STRUCTURE LABORATORY

Course Code BFC 31901

Department Civil Engineering

Title Plastic Analysis

Group Members 1. Muhammad Hazwan Syafiq Bin Mohd Salleh

(AF180121)
2. Nur Nadira Binti Norazman (CF190096)
3. Qurratul Baiti Binti Noorasmadi (CF190114)
4. Rabiyatuadaviah Binti Mohamed (CF190115)
Section 12 (Group 4)

Lecture Name Ts. Dr. Sharifah Salwa Binti Mohd Zuki

Submission Date 25 April 2021

1.0 OBJECTIVE

1.1 To find the form factor.

1.2 To investigate the load deflection relationship for a beam to the point plastic
collapse

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

2.1 Able to apply the structural knowledge in practical application

2.2 To improve the technical efficiency though the laboratory
2.3 Able to communicate effectively in teamwork
2.4 Able to recognize the problem, solving and getting the solution through
experimental work

3.0 INTRODUCTION

During the design process for beams it is unreasonable for one to assume that
no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that allowable for the
working material. However, it can be found that a beam will withstand much larger
forces before collapse than predicted by simple elastic theory.
According to the study, as the stress increased, the plasticity extended inwards
until an entire cross section of the structure reached the yield point. The steel reaches
its highest possible moment potential, known as the plastic moment, Mp, at the yield
point. After the first hinge has developed, the construction of the hinge causes
redistribution, allowing the structure to bear more loads.
At the next most crucial point, the second plastic hinge forms. When the tension
is increased further, the bending moments at the section of the two plastic hinges
remain constant at their plastic moments and continue to increase until the third plastic
hinge forms. The process of forming successive plastic hinges continues until the
structure collapses.
The aim of plastic analysis is to determine the ultimate load or collapse load.
Plastic analysis considers the action of a system in its plastic limit prior to collapse.
4.0 THEORY

When a beam is bend around the neutral axis, the stress through the beam section varies
with the distance from the neutral axis, from the greatest at the extreme fibres
(𝒚 = maximum) to zero at neutral axis (𝒚= 𝟎).

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build
up through the section to a maximum at the extreme fibres. This means that although
the outer parts of the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the
inner parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load.
If the bending moment continues to increase, the plastic portion will move
further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the partially plastic
condition. The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although with an
increasing rate of deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral axis
(See diagram below).
 Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam and the beam will be “fully”
plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be unable to resist any further bending moment (shown
below)

The ratio of the “fully” plastic bending moment to the “just” plastic moment is called
FORM FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the shape of the beam and
Not on the size, material or fixing condition.

For cantilever beam,

4𝑊𝐿
Yield Stress, 𝜎𝑦 =
𝑏𝑑

𝜎𝑦 = Yield stress

𝑊 = The collapse load of the beam

𝐿 = Length of the beam

𝑏 = Width of the beam

𝑑 = Depth of the beam

For the simply supported beam,

𝑊𝐿
Maximum bending moment, 𝑀𝑝 = 4

𝜎𝑦 𝑙
Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre, 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑦

𝐼 = Second moment of area

𝑦 = Distance from extreme fibre to neutral axis

Experimental form factor =𝑴𝒑 /𝑴𝒚 where the text book values is 1.5
5.0 Apparatus

Figure Name of Apparatus

- Steel beam
- Vernier Caliper

-Digital Force Display

-Deflection reading
6.0 Procedure

1. The specimen beam was taken, and the cross section were measured using the steel
ruler, and then the second moment of area for the specimen were calculated.
2. The clamp plates were ensuring removed and the specimen beam placed were
across the chucks of the unit.
3. The roller mechanism was push outwards to its stop.
4. The pin was put through the load cell fork and winded the load cell down until the
pin just touches the specimen beam zero, both the load cell and the indicator.
5. Wind the load cell down to cause a measured deflection of 3mm and reading of the
force were taking required
6. Continue to wind the load cell down in 3mm step until there is no or very little
increase in load for each increment of defection.

7.0 Result

Simply Supported Beam ( L = 860 mm, b = 8mm, d = 8mm )

Deflection (mm) Force (N)

0 0
3 23
6 57
9 80
12 103
15 120
18 148
21 171
24 194
27 207
30 223
33 227
36 227
8.0 Discussion

1) Plot the graph Force vs Deflection and from your result comment on the shape
of the resulting graph.

Force Vs Deflection
250

200
Force (N)

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Deflection (mm)

The Force versus Deflection graph above shows that the graph is slowly
increasing. As the value of force increases, so does the value of deflection. The
maximum load, according to the graph, is 227N when the deflection exceeds
36mm. The more high-load experiments performed, the more likely the beam
would collapse. In general, increasing the deflection may result in more forces on
the beam.

2) From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the equation given calculate
the plastic moment (Mp).

The maximum deflection is 36 mm when the force exceeds to 227 N

𝑊𝐿
𝑀𝑝 =
4

(227)(860)
=
4

= 48.8 x 103 N/mm

 4𝑀𝑃
𝑊𝑀 =
𝐿

4(48.8 𝑋 103)
=
860

= 227 N (collapse load)

3) Using yield stress of 325Mpa, calculate the bending moment (My) that caused
yielding of the extreme fibres.

Yield stress, 𝜎𝑦 = 325 Mpa

= 325 N/mm2

𝑏𝑑3
Second moment of area for the specimen, I =
𝐼

(8𝑚𝑚)(8𝑚𝑚)3
=
12

= 341.33 mm4

𝜎𝑦 𝑙
Bending Moment, 𝑀𝑦 =
𝑦

𝑁
(325 )(341.33𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑚𝑚2
=
4𝑚𝑚

= 27733.06 Nmm
= 27.73 Nm
 4) Calculate the form factor (𝑴𝒑⁄𝑴𝒚). Compare to the text book value.

𝑀𝑝
From Factor =
𝑀𝑦

48.8 𝑥 103
=
27733.06

= 1.759
Compare to the text book value, the form factor is 1.759 > 1.5.

5) Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available strength due to the
plastic beam theory when designing structures.

The advantages of considering the extra available strength when designing the
structures are to determine the collapse load or the ultimate load. Next, it also
provides more safety for the structure. Moreover, it can reduce the risk from failure
due to additional load or error calculation. And then, it can prevent the structures
from collapse. Lastly, it can increase the stability of the structures.

9.0 Conclusion

We will be able to learn about the relationship of load deflection to the plastic
collect by conducting this experiment, and we will be able to examine the point of the
beam that could collapse. In a plastic analysis, we can also conclude that the strain
distribution is linear about the neutral axis and the stress distribution is nonlinear and
depends on the material of the beam.
We may also learn about the benefits of considering extra strength when
constructing structures that assess the failure load or the ultimate load. It may also
provide additional structural protection and reduce the risk of failure due to additional
load or measurement error. Beside that it can prevent the structure from being collapse
and it is also to increase the stability of the structure.
 Based on the results, we can infer that the experimental value differs slightly
from the theoretical value. It is due to errors that occurred during the experiment
period, such as the condition of the beam, wind, which makes it difficult to obtain
precise data, and the material used in this experiment, such as the specimen beam.

10.0 References

Department of Structure and Material Engineering (2008), Structural

Analysis

R.C Hibbeler, (2006), Structural Analysis, (Sixth Edition in Unit

SI),PEARSONEducation.

Berman, Jeffrey, and Michel Bruneau. "Plastic analysis and design of steel plate
shear walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 129.11 (2003): 1448-1456.