
83% (6)
2023 AMC Intermediate
7 pages
Tuckman's Five Stage Theory of Group Development
No ratings yet
Tuckman's Five Stage Theory of Group Development
2 pages
2020 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Juniors Years 7 and 8
No ratings yet
2020 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Juniors Years 7 and 8
8 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition 2017 - Junior
No ratings yet
Australian Mathematics Competition 2017 - Junior
7 pages
Bar Council of India
100% (3)
Bar Council of India
17 pages
9709 w17 Ms 11
No ratings yet
9709 w17 Ms 11
14 pages
2021 Amc Junior W So Lns
67% (3)
2021 Amc Junior W So Lns
15 pages
ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO 10 HÀ NỘI. QUẬN ĐỐNG ĐA 2022 cô Thu Oanh
No ratings yet
ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO 10 HÀ NỘI. QUẬN ĐỐNG ĐA 2022 cô Thu Oanh
5 pages
Now Hiring: Account Specialists
No ratings yet
Now Hiring: Account Specialists
2 pages
2021 AMC Upper Primary
67% (3)
2021 AMC Upper Primary
12 pages
Cheryl F. Fischer: Supervision of Instruction
No ratings yet
Cheryl F. Fischer: Supervision of Instruction
18 pages
Australian Mathematics Competition 2017 - UPPER PRIMARY
100% (1)
Australian Mathematics Competition 2017 - UPPER PRIMARY
9 pages
DLL - English 3 - Q4 - W4
No ratings yet
DLL - English 3 - Q4 - W4
4 pages
(A Statutory Body Under West Bengal Act XXVI of 2013) Karigori Bhavan, 5 Floor, Plot-B/7, Action Area-III, Newtown, Rajarhat, Kolkata-700160
No ratings yet
(A Statutory Body Under West Bengal Act XXVI of 2013) Karigori Bhavan, 5 Floor, Plot-B/7, Action Area-III, Newtown, Rajarhat, Kolkata-700160
6 pages
2013 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Junior - 220831 - 073952
100% (2)
2013 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Junior - 220831 - 073952
9 pages
AMC Answer Key 2010 PDF
100% (1)
AMC Answer Key 2010 PDF
1 page
2018 Amc
100% (3)
2018 Amc
85 pages
2020 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Upper Primary Years 5 - 6 and 7
50% (2)
2020 Australian Mathematics Competition AMC Upper Primary Years 5 - 6 and 7
12 pages
AMC 2015 Intermediate Soln
No ratings yet
AMC 2015 Intermediate Soln
9 pages
Metacognicion
No ratings yet
Metacognicion
6 pages
Contemporary English 8: Week 7 Stephen Hefford
No ratings yet
Contemporary English 8: Week 7 Stephen Hefford
6 pages
2014 Questions & Solutions
No ratings yet
2014 Questions & Solutions
44 pages
2012 AMC Junior Years 7 and 8 Questions Australian Mathematics Competition
No ratings yet
2012 AMC Junior Years 7 and 8 Questions Australian Mathematics Competition
8 pages
FBT School of English Prospectus Birmingham Feb 2011
No ratings yet
FBT School of English Prospectus Birmingham Feb 2011
12 pages
AMC Junior Division 2008 Paper
100% (4)
AMC Junior Division 2008 Paper
7 pages
Đề Thi Cấp Độ 1 (2019) PDF
No ratings yet
Đề Thi Cấp Độ 1 (2019) PDF
8 pages
Grade 6-Physical Education-Target Games Lesson
100% (1)
Grade 6-Physical Education-Target Games Lesson
9 pages
AMC Solutions Book 2016
82% (17)
AMC Solutions Book 2016
77 pages
2007 AMC Answer
50% (2)
2007 AMC Answer
2 pages
2023 AMC Senior
100% (2)
2023 AMC Senior
7 pages
Контрольна ІІ Сем 9 Кл
No ratings yet
Контрольна ІІ Сем 9 Кл
5 pages
Kenneth Gaburo
No ratings yet
Kenneth Gaburo
2 pages
Questions - Intermediate Division
100% (2)
Questions - Intermediate Division
17 pages
Other Geological Hazards
100% (1)
Other Geological Hazards
3 pages
AMC 2007 Upper Primary 7
100% (6)
AMC 2007 Upper Primary 7
11 pages
Naming Basic 2D Shapes
No ratings yet
Naming Basic 2D Shapes
2 pages
Animation Courses in Uttar Pradesh
No ratings yet
Animation Courses in Uttar Pradesh
3 pages
Principal As A Leader
No ratings yet
Principal As A Leader
7 pages
AMC 2009 Answers
100% (4)
AMC 2009 Answers
1 page
Department of Education: Answer Sheets
No ratings yet
Department of Education: Answer Sheets
4 pages
Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
No ratings yet
Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
4 pages
Amc2014 Junior
No ratings yet
Amc2014 Junior
7 pages
How Much or How Many Homework
No ratings yet
How Much or How Many Homework
1 page
How Much or How Many Activity
No ratings yet
How Much or How Many Activity
1 page
Written Assignment Rubric
No ratings yet
Written Assignment Rubric
1 page
Junior Maths Olympiad: 50 problems with detailed correction Vol. 1: 50 Problems ( with detailed correction), #67
From Everand
Junior Maths Olympiad: 50 problems with detailed correction Vol. 1: 50 Problems ( with detailed correction), #67
Math's up
No ratings yet