WINSEM2017-18 MEE1003 TH MB203 VL2017185001359 Reference Material I Ideal, Real Gases and Gas Mixtures 6
WINSEM2017-18 MEE1003 TH MB203 VL2017185001359 Reference Material I Ideal, Real Gases and Gas Mixtures 6
IV
• Ideal Gas Mixtures
d l
– Ideal and real gases
– Vander walls equation
Vander walls equation
– Principle of corresponding states
– Ideal gas equation of state
– Oth
Other equations of state
ti f t t
– Compressibility factor
– Compressibility charts
– Composition of gas mixtures
– Mass and mole fractions
– Daltons law of additive pressures
Daltons law of additive pressures
– Amagats law of additive volumes
– Relating pressure, volume and temperature of ideal gas mixtures
– E l ti i t
Evaluating internal energy, Enthalpy
l E th l
Ideal Gas Mixtures
Overview
• We have limited our consideration to
h l d d
thermodynamic systems that involve a single pure
substance such as water
• Many important thermodynamic applications,
however, involve mixtures of several pure substances
rather than a single pure substance
rather than a single pure substance
• It is important to develop an understanding of
mixtures and learn how to handle them
• Non reacting gas mixtures can be treated as a pure
substance since it is usually a homogenous mixture
of different gases
g
• The properties of a gas mixture depend on the
properties of the individual gases as well as on the
amount of each gas in the mixture
amount of each gas in the mixture
Objectives
• Develop rules for determining non reacting gas
mixture properties from knowledge of mixture
composition and the properties of the individual
composition and the properties of the individual
components
• Define the quantities used to describe the
composition of a mixture, such as mass fraction,
mole fraction and volume fraction
• Apply the rules for determining mixture properties to
A l th l f d t i i i t ti t
ideal gas mixtures and real gas mixtures
• Predict the behavior of gas mixtures based on
Predict the behavior of gas mixtures based on
Daltons law of additive pressures and Amagats law of
additive volumes
Ideal Gas
• It is defined as a gas whose molecules are spaced far apart so that
behavior of a molecule is not influenced by the presence of other
molecules at low densities
• A hypothetical gas which obeys the law pv RT at all pressures and
A hypothetical gas which obeys the law pv=RT at all pressures and
temperatures
• Real gases do not confirm to this equation of state with complete accuracy
• g pp y y
Real gases approximate this behavior closely when they are at a low
pressure or high temperature relative to their critical point values
• The P‐v‐T behavior of an ideal gas is expressed by the simple relation
– Pv=RT
– Which is called ideal gas equation of state
Whi h i ll d id l ti f t t
• The P‐v‐T behavior of real gases is expressed by more complex equations
of state or by
– Pv=ZRT, Z is compressibility factor
Ideal gas
• An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation
Pv=RT
• It has been experimentally observed that the ideal gas
It h b i t ll b d th t th id l
relation, closely approximates the P‐v‐T behavior of real gases
at low densities
• At low pressures and high temperatures, the density of gas
At low pressures and high temperatures the density of gas
decreases and the gas behaves as an ideal gas under these
conditions
• Practical example,
Practical example
– Air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, even heavier
gases carbon dioxide can be treated as ideal gases
Ideal Gas equation of state
• Property tables provide very accurate information about the
properties, but they are bulky and leads to error
• A more practical and desirable approach would be to have
p pp
some simple relations among the properties that are
sufficiently general and accurate
• Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature and
specific volume of a substance is called an equation of state
• There are several equations of state, some simple and others
very complex
• The simplest and best known equation of state for substances
in the gas phase is the ideal gas equation of state
• This equation predicts the P‐v‐T behavior of a gas quite
accurately
• Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words
p p g
• The vapor phase of a substance is called gas when it is above
critical temperature
• Vapor is usually a gas that is far from the state of
condensation
Ideal Gas equation of state
• Boyle,
– The pressure of a gases is inversely proportional to their volume
• Charles,
– Experimentally determined that at low pressures the volume of a gas
is proportional to its temperature
– P=R(T/v)
P R(T/ )
– Pv=RT
– R= gas constant is different for each gas=Ru/M (KJ/kg.K)
– Ru‐ is the universal gas constant and is same for all substances
is the universal gas constant and is same for all substances
• 8.314 kJ/kmol.K
– M‐is the molar mass, also called molecular weight
– Above equation is called ideal gas equation of state or simply ideal gas
q g q py g
relation and a gas that obeys this relation is called an ideal gas
– P‐is absolute pressure
– T‐is absolute temperature
– v‐ is specific volume
i ifi l
Vander Waals equation of state
• It
It has two constants that are determined from the
has two constants that are determined from the
behavior of a substance at the critical point
(P+ a/v2)(v‐b)=RT
• Two effects are included in this over ideal gas
equation,
– Intermolecular attraction forces [(a/v2) ]
– Volume occupied by the molecules themselves [b]
• a=27R2Tcr2/64Pcr
• b=RTcr/8Pcr
Compressibility factor
• Gases deviate from ideal gas behavior significantly at states near the
G d i f id l b h i i ifi l h
saturation region and the critical point
• This deviation from ideal gas behavior at a given temperature and
p
pressure can be accurately be accounted for by the introduction of a
y y
correction factor called the compressibility factor Z
– Z=Pv/RT
– Pv=ZRT
– The compressibility factor is unity for ideal gases
The compressibility factor is unity for ideal gases
• At very low pressures, all gases approach ideal gas behavior, regardless of
their temperature
Other equations of state
• Ideal
Ideal gas equation is very simple , but its range of
gas equation is very simple but its range of
applicability is limited
• It is desirable to have equations of state that
represent the P‐v‐T behavior of substances
accurately over a larger region with no limitations
• Several equations are proposed,
S l ti d
Mass and Mole fractions
• To determine the properties of a mixture, we need to
d h f d
know the composition of the mixture as well as
properties of the individual components
• There are two ways to describe the composition of a
mixture
– By
By specifying the number of moles of each component
specifying the number of moles of each component
called molar analysis
– By specifying the mass of each component called
gravimetric analysis
gravimetric analysis
• Consider a gas mixture composed of k components.
– The mass of the mixture mm is the sum of the masses of
the individual components
h i di id l
– The mole number of the mixture Nm is the sum of the mole
numbers of the individual components
Mass and Mole fractions
• The ratio of a mass of a component to the
mass of the mixture is called the mass fraction
( f)
(m
• The ratio of a mole number of a component to
th
the mole number of the mixture is called the
l b f th i t i ll d th
mole fraction y
• The sum of the mass fractions or mole
Th f th f ti l
fractions for a mixture is equal to 1
• The mass of a substance can be expressed in
Th f bt b di
terms of the mole number N and molar mass
M of the substance as m=NM
M of the substance as m=NM
Mass and Mole fractions of a Gas Mixture
• Problem:
– Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3 kg of O2,
5 kg of N2 and 12 kg of CH4. determine (a) the
mass fraction of each component (b) the mole
f ti
fraction of each component and (c) the average
f h t d ( ) th
molar mass and gas constant of the mixture
Mass and Mole fractions of a Gas Mixture
P‐v‐T behavior of gas mixtures Ideal and Real gases
• An ideal gas is defined as a gas whose molecules are spaced far aprt so
that the behavior of a molecule is not influenced by the presence of other
that the behavior of a molecule is not influenced by the presence of other
molecules‐ a situation encountered at low densities
• When two or more ideal gases are mixed, the behavior of a molecule
normally is not influenced by the presence of other similar or dissimilar
molecules
l l
• Therefore non reacting mixture of ideal gases also behaves as an ideal gas
• Air, is treated as an ideal gas in the range where nitrogen and oxygen
behave as ideal gases
behave as ideal gases
• When a gas mixture consists of real gases, the prediction of P‐v‐T behavior
of the mixture becomes rather involved
• The prediction of the P‐v‐T behavior of gas mixtures is usually based on
two modelsd l
– Daltons law of additive pressures
– Amagats law of additive volumes
Dalton’s law of additive pressure
• The
The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the
pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the
sum of the pressures each gas would exert if
it existed alone at the mixture temperature
it existed alone at the mixture temperature
and volume
Amagat’ss law of additive volumes
Amagat law of additive volumes
• The volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes each gas
would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and pressure
would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and pressure
• Daltons and Amagats law can be expressed as follows
– Pi‐is the component pressure
– Vi‐is the component volume
p
Molar mass
• The mass of one mole of a substance in grams or the mass of
one kmol in kilograms
k l kl
• When we say molar mass of nitrogen is 28, it simply means
the mass of 1 kmol of nitrogen is 28 kg, M=28 kg/kmol
• The mass of a system is equal to the product of its molar mass
M and the mole number N
– m=MN (kg)
• The ideal gas equation of state can be written in several
different forms
– PV=mRT, V=mv
– By writing above equation twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the
ii b i i f fi d d i lif i h
properties of an ideal gas at two different states are related to each
other by
– P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
/ /
Problem