Response of Crop Density and Variety on Growth and Productivity of Spring Maize in Dang,

Nepal

Principal researcher: Mr. Rupak Karn

Mobile no: +977-9865424195
E-mail: [email protected]
Responsible Institution: Agriculture and Forestry University
Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Major Advisor: Professor Dr.Shrawan Kr Sah

Department of Agronomy
Agriculture and Forestry University
Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Site Supervisor: Mr. Mahesh Regmi

Senior Agriculture Officer
Super Zone Implementation Unit
Lamahi, Dang,Nepal.

Site of Study: Lamahi Municipality, Dang

Duration of Study: 6 months (Poush 2075 – Jestha 2075)
Total budget: Rs.40150
Contents
1.Introduction............................................................................................................................................4
1.1) Background Information.................................................................................................................4
1.2) Statement of Problems...................................................................................................................6
1.3) Rationale Of The Study..................................................................................................................6
1.4) Objectives.......................................................................................................................................7
General...............................................................................................................................................7
2) Literature Review..................................................................................................................................7
2.1.) Literature Review..........................................................................................................................7
2.1.1.) Effect Of Variety....................................................................................................................8
2.1.2.) Effect of plant density............................................................................................................8
2.1.2.) Effect Of Spacing....................................................................................................................8
3)Methodology..........................................................................................................................................9
3.1.) Site Selection:...............................................................................................................................9
3.2.) Experimental Setup........................................................................................................................9
4) OBSERVATIONS TO BE TAKEN...................................................................................................10
4.1.) Weather data during the crop season...........................................................................................10
4.2.) Soil sampling and analysis of initial fertility status of soil...........................................................10
4.3.) Phenological Observation:...........................................................................................................10
4.3.1. Emergence:............................................................................................................................10
4.3.2. Plant population/m2:...............................................................................................................10
4.3.3. Days of tasseling:...................................................................................................................10
4.3.4. Days of silking:......................................................................................................................11
4.3.5. Days of physiological maturity:.............................................................................................11
4.4. Biometric observation...................................................................................................................11
4.4.1. Number of Leaf:.....................................................................................................................11
4.4.2. Leaf area index (LAI):............................................................................................................11
4.4.3. Plant height:...........................................................................................................................11
4.4.4. Dry matter accumulation:.......................................................................................................11
4.5.) Yield attributing characters..........................................................................................................11
4.5.1. Number of harvested ears:......................................................................................................11
4.5.2. Ear length and circumference:................................................................................................11
4.5.3. Number of kernels per ear:.....................................................................................................11
4.5.4. Thousand Grain Weight (TGW) or Test weight:....................................................................11
 4.5.5. Shelling percentage:...............................................................................................................12
4.5.6. Grain moisture content (%):...................................................................................................12
4.5.7. Grain yield:............................................................................................................................12
4.5.8. Stover yield:...........................................................................................................................12
4.5.9. Harvest index and grain:stover ratio:......................................................................................12
4.6.) Economic analysis:......................................................................................................................12
4.6.1. Cost of cultivation:.................................................................................................................12
4.6.2. Gross return:...........................................................................................................................12
4.6.3. Net return...............................................................................................................................12
4.6.4. B: C ratio: It will be calculated by following formula............................................................13
5) Expected Outcomes.............................................................................................................................13
6) Work Schedule....................................................................................................................................13
7) Budget Summary.................................................................................................................................13
8)References............................................................................................................................................14
Acronyms and Abbreviation

DADO: - District Agriculture Development Office

PM_AMP Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project
MoF Ministry of Finance
ADS Agriculture Development Strategy
APP Agriculture Perspective Plan
NMRP National Maize Research Program
MoAC Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives
VDC Village Development Committe
Kg: - Kilogram
Qt; -- Quintal
mt/t:- Metric Ton
MoAD: - Ministry of Agriculture Development
Rs; - Nepalese Rupees
CBS: Central Bureau of Statistics
VDC Village Development Commitee
FY Fiscal Year
NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Council
LEE Learning for Entrepreneurial Experience
Ha Hectare
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
NRs Nepali Rupees
MS-Excel Microsoft Excel
FGD: Focus Group Discussion
KIS: Key Informant Survey
NSCoA: National Sample Census of Agriculture
NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Council
CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
NFEA National Feed Establishment Association
1.Introduction
1.1) Background Information
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the world’s widely grown cereal and primary staple food in many developing
countries. ). Maize is the second most important crop in Nepalese agriculture after rice in terms of area.
The total maize production and yield of maize have been reported 2231517 t and 2.50 t/ha; 53043 t. and
2.3 t/ha in Nepal and Dang respectively (MOAD, 2017). Maize occupies about 28.15% of the total
cultivated agricultural land and shares about 24.83% of the total cereal production in Nepal. It shares
about 6.88% to Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (MOAC, 2006/07). The proportion of maize area
consists of 70% in mid hills followed by 22% in Terai and 8% in high hills (Pathik, 2002). Per capita
maize consumption in Nepal was 98 g/person/day (Ranum et al., 2014). Therefore, total quantity of
maize requirement for food per year is around 2.9 million mt and the production during 2014 was
2.283million mt, hence the deficit was 0.67 million mt. It contributes to food security in the hills while in
the accessible areas it is gradually becoming a commercial commodity due to increasing demand of
poultry and animal feed (Pathik, 2002). The overall demand for maize has been estimated to grow up by
6-8% per annum for the next two decades because of the increased demand for food in the hills as
population increases and for livestock feed in accessible areas in the Terai and inner-Terai as the demand
for milk, meat, and meat products is increasing (Pathik, 2002).

Feeds are the most important value added product of maize in recent times as people are more conscious
of nutrients and are consuming higher quantity of protein rich product (milk, meat, egg, etc.) indirectly
come from maize. Moreover, the no of poultry farm is being increased rapidly in the country demanding
high amount of poultry feed. Poultry feed consists of about more than 60% of maize as its ingredients. In
2014-15, Nepal imported maize worth Rs5 billion. The government had planned to reduce the maize
import bill progressively to Rs2.5 billion in 2015-16 and to Rs2 billion and Rs1 billion by 2016-17 and
2017-18 respectively. Ironically, maize imports more than doubled to Rs10.44 billion in the first 11
months of the current fiscal year.

Maize has got the high

production potential
among the crop plants
and has wide variability
in plant morphology.
The present yield of
maize in Nepal is quite
lower than that of other
Asian countries.

Figure 1) High yielding countries of maize with their production.

Maize is emerging as an industrial crop in accessible areas of Nepal as corn oil, animal feed ingredients,
glucose, cornflakes Several production factors are responsible for the lower yield of maize such as poor
weed management, declining soil fertility, low adoption of high yielding varieties, limited irrigation
facility, poor quality seed, insect pests and disease (Kaini, 2004). Out of the many factors, the poor
productivity of maize is mainly because of inadequate attention towards weed and nutrient management.
Declining soil fertility and low use of chemical fertilizer is one of most important factor for reducing
maize productivity (Katuwal and Barakoti, 2001). Lower plant plant density in the farmers field and lack
of productive hybrids are the important yield limiting factors in Nepal.

1.2) Statement of Problems

Maize is cultivated throughout the year and is popular cereal in Dang. Certain cultural practices can be
imposed or modified to increase yield of maize such as the use of improved hybrid varieties, irrigation
and higher plant populations.Even though, there are high potential uses and export demand, the
productivity of maize in farmers field is low (2.45 ton ha-1) as compared to the national average
productivity of 5.7 ton ha-1in Nepal (MOAD, 2014; KC et al., 2015). Farmers of Dang do not have
scientific knowledge about the optimum plant spacing and plant density. This has led to use of high
number of seed resulting in low germination and low yield.Proper method of sowing is among the
important biotic factors that determine the proper plant population, which improves the performance and
productivity of plants in the field.

Plant population plays an important role, as it is one of the most important yield contributing characters.
According to Pepó and Sárvári (2013), maize is a plant with individual productivity; therefore, plant
density determines yield significantly. Optimal plant density can be affected by the genetic properties
and vegetation time of the given hybrid, just as by the conditions of the production area, by the crop year
and the extent of water and nutrient supply. Sárvári et al. (2005) found that different hybrids endure
production using higher plant densities in different extent. Plant density is a production factor that affects
yield to the greatest extent. Parallel to the increasing plant density the individual production of plants
decreases but the yield per unit area increases, however to a certain limit.Therefore, the present study
was conducted to investigate the suitable variety and optimum spacing of maize for maximum yield and
yield components.

Despite the great potential of maize farming, production is low and substantial amount of maize is
imported every year. The farm level yield of maize (2.45 t/ha) is not satisfactory as compared to
attainable yield (5.7 t/ha) in Nepal (MOAD, 2014; KC et al., 2015). Information regarding optimum
plant density during spring season with recently introduced hybrids are lacking in Nepal particularly in
Maize Super Zone of Dang valley.

1.3) Rationale Of The Study

Government of Nepal has implemented Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization project for
commercialization, mechanization and industrialization of agriculture sector at district/zone/state level as
block/zone/super zone since 2016. Dang is the emerging production hub of maize through
commercialization and mechanization, finally linking to industrialization with end markets potentiality
of maize and maize product. Under PMAMP project dang (Lalmatiya, Sishniya, Lamahi, Satbariya
VDCS) is agriculture industrialized area. Till date, more than 500 commercial farmers are growing
improved and high yielding hybrid varieties of maize in about 25200 ha area of the cultivated land with
yield 2180 kg/ha in dang(MoAD,2012).This project provides the information regarding optimum plant
density during the spring season with recently introduced hybrids which are lacking particularly in
maize superzone of Dang valley. This project is mainly focused on providing information to the farmers
of Dang valley about the plant density of spring maize which will help them to increase the productivity
of the spring maize.This project will help the farmers around the Dang valley.

Therefore, the present investigation will be carried out to optimize the crop density with recent maize
hybrids with following objectives.

1.4) Objectives
General
 To improve the productivity of Maize production for substitution of maize import in Nepal.

Specific Objectives

 To determine the growth and productivity of maize hybrids at different plant density in spring
season in Dang.

 To identify the optimum plant density, maize hybrids and their interaction on productivity of
maize.

2) Literature Review
2.1.) Literature Review
Maize is the second most important crop after rice in terms of area (882395 ha) and production (2145291
kg with yield 2431 kg/ha in Nepal (MoAD, 2015). It is a way of life for the hill farmers of Nepal. 60%,
25% and 3% of the grain were used for animal feed, food and seed respectively in hill districts (Timsina
et. al. 2016) whereas more than 80% Terai production is being utilized for poultry and animal feed and
remaining 20% is used as industrial (10%) (Gurung et.al., 2011).
Maize demand has been constantly growing by about 5% annually in the last decades (Sapkota and
Pokhrel, 2010). The feed demand is also increasing at the rate of 11% per annum (CDD, 2011). There is
a need of about 6.46 million mt. feed to run smoothly the existing poultry industries in Nepal, and about
0.5 million mt. of feed has been produced annually by the feed industries in Nepal (114, registered in
NFEA). Thus, the demand for maize is also shifting from food to feed for livestock (8.5%) and poultry
(13%) (Timsina et.al.2016). Maize contributes approximately 65% of the metabolisable energy and 20%
of the protein in a broiler starter diet and is by far the most commonly used cereal grain in the diets of
intensively reared poultry. One reason for the widespread use of maize in the diets of farmed livestock is
that there is a perception that maize is of a consistent and high nutritional value (Cowsien et. al., 2005).
Maize value addition activities are poor in Nepal. There are two kinds of traders involved in maize grain
marketing in Nepal. Rural traders are buyers of surplus maize grains from the small and medium sized
farmers. They also act as middlemen for urban traders, millers and feed industries. Urban traders collect
large volume of maize grains through rural tradersThevalue addition by traders is less than 20% in grains
and they simply perform drying and bulk packaging in jute or plastic bags. However, many actors are
involved in Terai such as input supply, production, processing and marketing (Gurung et. al.,2011).
In Nepal, maize is produced and consumed in significant amount. In Dang, 50% of population is
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. In area of about 20225.7 ha maize are cultivated by 75004
holdings with and without land (NSCoA, 2011/12). Feed industry has tremendous demand of maize.
Out of total maize that was used in feed production, 87% of the maize was imported from India each
year by feed industries (Timsinaet.al., 2016). At least 1.5 million tons of maize is required only to the
feed industries affiliated with national feed industry association of Nepal( MoAD,2014). Maize is mainly
consumed in the form of grits like as rice, bread as chapatti prepared from the flour and processed
products like confectionaries (Gurung et. al.,2011).

2.1.1.) Effect Of Variety

Nearly half the area under maize is planted with traditional varieties home saved seeds, which are
continuously at the risk of degenerating (due to open pollination) (Koirala, 2001). Generally, early
hybrids require higher plant densities for maximum yield than late hybrids (SILVA, 1992;
TOLLENAAR, 1992). This occurs because early hybrids are normally smaller, produce less leaves, have
lower leaf area per plant and present fewer self-shading problems than late cultivars. Therefore, for early
hybrids it is necessary to have a greater number of plants per area to generate the leaf area index that
provides maximum interception of solar radiation, an essential step to maximize grain yield.The season
length in any particular geographic location is a factor that interacts with cultivar maturity, affecting the
optimum rate of planting for maximum yield (OLSON & SANDERS, 1988). Nearly half the area under
maize is planted with traditional varieties home saved seeds, which are continuously at the risk of
degenerating (due to open pollination) (Koirala, 2001).
The statistically analyzed results revealed that the effect of cultivation practice and their interaction
effect on grain yield were found non-significant but the responses of the variety were found highly
significant difference on grain yield. (Dawadi and Sah, 2012)

2.1.2.) Effect of plant density

Plant density is one of the most important cultural practices determining grain yield, as well as other
important agronomic attributes of this crop. Stand density affects plant architecture, alters growth and
developmental patterns and influences carbohydrate production and partition (CASAL, 1985). Maize is
more sensitive to variations in plant density than other members of the grass family (ALMEIDA &
SANGOI, 1996). At low densities, many modern maize hybrids don't tiller effectively and quite often
produce only one ear per plant. Therefore, maize does not share the trait of most tillering grasses of
compensating for low leaf area and small number of reproductive units by branching (GARDNER et al.,
1985). On the other hand, the use of high populations heightens interplant competition for light, water
and nutrients. This may be detrimental to final yield because it stimulates apical dominance, induces
barrenness, and ultimately decreases the number of ears produced per plant and kernels set per ear
(SANGOI & SALVADOR, 1998).

According to Shapiro and Wortmann (2006) a yield increment of 4% could be produced by decreasing
the row distance from 76 cm to 51 cm. Widdicombe and Thelen (2002) stated that yield increased by 2-
4% as the result of decreasing row spacing from 76 cm to 56 and 38 cm.Yield showed increasing
tendency up to a plant density of 90 000 plants ha-1 (10 973 kg ha-1), but by any higher density it
decreased.Hoshang (2012) also found that there were significant differences between the yields of
different plant populations, which increased with increasing plant density. In his work,Mohseni et al.
(2013) confirmed that the increase of plant density from 60 000 plants ha-1 (9.09 t ha-1) to 80 000 plants
ha-1 (11.14 t ha-1) resulted in a yield increment as well.

2.1.2.) Effect Of Spacing

Maize planting under different spacing effects its growth, development and yield. Tri (2009) observed
that the best spacing was 20 to 25 cm along rows and 70 to 80 cm between the rows, but the popular
spacing was 75 x 25 cm at one plant per stand and 75 x 50 cm at two plants per stand. Matthews-Njoku
(2008) gave the opinion that maize should be sown at 90 x 45 cm spacing on ridges and 90 x 30 cm
when staggered, and that maize spacing should actually be determined by the soil fertility of an
area.Boloyi (2014) recommended a spacing of 90 x 25 cm for farmers in Ibadan, Nigeria since it gave
highest average yield of 232.3 kg/ha in comparison with the other spacing of 75 x 50 and 75 x 25 cm that
produced lower yields. Narrow row spacing was found not to have a negative effect on whole-plant yield
and nutritive value (Boloyi, 2014). Wider spacing not only encourages growth of weed and but also
requires more labor and increase in cost of production. The 70 x 30 cm spacing gave the highest values
of plant height, number of leaves and number of nodes at 56 days after planting , the 60 x 40 cm gave the
highest values of the stem girth and leaf area at 56 DAP, the 80 x 20 cm gave the highest 1000- grain
weight (yield) (0.27 ton/ha) at harvest followed by 60 x 40 cm spacing (0.24 ton/kg) and 70 x 30 cm
(0.21 ton/kg), respectively, the 80 x 20 cm also gave the highest cob weight (0.74 kg), the 60 x 40 cm
gave the highest cob length and cob + husk weight (Adimonye, Ojorka, & Marbeln, 2016).

3) Methodology
3.1.) Site Selection:
Research is to be conducted at Sonpur, Dang lies on the geographical coordinates of
28˚7’0”N,82˚18’0”E. which is 725m above sea level. This district consists of larger easterly and
upstream portion of the parallel inner terai valleys of Dang,plus enclosing ranges of hills and mountains.
Downstream, both valleys cross into Banke district. Sonpur climate is nearly tropical and is well watered
by the river as well as processing abundant groundwater. The average annual rainfall is 1577mm.

3.2.) Experimental Setup

Design: Split Plot Design
Treatments No.:-Nine
Replication: Three
Net plot size:- 10.8m2
No.of rows in a plot:-6
Total experimental area:-1.5366 katha
Main Plot Treatment:-Spacing S1 (60 cm ×30 cm) with plant density=55,555 plants/ha
S2 (60 cm ×25 cm) with plant density=66,666 plants/ha
S3 (60 cm ×20 cm) with plant density=83,333plants/ha

Sub Plot Treatment:- Variety V1 (Rajkumar)

V2 (Pioneer 3533)
V3 (Bioseed 9220)

4) OBSERVATIONS TO BE TAKEN
4.1.) Weather data during the crop season
Monthly average maximum temperature
Monthly average minimum temperature
Monthly average rainfall
Monthly average relative humidity
Monthly average solar radiation
These data will be recorded from nearest point of Agro Meteorological Data Recorder, Dang.

4.2.) Soil sampling and analysis of initial fertility status of soil

Soil sample will be taken before sowing of the seeds from each replication and composite sample will be
made and analyzed for the initial fertility status of the soil. The soil samples will be taken by tube auger
from 0 – 15 cm and 0 – 30 cm depth of soil layer. The samples will be subjected to air drying under
room condition, grounded and passed through 0.2 mm sieve for analysis of

 Organic matter content

 Organic carbon content
 Total N content
 Available P2O5
 K2O content
 PH

4.3.) Phenological Observation:

Ten plants will be tagged for taking phonological observations. The phenological data will be taken
when 50% observation occurred and ended when 75% observation completed. The phenological
observations will be recorded as;

4.3.1. Emergence:
Seed emergence will be recorded when about 50% of the seedling will have emerged out of the soil.

4.3.2. Plant population/m2:

The plant population/m2 will be counted about 20 days after sowing.

4.3.3. Days of tasseling:

The date of tasseling will be recorded from tassel emergence to 75% of plant will have tasseled in each
plot. The mid 3 rows will be taken for each phenological observation.

4.3.4. Days of silking:

The date will be recorded from the initiation of silk to 75% silking in each plot. The silk exposed 1cm
from closed ear will be considered as emerged silk. The same rows as that of tasseling records will be
taken for days of silking.

4.3.5. Days of physiological maturity:

The appearance of black layer between ear surface and ear grains and occurrence of senescence of ear
husks will be considered as an indication to physiological maturity.

4.4. Biometric observation

4.4.1. Number of Leaf:
Number of leaf per plant will be counted from 5 randomly selected plants from each plot.
4.4.2. Leaf area index (LAI):
Leaf area will be measured from 3 randomly selected plants from each plot at 30 DAS, 45 DAS, 60
DAS, 75 DAS, 90 DAS, 105 DAS, and at maturity. Leaves from the plants will be detached and leaf area
will measured by leaf area meter. Then leaf area index will be calculated as:
2
Leaf area (cm )
LAI=
Land area (cm 2 )

4.4.3. Plant height: Plant height will be measured from the ground level to the top most visible due lap
of ten randomly selected plants from each plot at 30 DAS, 45 DAS, 60 DAS, 75 DAS, 90 DAS, 105
DAS, and at maturity

4.4.4. Dry matter accumulation: Detached leaves will be packed in the envelope and will dried in hot
oven for 48 hours at the temperature of 75 0c. The remaining portion will also be packed in the envelope
and will dried in hot oven for 48 hours at the temperature of 105 0c. Then the dry weight of whole plant
will be taken and expressed as t/ha.

4.5.) Yield attributing characters

4.5.1. Number of harvested ears: Total number of ears harvested from net harvestable area will be
recorded as harvested ears per plot and it is converted to hectare basis.

4.5.2. Ear length and circumference: Ten dehusked ears will be selected from each plot randomly and
length from the base up to top grain bearing portion of each ear will measure. The average of ten ears
will be calculated and expressed as ear length. The circumference of ten randomly selected ears from
each plot will be measured and average value will express as ear circumference.

4.5.3. Number of kernels per ear: Ten randomly selected ear from each plot will be shelled and all the
kernels will count. And will be reported as number of kernels per ear.

4.5.4. Thousand Grain Weight (TGW) or Test weight: One thousand shelled maize grains from each
plot will randomly be taken, weighed and recorded as test weight and expressed in gram (g). The kernels
used for test weight will be corrected to 15% moisture content.

4.5.5. Shelling percentage: It is the ratio of grain to ear (grain: ear) and expressed in percentage. Five
randomly selected ears will be weighed with grains. All grains will be shelled out and the weight of grain
will be taken and the shelling percentage will calculated as:
Grain yield (kg )
Shelling percentage = ×100
Cob yield (kg )
4.5.6. Grain moisture content (%): Ten ears will be selected randomly and central two kernel rows will
be shelled out and will bulk the kernels from all ears and moisture will be measured by multigrain
moisture meter.

4.5.7. Grain yield: Grain yield will be calculated on hectare basis by using following formulae:

FEW× SP ×( 100 - GMC )

Grain yield (Kg ha -1 )=
NHA ×85×10
Where,

FEW = filled ears weight (Kg) SP = shelling percentage (%)

GMC = grain moisture content at harvest (%) NHA = net harvested area (m2)

4.5.8. Stover yield: All maize stems will be harvested from the base from the net harvested area and
weighted immediately after harvesting. Husk is also included while taking Stover yield. Stover yield will
be calculated on hectare basis in Kg ha-1.

4.5.9. Harvest index and grain:stover ratio:

Harvest index (HI) will be computed by dividing economic yield with the biological yield as per the
following formula.

HI% = (economic yield × 100)/ biological yield

Grain:stover ratio will be calculated based on grain yield and stover yield.

Grain yield
Grain:stover ratio =
Stover yield

4.6.) Economic analysis:

4.6.1. Cost of cultivation:
Cost of cultivation will be calculated on the basis of local charges for different agro-inputs viz., labor,
fertilizer, herbicides, machines, and other necessary materials.

4.6.2. Gross return:

Economic yield (grain + stalk) will be converted into gross return (Rs/ha) on the basis of local market
prices of different commodities.

4.6.3. Net return

It will be calculated by deducting the cost of cultivation from the gross return.

4.6.4. B: C ratio: It will be calculated by following formula.

Benefit: Cost ratio = Gross return / Cost of cultivation (total cost

5) Expected Outcomes
 By the decreased spacing in different spring maize varieties may increase the yield of the maize .
 Different varieties may show different performance in different spacing.

6) Work Schedule
Activities Pous magh falgun chaitr Baisakh Jestha
h a

Field survey, collection of soil sample

Soil analysis
Land preparation and Layout of research
field

FYM, fertilizer application

Seed and seed sowing

Intercultural operation

Data Record of growth attributes

Observation of yield and yield

attributing characters

Harvesting and threshing

Calculation, Analysis and Interpretation

of Data

Research completion, report writing and

Report presentation

7) Budget Summary
S. Particulars Amount (Rs.)
N

1 Land Preparation 5000

2 Soil sample analysis 3000

3 Lay out of field 1000

4 Plastic rope, tags, tape, poly bags 3000

5 Manure and Fertilizers 5000

6 Seed and seed sowing 2500

7 Intercultural operations 3000

8 Herbicides and Spray 2500

9 Measurement of growth parameters and yield attributing 5000

characters

10 Stationary, Photocopies, printing, etc. 3000

 11 Harvesting and Threshing 3500

Sub total 36500

Contingency (10%) 3650

Total 40150

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