CHAPTER 5
-Part 2-
Applications in
Linear and Angular
Kinematics
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Angular motion - rotation around an axis
• most volitional human movement involves
rotation of one or more body segments
around the joints at which they articulate
• Translation of the body as a whole during gait
occurs by virtue of rotational motions taking
place at the hip, knee, and ankle around
imaginary mediolateral axes of rotation
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Angular motion - rotation around an axis
• During the performance of jumping jacks,
both the arms and the legs rotate around
imaginary anteroposterior axes passing
through the shoulder and hip joints
• The angular motion of sport implements such
as golf clubs, baseball bats, and hockey sticks,
as well as household and garden tools, is also
often of interest
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Angular motion - rotation around an axis
Anterior-posterior
axis
Medio-lateral
axis
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Analysis
• Observation on timing and ROM of joint
actions inferences on coordination of muscle
activity producing the joint actions and forces
resulting joints actions
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Analysis – Kicking in soccer
Observing the Angular Kinematics of
Human Movement
Analysis – Kicking in soccer
• Stage 1 – small ROM of hip flexion (no
other motion)
• Stage 2 – knee extension is
coordinated with hip flexion, arms
abducted for balancing
• Stage 3 - increase hip flexion and knee
extension, elbow flexion etc for balancing
Measuring Angles
What is angle?
• composed of two sides that intersect at
a vertex
• equipment – protractor, goniometer,
software
Measuring Angles
How to measure angle?
Measuring Angles
How to measure angle?
Measuring Angles
Relative VS Absolute angle
Relative angle Absolute angle
✔ angle at a joint formed ✔ angular orientation
between the longitudinal axes of a body segment
of adjacent body segments
with respect to a
✔ AKA joint angle fixed line of
✔ the straight, fully extended reference
position at
✔ a joint is regarded as zero ✔ reference lines are
degrees usually vertical or
horizontal
Measuring Angles
Relative VS Absolute angle
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is angular displacement?
• change in angular position
• the directed angular distance from initial to
final angular position
• the vector equivalent of angular distance
• measured in units of degrees, radians,
or rotations
Angular Kinematic Quantities
Angular displacement VS. Angular distance
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is a radian?
The size of the angle subtended at the center of
a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius
of the circle.
1 radian = 57.3°
* One complete circle is
equal to 2 pie radians, or
360°
Angular Kinematic Quantities
Relationship between degrees, radians, and
revolutions
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is angular speed?
• defined as the angular distance covered divided by the time
interval over which the motion occurred:
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is angular velocity?
• Defined as the rate of change in angular position
Units of angular speed and
angular
velocity are degrees per
Or
second (deg/s), radians per
second (rad/s), revolutions per
second (rev/s), and revolutions
per minute (rpm)
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is angular velocity?
• Sports – moving the body segments at a high rate of
angular velocity (skilled performer)
•Novice to skilled performer
changes of angular velocities through stages
Angular Kinematic Quantities
What is angular acceleration?
• Defined as the rate of change in angular velocity
or
Angular Kinematic Quantities
Angular acceleration?
• like linear acceleration
• maybe positive or negative or zero
• Human movement rarely involves constant velocity
or acceleration
Sample Problem 11.1
(Page 368)
Relationship Between Linear &
Angular Motion
What is the relationship between linear and angular
displacement?
The greater the radius between a given point on a
rotating body and the axis of rotation, the greater
the linear distance traveled by that point during an
angular motion.
Relationship Between Linear &
Angular Motion
The larger the
radius of rotation
(r), the greater the
linear distance (s)
traveled by a point
on a rotating body
Relationship Between Linear &
Angular Motion
What is the relationship between linear and angular
velocity?
Since velocity is displacement over time, linear and
angular velocity are related by the same factor that
relates displacement: the radius of rotation (r).
• Use widely in batting
• The greater the angular velocity of a baseball bat,
the farther a struck ball will travel
Sample Problem 11.2
(Page 347)
Relationship Between Linear &
Angular Motion
Relationship between linear and angular acceleration
What is tangential acceleration?
• component of acceleration of angular motion
directed along a tangent to the path of motion
• represents change in linear speed
Relationship Between Linear &
Angular Motion
Relationship between linear and angular acceleration
What is radial acceleration?
• component of acceleration of angular motion
directed toward the center of curvature
• represents change in direction
Sample Problem 11.3
(Page 375)
END OF CHAPTER 5
