Advance Computer Networks

Spring 2020-21
Lect. #06

Prof. Suchismita Chinara

Dept. of Computer Science Engg.
National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
Email: [email protected]
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IP Address
• An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the unique identifying number
assigned to every device connected to the internet.
• An IP address definition is a numeric label assigned to devices that use
the internet to communicate.
• Computers that communicate over the internet or via local networks share
information to a specific location using IP addresses.
• IP addresses have two distinct versions or standards.
• The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) address is the older of the two,
which has space for up to 4 billion IP addresses and is assigned to all
computers.
• The more recent Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) has space for trillions of
IP addresses, which accounts for the new breed of devices in addition to
computers.
• There are also several types of IP addresses, including public, private,
static, and dynamic IP addresses.

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IPV4
• IPv4 is the fourth version of the IP.
• The protocol was first deployed on the Atlantic Packet Satellite
Network (SATNET), which was a satellite network that formed a
segment of the initial stages of the internet, in 1982.
• It is still used to route most internet traffic despite the existence
of IPv6.
• IPv4 is currently assigned to all computers.
• An IPv4 address uses 32-bit binary numbers to form a unique
IP address.
• It takes the format of four sets of numbers, each of which
ranges from 0 to 255 and represents an eight-digit binary
number, separated by a period point. Ex: A.B.C.D

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• IPv4 address is divided into two parts:
• Network ID
• Host ID
• Length of NID and HID are variable
•

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 IPV4 address classes
1.Class A:
• The higher order bits of the first octet are always set to 0
• Ex: 0 followed by netid. hosted
• It has total 126 networks ( 2 addresses 0.0.0.0 and 127.x.y.z are special
addresses)
• 224 – 2(=16,777,214) host ID
• IP addresses belonging to class A ranges from 1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x
2.Class B:
• The higher order bits of the first octet are always set to 10
• Ex: 10 followed by netid. hostid
• Total 2 14 -2(=16384) networks and 2 16 -2(=65534)hosts in each network
• IP addresses belonging to class B ranges from 128.0.x.x – 191.255.x.x.

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3. Class C:
• The higher order bits of the first octet always set to 110
• Ex: 110 followed by netid. hosted
• Total 2 21 (=2097152) networks and 2 8 -2(=254)hosts in each network
• IP addresses belonging to class C ranges from 192.0.0.x – 223.255.255.x.
4. Class D or multicast:
• IP address belonging to class D are reserved for multi-casting
• The higher order bits of the first octet of IP addresses belonging to class D are
always set to 1110
• The remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts recognize.
• IP addresses belonging to class D ranges from 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255.

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• Class E:
• IP addresses belonging to class E are reserved for experimental and research
purposes
• IP addresses of class E ranges from 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.254
• The higher order bits of first octet of class E are always set to 1111.

Example of Class A and

Class B addresses

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Rules for assigning Host ID:
• Within any network, the host ID must be unique to that network.

• Host ID in which all bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned because this
host ID is used to represent the network ID of the IP address.

• Host ID in which all bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned because this
host ID is reserved as a broadcast address to send packets to all the
hosts present on that particular network.

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Rules for assigning Network ID:
• The network ID cannot start with 127 because 127 belongs to class A
address and is reserved for internal loop-back functions.

• All bits of network ID set to 1 are reserved for use as an IP broadcast

address and therefore, cannot be used.

• All bits of network ID set to 0 are used to denote a specific host on

the local network and are not routed and therefore, aren’t used.

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Summary of classful addresses

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Special Addresses
• Network address
• Netid. Hostid ( All 0’s)
• Ex: Class A: X.0.0.0 (Ex: 44.0.0.0)
• Class B: X.Y. 0.0 (Ex: 130.55.0.0)
• Class C: X.Y.Z.0 (Ex: 192.168.40.0) 192.168.40.1 ----- 192.168.40.254
• Direct broadcast address
• Netid. Hostid ( All 1’s)
• Ex: Class A: X.255.255.255
• Class B: X.Y. 255.255
• Class C: X.Y.Z.255

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Special addresses contd..
• This host on this network
• Used as a source address (during bootstrap)
• Ex: 0.0.0.0
• Specific host on this network
• NetID remains same
• The data does not go through the router
• Src and Dest remains in the same network
• Ex: src 144.14.x.y sends packet to dest 144.14.p.q
• Loop back address
• Local Loopback Address is used to let a system send a message to itself to
make sure that TCP/IP stack is installed correctly on the machine.
• Typically 127.0.0.1 is used as the local loopback address.
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Subnetting
• When a bigger network is divided into smaller networks, then that is
known as Subnetting.

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Subnetting Contd..
• so to divide a network into two parts, you need to choose one bit for
each Subnet from the host ID part.
• For Subnet-1:
The first bit which is chosen from the host id part is zero and the
range will be from (193.1.2.00000000 till you get all 1’s in the host ID
part i.e, 193.1.2.01111111) except for the first bit which is chosen
zero for subnet id part.
• Thus, the range of subnet-1:
• 193.1.2.0 to 193.1.2.127

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• For Subnet-2:
The first bit chosen from the host id part is one and the range will be from
(193.1.2.100000000 till you get all 1’s in the host ID part i.e,
193.1.2.11111111).
• Thus, the range of subnet-2:
• 193.1.2.128 to 193.1.2.255

• Note:
1.To divide a network into four (22) parts you need to choose two bits from
host id part for each subnet i.e, (00, 01, 10, 11).
2.To divide a network into eight (23) parts you need to choose three bits from
host id part for each subnet i.e, (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111)
and so on.

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