Second Term Study Pack
Second Term Study Pack
A muscle
Voluntary muscles
These muscles are generally under the direct control of the will of a person
An individual willfully controls contraction of the muscle
They are attached to the major parts of the body around the skeleton
Involuntary muscles
These muscles work independently, away from the direct control of an individual
They are found in the walls of the blood vessels and hallow organs like the stomach and
intestines
Types of muscles
a) Cardiac muscle – it is a heart muscle and is found only in the heart. It contracts regularly,
continuously and without tiring. It works automatically but is under constant nervous and
chemical control. They are striated in appearance and have one nucleus
b) Skeletal muscle – they are voluntary muscles and they work as we instruct them, they are
under our control. They make our bodies move. We use them for everyday and sporting
activities such as running, jumping and walking
c) Smooth muscles – they are involuntary muscles and they work automatically. They are not
under our conscious control. They work our internal organs such as the stomach, gut and
bladder
Muscle groups
Biceps -are 2 headed muscles that lie on the upper arm between shoulder and elbow
Triceps -situated on the upper arm
Hamstrings -they are a group of three muscles on the back of your legs or thighs
Functions of muscles
Movement – the skeletal muscles enable quick response and expression of emotions.
-People have over 30 facial muscles that create looks like happiness, sadness and frowning.
- It takes more muscles to frown than to smile.
-smooth muscles force substance to move.
-cardiac muscles circulate blood and maintain blood pressure
Maintaining posture – they overcome gravity effects when sitting or standing
Stabilising joints – keeping joints in place
Generating heat – when they contract, and this plays a pivotal role in maintaining normal
body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius
Muscle fibre
There are 2 types of muscle fibre i.e. a) slow twitch b) fast twitch
a) Slow twitch – they are red in colour
– they work more efficiently over long periods
– long distance runners rely more on the slow twitch
– they are also called type I
– they have a good oxygen supply
– they work for long period of time without tiring
– are not as strong as fast twitch fibre –
they take long to contract
– they are used in all types of exercise
– they are mostly used in aerobic exercises
b) Fast twitch oxidative – they are also called type II (a) –
they are also red in colour –
they contain more myoglobin and mitochondria
– they are more prone to fatigue
– they produce fast, strong muscle contractions
– they generate an explosive burst of power for a short period of time –
There are 3 main factors that determine an individual’s muscle fibre namely: genetic factors,
hormone levels in the blood, training undertaken
Characteristics of muscles
Muscle contractions
Tendon – it is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone
Pulmonary circulation – it carries deoxygenated blood from our heart to our lungs, here carbon
dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. Oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart
Systematic circulation – it carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
a) The heart
b) Blood
c) Blood vessels
The heart
It is a muscular organ responsible for the pumping of blood to the whole body
It is also referred to as the body’s engine
It is made up of special cardiac muscles which contracts regularly, without tiring
It pumps blood first to the lungs, to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
Blood
It is a red fluid that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells
and platelets
Components of blood
Plasma
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
It is a watery liquid
It is pale yellow in colour
It contains dissolved substances: salts and calcium, nutrients including glucose, hormones,
carbon dioxide and other waste products from body cells
Platelets (thrombocytes)
They are made in the red marrow of long bones, sternum, ribs, vertebrae
They are extremely numerous
They give blood its colour
They can contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all body cells
They have no nucleus and last for about 120 days
They are replaced in very large numbers
They are made in our bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen
They are far fewer than red blood cells
They are three times the size of red blood cells
They are a mobile guard system to deal with infection and disease: some eat up germs, some
produce antibodies to destroy germs
Functions of blood
Transportation – carries nutrients, oxygen and hormones to body cells and carries carbon
dioxide, other waste from body cells and excess water from the kidneys
Protection – carries white blood cells to sites of infection, carries antibodies to destroy germs
and also carries platelets to damaged areas to form clots
Temperature regulation – carries heat away from working muscles and centre of body to skin.
It also maintains temperature within the body
Maintaining body’s equilibrium – reduces the effect of lactic acid produced in the working
muscle. It regulates fluid balance. It also enable hormones and enzymes to work
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
They are the smallest blood vessels that connects arterioles and venules
They help enable exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as nutrients and waste
products that is: it allows food and oxygen to pass out to body tissues and allows carbon
dioxide and wastes to pass into the blood from body tissues
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Blood pressure
It is the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is called sphygmomanometer
a) Age – blood pressure increases as we grow older because our arteries are less elastic
b) Exercise – BP increases when we exercise but returns to normal after exercises. Regular
exercise helps lower resting BP and prevent cardiovascular disease
c) Stress – stress causes hormones to be released into the blood which increases BP
d) Smoking – it increases BP because nicotine reduces the efficiency of capillaries
e) Diet – a diet high in fat or salt may lead to increase in BP. This is because fatty deposits may
block up or harden arteries. Excess salt intake may lead to an imbalance in the body’s
chemistry
f) Weight – being overweight puts an extra strain on the circulatory system and so raises BP
1. ………….carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart A. arteries B. veins C. ventricles D. atrium
2. The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat is called…… A. heart rate
B. stroke volume C. heart volume D. stroke rate
3. In an organ what reflects its metabolic activity? A. quantity and volume B. quantity and
volume of arteries C. quantity and volume of veins D. quantity and volume of arterioles
4. Pulmonary arteries……………. A. carry blood from the heart B. carry blood to the heart C. carry
deoxygenated blood to the heart D. carry oxygen to the heart
5. Red blood cells are produced in the………… A. capillaries B. platelets C. synovial fluid D. bone
marrow
6. Which vessels receive blood straight from the heart? A. capillaries B. bronchioles C. arteries D.
veins
7. Give the definitions of the following (a) blood (b) plasma (c) veins (d) arteries (e) platelets [10]
8. Explain briefly how capillaries work [3]
9. State the functions of the following (a) veins (b) arteries [4]
10. Name the four chambers of the heart [4]
11. Briefly outline how the cardiovascular system works [3]
12. The heart muscle is made up of which type of muscle? [1]
13. Describe the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system [6]
14. Describe the effects of exercise on blood pressure [2]
15. Describe how the cardiac output increase with exercise [2]
16. How does exercise affect the cardiovascular system over a long period [3]
17. What is meant by: a) heart rate b) stroke volume [4]
18. Name 2 functions of the circulatory system [2]
19. Name the components of blood which: a) help clotting b) carry oxygen [2]
20. Give any 3 functions of blood [3]
21. Suggest two ways in which the pulse can be used to show our level of fitness [2]
22. Describe the difference between the systematic and pulmonary circulation systems [4]
23. Explain why an efficient circulatory system is important for sportspeople [4]
24. Give the components of the cardiovascular system [3]
It is a process of taking in oxygen and expelling of carbon dioxide into the air
Breathing / Respiration
It is the process of the inhaling and exhaling air through the nasal and oral passage
It is the process of taking in oxygen from the air and releasing carbon dioxide into the air
Respiration occurs in two ways, that is (a) aerobic respiration (b) anaerobic respiration
a) Aerobic respiration – can be defined as a process where food is oxidised in order to form
energy through the use of oxygen, thereby releasing carbon dioxide and water.
- This process entirely relies on oxygen.
- The process of aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria
– it is active in activities like jogging, and long distance running, where an athlete needs more
endurance
b) Anaerobic respiration – this process is possible in the absence of oxygen
– it produces less energy when compared to aerobic respiration
– it happens when the body needs more energy, and there is not enough oxygen to oxidize the
glucose
– it occurs during vigorous activities, if oxygen is not available, the cells can produce extra
energy, but then lactic acid is formed.
– in sprinting events, in athletics and swimming, the body depends on anaerobic respiration
There are three essential processes for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood
flowing through the lungs. These are ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion
a) Ventilation – it a process whereby air moves in and out of the lungs. – pulmonary ventilation
provides air to the alveoli for the gas exchange process
Breathing
Gas exchange in the lungs
Gas exchange at tissue level
Causing sound through the larynx
The sense of smell
Breathing – it is the process of inhaling air through the nasal cavity and oral passages, pharynx, the
larynx, the trachea and the lungs. The diaphragm, the intercostals muscle and the rib cage also take
part in the breathing in and out of air
Gas exchange – external respiration occurs between the lungs and the bloodstream. This involves the
passage of oxygen from the air in the alveoli / air sacs
– internal respiration occurs between the bloodstream and the body tissues. This involves the
transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to all body parts of the body. Oxygen is delivered
to the transportation to the body tissues and cells for energy and metabolism. Carbon dioxide is
absorbed by the blood
Sound – in order to produce sound, there is vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx. This is rather
more specialized a function in which air passing over the vocal cords is modulated by special laryngeal
muscles pushing the vocal cords together, so they vibrate thereby creating sound
The sense of smell – it occurs when air passes over some fibres in the nasal cavities that sense certain
chemicals in the inhaled air. A signal is then sent to the brain, in order to identify what has been smelt
Respiratory organs
Nose
Mouth
Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli
Nose
Mouth
Larynx
It contains the vocal cords, whose vibration produces sound or the voice
It connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea
Epiglottis
It is a flap of elastic cartilage that acts as a switch between the trachea and the esophagus
It prevents choking, by disallowing food from entering the trachea during swallowing
It also ensures that air passes into the trachea by covering the opening of the esophagus
It provides a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs
The lining in the trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants, preventing
them from reaching the lungs
Pharynx
Bronchi
At the end of the trachea, the airway splits into two left and right braches
The two runs into each lung before branching further into smaller branches called bronchioles
that spread through the lungs
These are finer branches of the bronchi whose function is to provide passage of air between
the bronchi and the alveoli
They are different from bronchi because they do not contain any cartilage at all
Lungs
They are a pair of spongy organs found on the left and right side of the thorax
They are slightly different in size and shape, due to the heart pointing to the left side of the
body
The left lung has two lobes while the right lung has three lobes
Inside the lungs there are many capillaries and air sacs/ alveoli
It is in the alveoli where gaseous exchange take place
Respiratory rate
Tidal volume
Minute volume
Vital capacity
Is the largest amount of air that we can force out of our lungs after breathing in as deeply as
possible. It is usually about 4.8 litres in adults
Residual volume
Is the amount of air left in the after breathing out as hard as possible. W e need some air in
our lungs to prevent them collapsing. It usually about 1.2 litres
1. Which gas is expelled by the respiratory system during respiratory process? A. oxygen B. gas
C. carbon dioxide D. carbon monoxide
2. During the respiratory process, the ……………….collects carbon dioxide and transport it to the
lungs. A. heart B. red blood cells C. capillaries D. bronchi
3. Where does gaseous exchange occur? A. heart B. lungs C. alveoli D. larynx
4. Which part of the respiratory system connects with the mouth cavity, nasal cavity, the larynx
and the esophagus A. lungs B. trachea C. pharynx D. bronchi
5. What is the other name for the voice box A. larynx B. pharynx C. ciliated epithelium D. alveoli
6. The body’s ability for oxygen consumption during maximal activity is tested using…….A. bleep
test B. VO2 test C. Illinois test D. broad jump test
7. Which exercise does not improve the respiratory system functioning? A. jogging B. rowing
C. biking D. sprinting
8. The alveoli are surrounded by A. capillaries B. arteries C. veins D. plasma
9. Air is filtered, moistened and warmed in the……………
10. The……………..prevents choking by food
11. Outline the functions of each of the following i) nose ii) lungs iii) alveoli
12. Draw and label the respiratory system diagram [10]
13. State the three processes involved in gaseous exchange [3]
14. What is the importance of blood to the respiratory system [3]
15. What are the significance of exercise on the respiratory system [2]
16. Define a) oxygen b) carbon dioxide [4]
17. State how sound is produced in the larynx [3]
18. Define a) respiratory rate b) VO2 max [4]
19. Distinguish aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration [5]
20. Describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system [4]
21. Outline 3 activities that can be done to improve the respiratory system [3]
22. Give any 2 long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system [2]
23. Expired air contains about 79% nitrogen. What is the percentage of: i) oxygen ii) carbon
dioxide [2]
24. What is meant by a) vital cavity b) residual volume [4]
25. Explain why an efficient respiratory system is vital for some sports people [2]
26. Explain what is meant by a) tidal volume b) minute volume c) respiratory rate [6]
It is defined as the specific application of marketing principles and processes to sport products
and to the marketing of non-sport products through association with sport.
Funding models
Sponsorship
Funds from media rights
Funds from the social responsibility and donations
Funds from the public sector that is from the Ministry of Sport and Recreational and local
authorities
Funds from levies and charges on State Lotteries, betting and gambling operations
Sponsorship is responsible for 70% of the income of most professional sports club in
Zimbabwe and the world over
The relationship between the club being sponsored and the sponsoring organization should be
a symbiotic one (win-win) relationship.
Clubs and individual rely on corporate organizations for financial and material support. At the
same time the corporate organizations will have marketing benefits, for example, a brand logo
on the clubs uniforms as a marketing strategy
Sport sponsors
These funds include those coming from television and media houses through broadcasting
rights fees to televise a sporting event
The state owned media houses include the Zimpapers where find The Herald and The Sunday
Mail. The is also the state owned television and radio stations
Private owned media houses include the Daily News and the News Day newspapers. There is
also supersport and kwese sport as television stations.
These funds are realised when most organizations want to reach out to communities through
sport
A good example is the partnering of the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) with FC-
Barcelona, a Spanish based football club
Zimplats is another corporate sponsoring Platinum FC based in Zvishavane and Ngezi
platinum based in Mhondoro and both teams are in local Castle premier Soccer League
These funds come from the local authorities, that is, council and also from the government
through the Ministry of sports and recreation
The Zimbabwean government funds grass roots sport through schools and mass sport through
recreational facilities.
Professional sport is funded mostly by the corporate organizations. The government of
Zimbabwe only supports professional sport through adhoc funding as per request through
Sports and Recreation Commission (SRC)
These are funds from legally registered lotteries, betting and gambling operations in
Zimbabwe
It refers to a unique blend of product, place, promotion and pricing strategies put to produce
mutually satisfying exchanges with a target group
Sport marketing mix includes the 4Ps that is:
Product
Price
Place (distribution)
Promotion
a) Sport product
It can be defined as a good, a service or any combination of the two that is designed to give
benefits to a sport spectator, participant, or sponsor.
The core product – this refers to the participation of sport teams or individuals. Spectators pay
a ticket charge
Product extensions – these include related activities such as the appearance of the sport
facility, video screens, half-time entertainment, consuming food and beverages merchandise
b) Price
Reflection of price value – sport users are willing to spend part of their disposable income if
live attendance holds more value than watching the sport on television.
For example the national soccer team matches are which are failing to attract large
numbers of spectators due to the Warrior’s poor performances since early 2000 to
date
Price can be presented differently – price can be substituted by the following examples as
marketing tactics:
Licence fee
Ticket charge
Admission fee
League fee
Sponsorship fee
Salary
Price is market sensitive – e.g. a highly priced boxing match will unlikely attract spectators if
there is a football match with lower prices
c) Place
This refers to how the sport products reach the targeted consumer and goods.
Intangible sport product – sport as an intangible product or service is uniquely distributed, for
example when attending a cricket match at Harare Sports Club there are encompassing
support service that must be at the venue and these include the following:
Ablution facilities
Type of seating
Segmentation
It allows marketers to effectively increase marketing efforts by knowing who is using their
products and why they are using them.
Benefits of market segmentation are as follows:
Allowing managers to identify customer groups with the product market (sporting event)
Having buyers’ similar requirements regarding the sport product
Giving marketers an opportunity to tailor-make their products and capabilities to the buyers’
value requirements
Increasing customer satisfaction
Positioning
It refers to how a sport customer perceives the sport product relative to competitive offerings
When using positioning as a marketing strategy the marketers are:
Allowing customers to experience life in their own terms
Motivating customers within group status by avoiding attractions linked to group
consumptions as in segmentation
Allowing individuals to define sport as unique
Pricing
This is the most flexible and quickest of all the strategies to change
Customers are concerned about the value they obtain versus the amount they have to spend
Price reflects the value of the product or service. This means if the ticket fee to watch a live
hockey match is perceived too much by customers they will opt other alternatives that can
satisfy them e.g. they can watch them match on TV
There is need for tactical presentation of the price to the consumer e.g. renaming or
substituting the word price with words like league fee, commission, admission fee,
registration fee
Definition of terms
a) A licensing fee – the price a sports clothing organization pays to sell a T-shirt with the team’s
logo on it
b) The ticket charge – the fee laid down as a requirement to enter a facility and watch a match
c) A membership fee – the price one pays to become a member of an organization
d) Admission – the price to enter into an event
e) A league fee – the amount of money a club has to pay to enter and participate in a league
f) A sponsorship fee – what a corporate organization pays to be the sponsor of a sporting event
or team
g) Registration fee – the price paid for an athlete to attend a coaching clinic
h) A signing bonus – is part of the price a professional team pays to assure the services of a
player from one of the feeder unions
i) A salary – money that a club pays for the services of coaches and players
j) Commission – is the extra bonus-oriented price a sport marketing organization would pay its
sales people for their services
1. What makes sport marketing unique? A. sport organization compete against each other but
have to work together B. sport is not a business C. sport is wasteful D. sport does not have
universal impact
2. State what percentage sport sponsoring accounts for at professional club level A. 60% B. 70%
C. 80% D. 90%
3. From the following sport models below which one is not a sport funding model A. sponsorship
B. media rights C. local authorities D. Coca Cola company
4. In Europe which companies sponsor football league ( EPL) A. castle lager B. Kwese TV C, Multi-
Choice TV D. Heineken and Amstel
5. ………….is a TV house based in Zimbabwe A. SABC-TV B. Super-sport TV C. ZBC TV D. Mbare TV
6. Name the type of fee paid in order for clubs to have the opportunity to enjoy live screening or
coverage of their sporting events A. admission fee B. ticket charge C. broadcasting fee
D. league fee
7. Which of the following clubs is owned by a local council A. Dynamos FC B. Hwange FC
C. Highlanders FC D. Bulawayo city FC
8. Which one of the following which does not constitute the 4Ps of the marketing mix A. place
B. price C. people D. promotion
9. Define a league fee [2]
10. Briefly define sport marketing [2]
11. State ways in which sport marketing is regarded unique [2]
12. List benefits of sport marketing to the corporate organization sponsoring sport [2]
13. List any four sport funding models [4]
14. Differentiate marketing mix from marketing strategy [4]
15. Briefly explain segmentation as a marketing strategy [3]
What is a club?
It is a organization composed of people who voluntarily meet on a regular basis for a mutual
purpose
A club normally promotes good fellowship and social intercourse, based on educational
religious, charitable or financial reasons
The essence of having a club is to cultivate social activities interaction, stimulating a positive
environment for sharing developmental ideas for the benefit of society.
Some clubs are formed for profit making while others are non-profit making
Types of clubs
There are several clubs raging from social activities clubs, political, religious, ad sports clubs
Some clubs are operational I school setups while others are community based
Club members often take part in the club activities on a voluntary basis
1. Social activities club
It caters for various social aspects like charity work, fishing and hunting
It hinges upon common interests, hobbies occupation or activities among the club members
2. Political club
Members of a political club are often brought together by virtue of belonging to the same
political party or interest in the leadership of a particular political leader
3. Religious club
This is a club whereby members meet to pray, praise and share the Word. This is because they
share the same beliefs
For example, a Christian union club may be formed by virtue of believing in the same God
4. Sports clubs
This is a sporting club, formed for the purpose of playing sport.
Members may play together or engage similar clubs in competitively sport occasionally
5. Service club
It aims at promoting community welfare and goodwill
To bring together people with a shared interest, so they can achieve their dreams together
To help develop and nurture sporting talent
For community development
To provide essential social services
For entertainment purposes
A club name
A physical address
A constitution
A mission statement
A list of members
An organogram
a) The chairperson
Stands as the key leader or representative who can lead the club and act as a spokesperson
Can be called president, board chair or resolving meeting leader
b) Vice – chairperson
This person holds a supportive role that offers back up for the chairperson. In the absence of
the chair, he/she takes over his/her leadership role
c) Treasurer
Responsible for keeping track of club moneys, fees, expenses, payment of bills.
It is also their duty to keep all the financial records of the club
d) Secretary
This is the communications manager
A club organogram
It is a club’s hierarchy or committee structure that is set to ensure the club is run smoothly
and effectively
Sport is any physical activity demanding physical exertion and skill, while recreation is an
activity of leisure.
Recreational activities are usually done for enjoyment, amusement or pleasure and are
considered to be fun.
The department was formed in 1991 and operates under the then Ministry of Education, Sport
and Culture
The ministry appoints the Board of Commissioners in the SRC
SRC mandate
It facilitate the accessibility of sports and recreation programmes to the people of Zimbabwe
In overseeing the running of the sport and recreation programmes in the country
Structure of Administration
At secretariat level, the SRC is led by the Director General who is assisted by three Directors in
running the affairs of the commission
Facilities
The SRC has the responsibility to develop, supervise and manage sporting facilities in
Zimbabwe
These are some of the facilities in Zimbabwe, that the SRC is responsible for:
Magamba hockey stadium
The national sports stadium
Chitungwiza aquatic Sports complex
The SRC Commission also works with National Sports Governing Bodies like NAAZ, ZIFA, ZC
These are individuals or organizations whose attitudes and actions influence the success of a
sports team, participant or entire sport.
These stakeholders include athletes, sponsors, spectators, media, participants, community,
civic and political leaders as well as businesses.
1. Participants
These are fundamental stakeholders in sport and recreation.
The government even recognizes these participants for they do not only make names for
themselves sometimes but for the nation
2. Spectators
These are uniquely important, for participants and clubs in sports need them.
Clubs and teams raise revenue through these spectators
Players get moral support that motivates them to perform better in sport
3. Governing Bodies
They set rules for different sports and ensure they are followed.
They also train the coaches and officials in their sporting disciplines
They work with SRC towards the development of their respective sports.
They lobby government to attract financial support, negotiate broadcasting rights and also
sponsorship deals on behalf of their teams
4. Community
The community is influential in sport in a number of ways.
Teams aim to attract participants, spectators and volunteers from the community.
The building of new sporting facilities or holding major events calls for community
participation and support
Sport comes in with noise and traffic congestion that may inconvenience a community unless
they are fully understanding and supportive
5. Business and the corporate world
These come in with pivotal sponsorship deals that give a financial boost to sport.
A camp is an outdoor place acting as temporary accommodation. This can be tents or other
temporary structures
There are a number of activities that can be done during camping, for recreational, for fitness
or for sport and these activities include climbing and abseiling
Climbing
Climbing techniques
Edging
Lay-backing
Stemming
Smearing
Edging
Lay-back
Stemming
Indoor climbing
Indoor climbing is done on specially designed walls that have protrusions that aid as holds for
the climber
Back step
Drop knee
Flagging
Mantle
Undercling
Side pull
Gaston
Palming
Abseiling
It is a controlled descent off a vertical drop such as a rock face, using a fixed rope
It is mainly used by climbers when a cliff is too steep or dangerous to descend without
protection
It is also called rappelling
Ropes
Anchors for abseiling
Descenders – they are also called rappelling devices
Climbing harness
Auto block knot
Helmets
Gloves
Boots
Knee and elbow pads
ORIENTEERING
Team building
It is the act of improving and maximizing a group of people who collaborate or work together
to achieve a common goal
Stages in team building
STAGE DESCRIPTION
Forming Define team, individual roles, task and
strategy
Develop trust, communication and norms
Storming Realization of task difficulty
Fluctuation in attitude about chances of
success and poor collaboration
Norming Members accepts team and individuality
of fellow members
Members start helping each other
Performing Teams are able to function as a unit as
they find ways to get the job done
smoothly and effectively without in
appropriate conflict
S – strategy
O – open communication
R – rapid response
E – effective leadership
There are four main types which are communication activities, problem solving and decision
making, adaptability and planning activities and activities that focus on building trust
Activities
Tug of war
Teams must stand in a circle and throw, kick or pass the ball to one another
Every time a pass is complete, they take one step backwards
As the circle gets larger, the game become more difficult
After a couple of minutes, the biggest wins
Human knot
Another exercise that goes big on communication and teamwork, the human knot gets team
members working together to solve problems
With the group standing in a circle, each person grabs a hand across from them.
When all hands are connected, the circle should resemble one big mess of hands that teams
must work their way out of the without letting go.
This activity builds problem solving as a team and relies on communication in a sensible,
concise manner
Leadership
Collaboration
Collaboration skills
The origins of these displays can be traced from as early as 776 BC in ancient Greece when the
Olympic Games began
In these games gymnastics were the main attraction
In ancient African history mass displays were performed in the form of dancing
MDs have been provided for through plays and games that are unique to the diversified
cultures in the country
MDs have provided good health, productivity and entertainment in Zimbabwe
After 54 instructors were trained by experts in Korea in 1982, modern MDs came into form
MDs are now being used in official opening ceremonies at sporting events, traditional
ceremonies in some societies, national days’ celebrations
1. Music
It is an art form, created by organizing of pitch, rhythm and sound made by musical
instruments and sometimes singing
Music is used to conduct the gymnastics or dance in an arena
It is also used as background music
Music guides speed and movement of performers
The choice of music in a display is determined by the theme of the event
Theme Apparatus
Agriculture good harvest Winnowing baskets
Sport excellence Balls, ropes
Liberation struggle Riffle, spears
Culture Bows and arrows
Machinery Cartwheels and human towers
3. Background art
It gives meaning to all other parts of the performance
The main purpose of background art is to interpret and explain the gymnastics and music
being displayed.
There is the use of wording, colours and patterns by artists.
Consider the following: the people’s history, colours, designs, pattern of the society and the
type of act being displayed
A theme is the main subject of MD performance and it is derived from the type of event for
the performance
In ancient times displays were done at ceremonial celebrations of special functions. Some of
the ceremonies included
Harvesting ceremonies
Adulthood initiation ceremonies
Inauguration ceremonies
Birth and death ceremonies
Victory ceremonies
War preparation ceremonies
Courtship
A theme was created in accordance to the event to be displayed at or even the audience to be
entertained
Event Theme
Price giving day/ graduation day Education for all or excellence in education
Sports day A healthy body through sport
Inter-schools sports competitions Sports diversified
Community celebrations (independence day) Freedom, peace, work
SASSAF, CASSAF, DASSAF Unpacking learners potential
It is the art or job of deciding how dancers will move in a performance and /or the movements
that are done by dancers in a performance
Types of choreography
a) Free style – less complex, generic, looser in structure and more repetitions
b) Structured style – specific structured, sophisticated and complex movements
FORMATIONS
It is the way in which a moving group of people or things is organized into a particular shape
or pattern
MD trainers should come up with formations first before gestures
There are types of formations that is simple(basic) and complex(symbolic) formations
a) Simple formations
These include exercise formations, files, columns, oblique, circles and squares
i) Exercise formations
It is when the gymnasts are standing at their exercising points.
The exercise point is where the gymnast or performer stands as his/ her starting position
It is 2.5m from the next gymnast either directions
All other formations simple or complex are derived from the exercise formation
Exercise points are arranged in files and columns
e) Circle formations – this is a circle of gymnasts or performers concentrated along the line of the
circle
f) Square formation – these are the square of gymnasts or performers concentrated along the
sides of the square
Music is art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organised in time.
Elements of music include: rhythm, pitch, dynamics, sonic qualities of timbre and texture
Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from
singing to rapping
Rhythm is the aspect of music comprising of all the elements such as accent, meter and tempo
that relate to forward movement
They indicate change of one formation to the next formation using crotchet or drumbeat
2 over 2 is a quick tempo
1 to 8 is a full bar
1 to 4 is a half bar
4 over 4 is normal tempo which is usually used for marching and dancing
Counting beats
64 beat counts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (16 counts)
3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (32 counts)
5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (48 counts)
7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (64 counts)
Background art
Sketch plain paper ………design paper ……… graph extension paper ………Background art book
The artists transfer the picture onto a design paper which a scale drawing of the actual picture
Each box on the graph extension paper represents an art book
The books are numbered so that each performer maintains his/her position
Hundreds of art books with painted themes are mounted in the grand stand behind the
gymnasts
The grand stand is the sitting area at a stadium. The books are opened at the same time page
by page to show the painted themes
The music and the arena display correspond with the messages on the background art
The grand finale is the conclusion of the display
For background art, apart from the art books you can also use art boards, manila sheets, or
improvise with banners
Event Theme
Price giving day/ graduation day ……………………………..
Sports day ……………………………
Inter-schools sports competitions …………………………………..
Community celebrations (independence day) …………………………………….
SASSAF, CASSAF, DASSAF ………………………………
Field day ………………………….
ZIMASSET …………………..
32. Give three factors to consider when choosing a theme [3]
33. Define choreography [2]
34. What is an arena [2]
35. What does the acronym BPM stand for [1]
36. Define the following terms i) gestures ii) theme iii) exercise point iv) Act [8]
37. Give 2 factors to consider when formulating gestures [2]
38.
It is a sport practiced by men and women that requires balance, strength, flexibility, agility,
coordination, endurance and control
Gymnastics evolved from exercise used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting
and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills
The world governing body for competitive gymnastics is the Federation of International
Gymnastics (FIG) which was founded in 1881
Women’s events include vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise
Men’s events include floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel and horizontal
bars
Gymnastics is a three-pronged competitive discipline which covers artistic, rhythmic and
trampoline
Artistic and trampoline gymnastics are a part of male and female competitions
Rhythmic gymnastics is open only to females
Artistic gymnastics – it is divided into men’s and women’s gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics – gymnasts compete on a mat about 12.5m2. They perform
choreographed movements set to music, some acrobatic movements are allowed. No flight
elements such as flips and handsprings are allowed
Trampoline – gymnasts bounce up and down while performing somersaults or twists and any
other movements. Gymnasts can bounce up to 9m high, some gymnasts have been known to
stay in the air for up to two seconds
Safety in gymnastics
Flexibility – the ability to move/ bend joints in wide range of motion with ease and withou t injury
Strength – is the ability of a muscular unit or combination of muscular units to apply force
Agility – is the ability to transition between several positions efficiently and quickly
Endurance – is the muscle’s ability to continuously perform without getting tired
Body composition – a precise body mass measurement of fat and muscle
1. Landing
Proper landing technique helps reduce the force of landings
Safe landing techniques include the following:
Single balances
3. Locomotion
It is the movement from one place to another
This can be achieved using the following techniques:
Walking leaping frog jumps
Crawling galloping
Tip toe walking one leg jumps
Skipping two leg jumps
Spinning bear walks
Walk on your heels cartwheel
Long jump backward roll
Tuck jumps forward roll