CHAPTER 13: Rizal's Visit to the United States Oakland – first stop via ferryboat

(1888)
May 9, 1888
April 28, 1888
 Wednesday. They woke up at Colorado, the 5th
 Rizal first saw America. state they crossed over.
 Rizal is a man of truth.
May 10, 1888
Arrival in San Francisco
 Thursday. They woke up in Nebraska. They
 The steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, reached Omaha, a big city- the biggest since
docked at San Francisco on Saturday morning. they left San Francisco.
The ship was carrying 643 Chinese coolies.  The Missouri river is twice as wide as the Pasig
River in its widest part.
Rizal in San Francisco
May 11, 1888
 May 4, 1888
 Rizal at Palace hotel  Friday. They woke up near Chicago. The
country is cultivated. It shows our nearness to
Market Street – the best street in San Francisco. Chicago. They left Chicago at 8:14 Friday night.
Leland Stanford What he observed in Chicago is that every cigar
store has an Indian figure and always different.
-A senator who was a founder and benefactor of
Stanford University at Palo Alto, California. May 12, 1888

Dupont Street in Chinatown which is Grant  Saturday. A good Wagner car. They shall arrive
Avenue today. at the English territory (Canada) and they shall
see Niagara Falls.
May 4 to 6
May 13, 1888
 Two days when Rizal stayed in San Francisco.
And Grover Cleveland is the president of the  Sunday. They woke up near Albany. This is a
United States at that time. big city. The Hudson River which runs along
carries many boats.
Across the American Continent
 The grand transcontinental trip of Rizal ended
May 6, 1888 on Sunday, May 13, at 11:10 AM.

 Sunday, 4:30 PM, Rizal left San Francisco for Rizal in New York
Oakland, nine miles across San Francisco Bay May 13, 1888
by ferry boat.
 Sunday morning. Rizal reached New York, thus
May 7, 1888
ending his trip across the American continent.
 Rizal at Reno, Nevada. He stayed three days in the city which he called
the "big town".
May 8, 1888  The great American Ponce, he wrote that Ponce
 Tuesday. A beautiful morning for Rizal. They is a great man who, he think, has no equal in
stop from place to place. He believe with a good this country.
system of irrigation this place could be
cultivated. There are mountains at the middle of
the lake like the island of Talim in Laguna de
Bay. They are at Utah State, the 3rd state they
passed over.
May 16, 1888 Spanish critics , penned a famous letter to the young
women of Malolos, carried on his voluminous
 He left New York for Liverpool on board the correspndence with Blumentritt and relatives, and
city of Rome. According to Rizal, this steamer had a romance with Gertrude Beckett.
was the "the second largest ship in the world",
the largest being the Great Eastern. He was May 24, 1888 – Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England
thrilling sensation the Colossal Statue of Liberty
He stayed one day in this port city, spending the
on Bedloe Island as his trip steamed out of New
night at the Adelphi Hotel, 'Liverpool', he wrote to
York Harbor.
his family, “It's a beautiful city and its celebrated
Rizal’s impressions of America port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is
magnificent and the customhouse is quite good”
A. GOOD
 Material progress of the country as shown in its May 25, 1888
cities, farms, and industries.
 A day after docking at Liverpool, Rizal went to
 The drive and energy of the Americans
London.
 The natural beauty of the land
 For a short time, he stayed as guest at the home
 The high standard of living of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, An exlle of
 The opportunities for better life offered to poor 1872and a practising lawyer in London .
immigrants.  By the end of May, he founda modest boarding
B. BAD place at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill.
 The lack of racial equality He was a boarder of the Beckett Family.

 In 1890, two years after Rizal's visit to the Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the
United States, Jose Alejandro, who was a teen librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an
studying engineering in Belgium, Alejandro had authority on Malayan languages and customs . Dr.
never been in America so that one day he asked Rost was impressed by Rizal’s learning and
Rizal; "What impressions do you have of character, and he gladly recommended him to tha
America"? authorities of the British Museum. He called Rizal
 "America", answered Rizal, "is the land of par “a pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre)
excellence of freedom but only for the whites". NEWS FROM HOME
CHAPTER 14: Rizal in London (1888-1889)
 Persecution of the Filipino patriots who
Why London? assigned “Anti-Friar Petition of 1888”
 Persecution of the Calamba tenants, including
After visiting United States, Rizal lived in London. Rizal’s family and relatives for, for their
He chose this English City to be his new home for courage to petition of the government for
three reasons: agrarian reforms.
 To improve his knowledge of the English  Furious attacks on Rizal by Senators Salamanca
language and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by
 To study and annonate Morga’s Sucesos de las Desenganos (Wenceslao E. Retana) and
Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish
be available in the British Museum newspapers.
 And London was a safe place for him to carry  Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo,
on his fight against Spanish tyranny. husband of Saturnina, was exiled by Governor
General Weyler to Bohol without due process of
In London, he engaged Filipiniana studies complete law
annotating Morga’s book, wrote many articles for  Laureano Viado- a friend of Rizal, a medical
La Solidaridad in defense of his people against student at the University of Santo Tomas, was
 arrested and jailed in Bilibid Prison because  To his friend, Blumentritt, Rizal sent as
copies of the Noli were found in his house. Christmas gift a bust of Emperor Augustus
which he had made.To another friend Dr. Carlos
Annotating Morga’s Book
Czepelak (Polish scholar), he gave as Christmas
The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was gift a bust of Julius Caesar.
the annotating of Morga’s Book, Sucesos de las  Rizal’s landlady, Mrs. Beckett, knowing of his
Islas Filipinas (Historical events of the Philippines interest in magic , gave him as Christmas gift a
Island) which was published in Mexico, 1609. He book entitled “The Lifes and Adventures of
spent days in the reading room of the British Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist
Museum poring over the pages of this book and
Asociacion La Solidaridad (inaugurated on
laboriously reading the old histories of the
December 31,1888)
Philippines.
May 1888 – March 1889  Graciano Apacible (President)
 Graciano Lopez Jaena (Vice-President)
 Rizal was deeply immersed in his historical  Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary}
studies in London.  Mariano Ponce (Treasurer)
 He refused Ponce’s request because he was  Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant)
busy.
 “Today”, he wrote to Ponce on October 12, It aims were as follows:
1888, “I am dedicated day and night to certain  To work as peacefully for politocal and social
studies, so that I do not want to edit newspaper”. reforms
Short visit to Paris (early in September 1888)  To portray the deplorable conditions of the
Philippines so that Spanish may remedy them
 He visited Paris for a week, in order to search  To oppose the evil forces of reaction and
for more historical materials in the medievalism
Bibliotheque Nationale  To advocate liberal ideas and progress and;
 He was entertained in this gay French  To champion the legitimate aspirations of the
metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife (Pas Filipino people to life, democracy, and
Pardo de Tavera) happiness.
 After poring over the old books and manuscript
in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena ad his associates in
London. founding La Solidaridad .

December 11, 1888 In his letter to Lopez Jaena, he advised him that
great care should be taken in publishing only the
 He went to Spain visiting Madrid and truth in La Solidaridad.
Barcelona.
 He contacted his compatriots and surveyed the “Be careful”, he admonished “not to publish
political situation with regards to the agitation exaggeratedor lies or imitate others, ,who avail
for Philippine Reforms.. themselves of dishonest means of vulgar and
 For the first time, he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar ignoble to attain their ends.
and Mariano Ponce, two titans the Propaganda First Article in La Solidaridad
movement.
 Rizal’s first article which appeared in La
Christmas in London 1888 Solidaridad was entitled Los Agricultores (The
 Rizal returned to London on December 24 and Filipino Formers)
Christmas and New Year’s Day with the  It was published on March 25, 1889, six days
Becketts. after he left London for Paris.
Writings in London  Rizal published annotated edition of Morga’s
Sucesos Founded three Filipino societies; The
 In defense, he wrote pamphlet entitled La
Kidlat club, The Indios Bravos, and The RDLM.
Vision del Fray Rodriquez (The Vision of Fray
Rodriguez) Difficulty of Finding Quarters
 Which was published in Barcelona under his
▪ The Universal Exposition attracted thousands of
nom—de-plume Dimas A Lang.
tourists, which made all hotel accommodation
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos London　 taken.
(February 22, 1889)
▪ Rizal lives with Valentin Ventura at No. 45
 A Filipino mother should teach her children Maubeugu, where he polished his annotated
love of God, Fatherland, and mankind edition of Morga’s book.
 Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan Rizal lived in a little room with:
mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the
Fatherland ▪ Captain Justo Trinidad- former Gobernadorcillo
 Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and of Santa Ana, Manila
wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living ▪ Jose Albert- a young student from Manila
the real Christian way with good morals and
good manners. Life in Paris
 A Filipino waman should know how to preserve ▪ Bibliotheque National (National Library)
her dignity and honor
 A Filipino waoman should educate herself; ▪ In his spare hours, Rizal dines ate the homes of
aside from retaining her good racial virtues Pardo de Taveras, Venturas, Bousteads and
Lunas.
Sculptural works in London
Pardo de Tavera’s
 Premetheus Bound
 The Triumph of Death over Life ▪ Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera -physician by
 The Triumph of Science over Death vocation, philologist by avocation
 A Composite Carving of The Rheads of the ▪ Felix Pardo de Tavera -physician by vocation
Beckett Sisters -artist and sculptor by avocation
Adios London ▪ Paz Pardo de Tavera – wife of Juan Luna
• Suddenly on March 19, 1889, Rizal bade ▪ Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera - an exile of
goodbye to the kind Beckett family (particulary 1872, who escaped from the Marianas and lived
Gertrude) and left London for Paris. in France.
• He was sad as he crossed the English Channel, ▪ Maria de la Paz, Blanca, Laureana,
for cherished so many beautiful memories of Hermenegilda Juana Luna y Pardo de Tavera
London. daughter of Paz Pardo de Tavera and Juan Luna.
Chapter 15: Rizal’s Second Sojourn in Paris and Paris 1889
the Universal Exposition of 1889
▪ May 16, 1889 – Rizal wrote a letter to his
1. Paris in the spring of 1889 family in Calamba, Laguna.
PARIS 1889
 The Universal Exposition of 1889 was a world’s
fair held in Paris, France from May 6 to October
31, 1889.
2. Rizal and Paris Exposition of 1889 ▫ Rizal’s Letter to Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Paris
Rizal and Paris Exposition of 1889
Members:
▪ Rizal was fascinated by the Universal
Exposition of Paris which opened in May 6, ▪ Gregorio Aguilera,
1889.
▪ Jose Ma. Basa,
▪ The greatest attraction of this exposition was the
▪ Julio Llorente,
Eiffel Tower, 984 feet high built by Alexander
Eiffel, a French engineer. ▪ Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
▪ Rizal and his friend attended the opening ▪ Mariano Ponce,
ceremonies and saw the cutting of the ribbon by
President Sadi Carnot of the Third French ▪ Baldomero Roxas,
Republic. ▪ Father Jose Maria Changco
International Art Competition Aim of the RDLM:
▪ Felix R. Hidalgo – was awarded second prize ▪ Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the
▪ Juan Luna & Felix Pardo de Tavera – obtain the Malays)
third prize ▪ Propagation of all useful knowledge—scientific,
▪ Jose Rizal – won’t get the international prize artistic, literary, etc. in the Philippines

3. Filipino Societies ▪ Redemption of the Malay race

Kidlat Club ▪ It was noted that Rizal was inspired by a famous

book entitled Max Havelaar written by Multatuli
▪ On March 19, 1889, Rizal organized his ( E.D. Dekker, Dutch author) where he exposed
compatriots into a society called Kidlat Club is the miserable conditions of the oppressed Malay
temporary social society - To bring together inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indies under
young Filipinos in French capital to enjoy the Dutch rule.
Universal Exposition
▪ On February 23, 1892 a letter to Blumentritt,
Indios Bravos from Rizal -To be a leader of freedom, if not in
the Philippines, then in other lands “In Borneo”
▪ “Brave Indians”
4. Annotated Edition of Morga Published
▪ Replaced Kidlat Club
▪ Printed by Garnier Freres
▪ Members pledged to excel in intellectual and
physical prowess to win admiration of ▪ Prologue by Prof. Blumentritt
foreigners(Spaniards)
*2 things which reveals Rizal’s error
RDLM Society
1. Appraising the events of the past in the light of
▪ Another society founded by Rizal in Paris present standards.
during the Universal Exposition.
2. attack on the catholicism
This secret society was mentioned in only 2 letters:
 He dedicated his new edition of Morga to the
▫ Rizal’s letter to Jose Maria Basa, Paris, Filipino people so that they would know of their
September 21, 1889 glorious past. His dedication is as follows:
 “Born and reared in ignorance of our past like 6. La Indolencia de los Filipinos
almost all of you: without voice nor authority to
The Indolence of the Filipino
speak of what we have not seen nor studied, I
deemed it necessary to invoke the testimony of an ▪ La indolencia de los Filipinos more popularly
Illustrious Spaniards who controlled the destinies of known in its English version, "The Indolence of
the Philippines at the beginning of it’s new era and the Filipinos,“ -is a exploratory essay written by
personally witnessed the last days of our ancient Philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, to
nationality” explain the alleged idleness of his people during
the Spanish colonization. 
▪ In this work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos
were already civilized before the advent of Chapters:
Spain. They already had clothes, government,
laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences ▪ Chapter 1: Admitting the existence of
and commerce with neighboring Asian nations. indolence

Comment on the Morga’s Publication Date ▪ Chapter 2: Indolence of chronic illness

▪ The title page of Rizal’s annotated edition of ▪ Chapter 3: wars, insurrections, expeditions
Morga reads: “Paris, Libreria de Garnier and invasion
Hermanos, 18890.” From this printed date, all ▪ Chapter 4: death of trade in the Philippines
biographers of Rizal came to assert that his
edition of Morga was published in 1890. ▪ Chapter 5: limited training and education the
indolence of the Filipinos
Other Works of Rizal aside from Morga’s book
7. International Association of Filipinologists
▪ Mayi
▪ is an unaccredited international organization of
▪ Tawalisi of Ibn batuta Filipino and non-Filipino intellectuals
▪ Filipinas dentro de cien anos (The Philippines established in Paris, 1889 by the Bohemian
within a century) scientist Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt and
Philippine national hero Dr. José Rizal
▪ Sobre la Indolenca de los Filipinos (The
indolence of Filipinos)  Aim;

▪ La politica colonial on Filipinas (Colonial ▪ “to study the Philippines from the scientific
policy in the Philippines) and historical point of view.”

5. The Philippines within a Century Officers:

The Philippines within a Century ▪ President: Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt

(Austrian)
▪ He portrayed at the beginning of his article the
glorious past of the Filipino people then ▪ Vice-President: Mr. Edmund Plauchut
described their economic stagnation and (French)
unhappiness under the harsh bugling Spanish ▪ Counsellor: Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
rule. Towards the last paragraph, he peered into (Filipino-Spanish)
the future and warned Spain of what would
happen to her colonial empire in Asia if she ▪ Counsellor: Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-
would not adopt a more liberal and enlightened German)
policy toward the Philippines. ▪ Secretary: Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)
8. Project for Filipino College in Hong Kong ▪ It was published in a booklet form in Barcelona,
1889.
▪ Planned by Rizal while still in Paris
▪ Mariano Ponce - Rizal received the printed
▪ To establish a modern college in Hong Kong 
copies from him.
Aim;
▪ It describes in comical vein a telephone
“ to train and educate men of good family and conversation between Fr. Front who was in
financial means in accordance with the demands of Madrid and the Father provincial of the San
modern times and circumstances” Agustin Convent in Manila.

▪ Mr. Mariano Cunanan - who promised Rizal to 10. Christmas in Paris

help him raise money as initial capital for
▪ Rizal and Jose Albert- who were living frugally
college.
in a small room occupied by Capitan Justo
▪ 40,000pesos- initial capital Trinidad.

Subjects: -planned to have a sumptuous Christmas dinner.

▪ Ethics ▪ Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris

▪ Religion ▪ After New Year- brief visit in London -

biographers do not know the purpose of this
▪ Natural Law visit.
▪ Civil Law Two theoretical reasons:
▪ Department Hygiene 1. To check up his annotated edition of Morga’s
▪ Mathematics Sucesos with the original copy in the British
Museum.
▪ Physics and Chemistry
2. To see Gertrude Beckett for the last time.
▪ Natural History
▪ Middle of January 1890- Rizal was back in Paris
▪ Geography Curriculum - he complained of a terrible headache.
Unfortunately, this project of Rizal to Chapter 16: In Belgian Brussels (1890)
establish a modern college in Hong Kong did
not materialize. However, years later, during his JANUARY 28, 1890 - Rizal left paris for
exile in Dapitan, he actually founded a school brussels.
for boys, in which he put into practice some of 2 Reasons:
his splendid pedagogical concepts.
 The cost of living in paris was very high.
9. Por Telefono
 The gay social life of the city hampered his
▪ Rizal wrote this satirical work as a reply to literary works especially the writing of his
another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font. second novel El Filibusterismo.
▪ Fr. Salvador Font- who masterminded the Rizal's Life in Brussels
banning of Rizal’s Noli.
Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he
▪ This work is under the authorship of Dimas moved Brussels. They lived in modest boarding
Alang. house on 38 Rue Philippine Champagne, which was
▪ Dimas Alang- one of Rizal’s pen-names. run by two Jaceby sisters (Suzanne, Marie) later
Albert left the city and he was replaced by Jose EXAMPLE:
Alejandro
K and W should be used instead of the C and O.
Speaking of Rizal frugality Jose Alejandro, his
SALACOT ----- SALAKOT
roommate in Brussels said:
ARAO----- ARAW
Rizal suggested to eat pansit but it was over
calculated to remedy the error made they were “Sobre la Nueva Orthografia de la Lengua
compelled to have pansit for lunch and supper for tagala”
two days.
In this article he laid down rules of the new tagalog
In Brussels orthography and with modesty and sincerity he gave
the credit for the adaption of this new orthography
➢ Rizal was busy writing his second novel which
to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo De Tavera.
was a continuation of NOLI.
Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling
➢ Aside from writing its chapters he wrote articles
for La Solidaridad and letters to his family and  He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin
friends Ventura that the Filipinos in Spain were
destroying the good name of their nation by
➢ Being a physician, he spent part his time for gambling too much.
recreation he had gymnastics at the gymnasium  According, Rizal wrote too M.H Del Pilar on
and target practice and fencing at the armory. may 28, 1890 to remind the filipinos in madrid
Rizal Articles in La Solidaridad that they did not come over to europe to gamble
but to work for their father lands freedom.
 A la defense (to la defense), April 30, 1889  The gambling Filipinos in Madrid were angry
when they learned of rizal moralizing.
 La verdad para todos (truth for all) May 31,
Thereafter they called rizal “papa” instead of
1889
“pepe”
 Vicente Barrants (teatro tagalo) June 15 1889
Bad News From Home
 Una Profanation (a profanation) July 31, 1889
Letters from home which rizal receive in
 Verdades nuevas ( new truth) july 31, 1889 brussels, worried him. The Calamba agrarian was
getting worse.
 Crueldad (cruelty) august 15, 1889
The management of the Dominican hacienda
 Diferencias (differences) September 15, 1889 continually raised the land rents until such time that
Rizal father refused to pay his rent. Other tenants
 Inconsequences (inconsecquences) November
inspired by Don Francisco’s courage also refused to
30, 1889
pay the unreasonable rents.
 Llanto y risas ( tears and laughter) November
Meanwhile the tenants including the Rizal
30, 1889
family were persecuted and ejected from their lands
 Ingratitudes (ingratitude) January 15 1889
Presentiment of Death
New Orthography of Tagalog language
He was not afraid to die, but he wanted to
Rizal loved his own language inspite of his finish his second novel before he went to his grave.
knowledge of foreign languages. He was the first to
This morbid presentiment of early death was
advocate the filipinization of its orthography
divulged by him to M.H. Del Pilar, in a letter from
Brussels dated June 11 1890,
Preparation to go home CHAPTER 17: MISFORTUNES IN MADRID
(1890-1891)
 Rizal planned to go home. He could not stay in
Brussels writing a book while his parent’s August 1890
relatives and friends in the distant Philippines
 Rizal arrived in Madrid
were persecuted.
 He tried all legal means to seek justice for his
 Upon saying that Graciano Lopez Jaena was
family and the Calamba Tenants.
planning to go to Cuba, he wrote to Ponce on
July 9, 1890, opposing Graciano plan of action.  He almost fought two duels; one with Antonio
He said that graciano should not go to Cuba to Luna and other with Wenceslao E. Retana.
die of yellow fever, instead he “ought to go to
the Philippines to allow himself to be killed in  Leonor Rivera married a British Engineer
defense of his ideals”. Failure to get Justice for Family
 Adding Rizal said “we have only once to die  Rizal immediately sought the help of the
and if we do not die well we lose an opportunity Filipino colony;
which will not again be presented to us”.
1. Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
 All his friends– were horrified of Rizal's plan
2. Liberal Spanish newspapers
Decision to go to Madrid
 La Justicia
 Rizal ignored the dire warning of his friends. No
threat of danger could change his plan.  El Globo
 Something happened that suddenly made him  EL Dia
change his mind. It was a letter from paciano
which related that they lost the case against the  La Republica
Dominicans in manila, but they appealed it to  El Resumen
the Supreme Court in Spain, hence a lawyer was
needed to handle it in Madrid. 3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar- who acted as his lawyer
 In another letter to ponce written at Brussels 4. Dr. Dominador Gomez – secretary of the
July 29 1890 Rizal announced that he was Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
leaving Brussels at the beginning of the 5. Minister of Colonies – Señor Fabie
following month and would arrive in Madrid 6. General Valeriano Weyler- committed injustices
about the 3rd or 4th (august). against the Calamba folks.
7. El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper
Romance with Petite Jacoby
More Terrible news reached Rizal in Madrid
Rizal was so charming and dignified a gentleman
that petite Susanne was attracted to him. He was  From Silvestre Ubaldo, he received a copy of
lonely in a strange country and Leonor Rivera was the ejectment order by the Dominicans against
so far away. Naturally being a normal young man Francisco Rizal and other Calamba tenants.
he found certain bliss in the company of a pretty  From Saturnina, he learned of the deportation of
Belgian girl. He might have flirted with petite Paciano, Antonio Lopez, Silvestre Ubaldo,
Susanne but he could not stop how to deceptive Teong (Mateo Elejorde), and Dandoy (Dr. Rizal
amorous relationship relative) to Mindoro.
 His parents were forcibly ejected from their
home and were then living in the house of
Narcisa (Antonino’s Wife).
Rizal’s Eulogy to Panganiban Teatro Apolo, that time Rizal lost his Gold
watch chain with a locket containing a picture of
 Jose Ma. Panganiban- his friend and his talented
Leonor Rivera.
co-worker in the Propaganda who died in
Barcelona on August 19, 1890, after a lingering  December 1890, Rizal received a letter from
illness. He deeply mourned the passing of his Leonor, announcing her coming marriage to an
Bicol Hero. Englishman (the choice of her mother) and
asking his forgiveness.
With a sorrowing heart, Rizal took up his pen and
wrote a great eulogy to Panganiban.  February 15, 1891- Blumentritt replied to the
letter of Rizal and comforted him when he
 Becerra and Maura- former members of the
confide to him about his agony and broken
ministry who gave Rizal honeyed words of
heart.
sympathy and nothing else.
Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry
 Queen Regent Maria Cristina- urged to see by
Blumentritt.  1890 - There arose an unfortunate rivalry
between Rizal at Del Pilar for supremacy.
Aborted duel with Antonio Luna
 Rizal tried to imbue his compatriots with his
 August 1890- Rizal attended a social reunion of
own idealism. Unfortunately his idealism was
the Filipinos in Madrid.
not shared. Some of his supporters turned to the
 Antonio Luna, was bitter because of his leadership of Del Pilar.
frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead. Deep
 January 1, 1891 (New Year’s day) the Filipino
in his heart. He was blaming Rizal for his failure
of Madrid met to re-organiza the Asociacion
to win her.
Hispano Filipina. Owning to Del Pilar’s , the
 Rizal challenged Antonio Luna, his friend, to a proposition to place La Solidaridad under the
duel. control of the responsible was abandoned. The
meeting proceed to the business of electing the
Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel responsible. It was agreed that responsible
 Wenceslao E. Retana- a talented Spanish should be elected by two-thirds vote of the
scholar, was then a press agent of the Friars in Filipino community.
Spain. He attacked Filipinos including Rizal, in Rizal Abdicates His Leadership
various newspapers in Madrid.
 February 1891, were the Filipino divided into
 La Epoca- an anti-Filipino Newspaper in two rival camps:
Madrid. Asserting that the family and friends of
Rizal had not paid their rents so that they were a) RIZALISTAS
ejected from their lands in Calamba by the
b) PILARISTA
Dominicans.
 Mariano Ponce -appealed to his countrymen
 When Rizal got insult, he sent his seconds to
with stirring eloquence to vote for Rizal. Some
Retana with his challenge to duel. Only
Pilaristas, evidently, heeded his plea.
Retana’s blood or his apology could vindicate
the good name of Rizal’s family and friends.  First day of voting- Rizal was winning
Infidelity of Leonor Rivera  Second day- Rizal won but the vote cast did not
for Rizal.
 In the autumn of 1890 Rizal was feeling bitter at
so many disappointments that he encountered in  Third day- Rizal’s Victory.
Madrid. Rizal and his friends attended a play at
Adios, Madrid Antonio Luna
 Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his  Who had previously loved and lost Nelly,
compatriots for electing him as Responsible. encourage Rizal to woo and marry her. From
Sadly he packed up his bags, paid his bills, and Madrid, Luna wrote to Rizal saying:
boarded a train leaving for Biarritz.
“With respect to Nelly, frankly, I think there is
CHAPTER 18: BIARRITZ VACATION AND nothing between us more than one of those
ROMANCE WITH NELLY BOUSTED (1891) friendship enlivened by being fellow countrymen. It
seems to me that there is nothing more. My word of
WITH THE BOUSTED IN BIARRITZ
honor, I had been her fiance. I like her because I
 Feb. 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz. know how worthy she was. She is good; she is
 Welcomed by the Bousteds: Mr. Bousted, who naturally endowed with qualities admirable in a
had taken a great liking from him because of his young woman and I believe that she will happiness
remarkable talents. not only to you but to any other man who is worthy
 He was updated with friendliness and of her….I congratulate you as one congratulates a
hospitability by Mrs. Bousted, Adelina, Nelly friend. Congratulations!”
and Aunt Isabel (Mrs. Bousted’s sister).  Rizal courted Nellie, who in turn, reciprocated
 The one- month vacation in Biarritz worked his affection.
wonders for Rizal. His sorrowing heart began to  Rizal’s marriage proposal failed for two
sing once more with joy and remarkable reasons:
swiftness. 1. He refused to give up his Catholic faith and
Feb. 11, 1891 be converted to Protestantism
2. Nelly’s mother did not like him as son-in-
He wrote to Mariano Ponce saying that: law.
“I have put on much weight since I arrived; my  Rizal and Nellie parted as good friends.
cheeks are no longer shrunken as before for the EL FILIBUSTERISMO FINISHED IN
reason that I go to bed early and I have no cares”. BIARRITZ
ROMANCE WITH NELLIE BOUSTED
 Frustrated in romance, Rizal found consolation
 Biarritz, with its romantic garden, delightful in writing. He kept on working his 2nd novel
villas and panoramic beauties, is an ideal setting which he began to write in Calamba in 1887.
for romance. On an emotional rebounce, Rizal  March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure from
having lost his beloved Leonor, came to Biarritz to Paris, he finished the manuscript of
entertain considerable affections for Nellie. El Filibusterismo and wrote a letter to
 He found her to be a real Filipina. Blumentritt.
 Highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament, TO PARIS BACK BRUSSELS
morally upright
 He wrote to his intimate friends, except Prof.  March 30, 1891- Rizal bade farewell to the
Blumentritt, of his love for Nellie (Nelly) and Bousteds and proceeded to Paris by train.
his intention to propose a marriage to her  He stayed at the home of Valentin Ventura.
 April 4, 1891- Paris, he wrote a letter to his
February 4, 1891
friend Jose Ma. Basa (HongKong) expressing
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar teased him about changing his desire to go to that British colony and study
the “o” in Noli to an “e” (Noli to Nelly) ophthalmology.
 Middle of April 1891- Rizal was back to
Brussels.
 He was happily received by his landladies CHAPTER 19: EL FILIBUSTERISMO
(Marie and Suzanne Jacoby) and the Belgian Published in Ghent (1891)
girl who loved him (Petite Suzanne)
• October 1887 - He began writing it in Calamba
RETIREMENT TO PROPAGANDA while practicing medicine.
MOVEMENT
• 1888 – he made some changes in the plot and
 January 1891- Rizal retired from Propaganda corrected some chapters in London
movement or Reform crusade to:
• March 29, 1891 he finished the manuscript in
 nd
Publish his 2 novel. Biarritz.

 Practice his medical profession. • July 5, 1891 – Left Brussels for Ghent, a famous
city in Belgium.
  Make more vigorous campaign for his
country’s redemption. His reasons for moving Ghent were:

May 1, 1891 1. The cost of printing in Ghent is cheaper than

Brussels
 From Brussels, he notified the Propaganda
authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly 2. To escape from the enticing attraction of Petite
allowance. Suzzane.

RIZAL STOPPED WRITING FOR LA TWO COMPATRIOTS HE MET IN GHENT

SOLIDARIDAD 1. Jose Alejandro - from Pampanga
 Rizal ceased writing for La Solidaridad. Many 2. Edilberto Evangelista - from manila
of his friends in Spain urged him to boot hinted
writing for the patriotic periodical because his • Owing to his limited funds, Rizal lived in a
article always attracted considerable attention in cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandro as
European countries. his room- mate.

August 7, 1891 • To economize further on their living expenses,

they prepared their own daily breakfast in their
 M.H Del Pilar wrote a letter to Rizal begging room.
forgiveness for any resentment and requesting
him to resume writing for La Solidaridad. Printing of Elfilibusterismo
 Rizal wrote denying any resentment and  F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRESS, No.66
explaining why he stopped writing for La Viaanderen Street— who was willing to print
Solidaridad: his book on installment basis.
 He needs time to work in his book.  He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down
 He wanted other Filipino to work also. payment and early partial payments during the
REVISING THE EL FILIBUSTERISMO FOR printing of the novel.
PUBLICATION  Rizal became desperate because his funds were
running low, and the money he expected from
 May 30, 1891- the revision of El Filibusterismo his friends did not arrive.
is completed.  He had received some money from Basa and
 He wrote to Jose Ma. Basa. Rodriguez Arias from the copies of Morga’s
 June 13- Rizal informed Basa. Sucesos sold in Manila.
 Writing to Basa from Ghent on July 1891, Rizal
said: " I have already pawned all my jewels, I
live in a small room, I eat in the cheapest
 restaurant in order to economize and be able to • All copies of the first edition (Ghent edition) of
publish my book; soon I will have to stop it's El Filibusterismo were placed in wooden boxes
publication if no money comes. and shipped to Hong Kong, but almost all the
boxes were confiscated, and all the books were
August 6
lost.
• The printing had to be suspended, as Rizal
• The book immediately became rare and few
feared, because he had no longer give the
available Ghent copies were sold at very high
necessary funds to the printer.
prices, reaching as high as 400 pesetas per copy.
• He wrote to Basa in Hongkong .
Dedicated to Gomburza.
"As you will see in the enclosed clipping, the
• The memory of the priests, Don Mariano
printing of the second novel part (sequel to the Noli
Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30
- Z) is advanced, and I am now on page 112.
years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on
Because no money is forthcoming, and I owe
the 28th of February 1872.
everybody and I am broke. I will have to suspend
the publication and leave the work half- finished." • To straighten historical records, however, we
must rectify Rizal's historical inaccuracies in his
Ventura the savior of the Fili
dedicatory note. First of all the martyrdom of
• Rizal Calvary in connection with the printing of Gomes, Burgos, Zamora occured on February
the Noli was repeated in the Fili's printing. 17, 1872 -- not on the 28th. Secondly, Father
Gomez was 73 years old -- not 85. Father
• When everything seemed lost, help came from Burgos wa 35 years old --not 30 and Father
an unexpected source. Valentin Ventura in Paris Zamora was 37 years old -- not 35.
leaened of Rizal's predicament and immediately
sent him the necessary funds. With his financial The Manuscript and the Book
aid, the printing of the Fili was resumed.
• The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in
The Fili Comes of the Press Rizal's own handwriting is now preserved in the
Filipiniana Division of the Beaureu of Public
• September 18, 1891, Libraries, in Manila.
El Fili came off the press • It had been acquired by the Philippine
• Rizal Immediately sent 2 copies to Hongkong Government from Valentin Ventura for 10,000
one for Basa and the other to Sixto Lopez. pesos. It consists of 279 pages of long sheets of
paper.
• To his friend in Paris, Valentin Ventura, he
gratefully gave the original manuscript of El Fili • Two features in the manuscript do not appear in
and a printed copy with his autograph. the printed book namely: the FOREWORD and
the WARNING. These were not put into print,
• Filipino patriots raised the novel. The members evidently, to save printing cost.
of the colony of Barcelona published a tribute in
La Publicidad, a Barcelona news paper • The FOREWORD appears just before the
eulogizing the novel's original style which is dedicatory page in the manuscript.
comparable only to the sublime Alexander • The WARNING is found on the other side of
Dumas a model and precious jewel in the now the dedication.
decadent literature of Spain.
• The liberal Madrid newspaper, El nuevo
Regimen, serialized the novel in it's issues of
October ,1891.
Inscription on theTitle page • Don Custodio- Pro-Spanish Filipino holding
high position in the Government
• The title page of El Fili contains an inscription
written by Ferdinand Blumentritt. This • Padre Salvi- thin Franciscan friar and former
inscription, which is not found in many Cura of San Diego
published English translations.
• Padre Irene- a kind Friar who was a friend of
Synopsis of El Filibusterismo Filipino Students
 This novels is a sequel to the Noli. It has little • Padre Florentino – a retired scholarly and
humor. Less idealism, and less romance than the Patriotic Filipino Priest
Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary, more
• Basilio – Son of Sisa and promising medical
tragic than the first novel
student whose medical education is financed by
 Simoun - he was a rich jeweler, He was
his patron, Captain Tiago
Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli.
• Isagani – A poet nephew of Padre Florentino
• While being good friends with Spaniards he’s
and lover of Paulita
secretly cherishing a terrible revenge against the
Spanish authorities. Synopsis of El Filibusterismo
TWO MAGNIFICENT OBSESSIONS OF • “Brown Cardinal” or “Black Iminence”- called
SIMOUN: to Simoun because of his great influence in
Malacanang.
1. To rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery of
Santa Clara. • He encourage
2. To forment a revolution against the hated 1. Corruption in the Government
Spanish masters.
2. Promotes oppression in the masses
Story begins on board the clumsy roundish shaped
3. Hastens the moral degradation of the
steamer “TABO” sailing upstream the Pasig from
country
Manila to Laguna de Bay.
• He did that so that people may be come
Passenger of the tabo steamer
desperate and fight.
• Simoun – Rich jeweler
• He smuggles arms into the country with the help
• Dona Victorina – Ridiculously pro Spanish of Chinese Merchant Quiroga.
native woman who is going to Laguna in search
• His first attempt of arm uprising did not
of her henpecked husband
materialized because of what he heard, the news
• Don Tiburcio de Espadana- who has deserted about the death of Maria Clara in the nunnery.
her
• Gives a wedding gift to Paulita Gomez and
• Paulita Gomez- Her beautiful niece Juanito Pelaez a beautiful lamp
• Ben-Zayb – Spanish journalist who writes silly • Only him (Simoun) and Basilio knows what was
articles about Filipinos behind that beautiful lamp
• Padre Sibyla- Vice- Rector of University of • There will be an explosion that will kill the
Sto.Tomas guests including the Governor-General, Friars
and Government
• Padre Camorra- Parish priest of the town of
Tiani • Isagani who was there, discovered the plan, he
hurls the lamp into the river to protect Paulita
• The revolutionary plot was discovered by the  Basilio - son of Sisa a promising medical
Spanish student
• Simoun cornered but was able to escape  Juli - the lover of Basilio
wounded
 Quiroga - rich Chinese merchant
• Spanish authorities learned where Simoun is
 Cabesang Tales – father of Juli disposed his
• Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison land in Tiani by friars
• Confessed to Padre Florentino his true identity  Placido Penitente - student of Padre Millon
and his true intentions and plan. who became disoriented because of the poor
• Characters drawn by Rizal from real life methods of instruction

• Padre Florentino – served as Father Leoncio  Makaraig - rich and leader of Filipino students
Lopez in their movement to learn Spanish in the
academy
• Isagani- served as Vicente Ilustre (Batangueno
friend of Rizal in Madrid  Padre Millon - teaches Physics in UST without
experiments
• Paulita Gomez – Leonor Rivera who rejected
Isagani and marry Juanito Pelaez instead.  Pepay - pretty dancer and mistress of Don
Custodio
• Dona Victorina - ridiculously a pro-Spanish
woman  Senor Pasta - old Filipino lawyer who refuses
to help Filipino students in their advocacy
• Don Tiburcio de Espadana - husband of Dona
Victorina  Tandang Selo - grandfather of Juli Sandoval - a
Spanish student who supports the cause of the
• Paulita Gomez - beautiful niece of Don
Filipino students to propagate the teaching of
Tiburcio
spanish.
• Ben-Zayb - spanish journalist who writes silly
• Padre Hernandez - a good Dominican friar and
articles about Filipinos
friend of Isagani
• Padre Sibyla - Vice-Rector of UST
• Tano - son of Cabesang Tales and brother of
• Padre Camorra - spanish priest of Tiani Juli
• Don Custodio – pro- Spanish Filipino holding a • Don Timoteo - father of Juanito Pelaez
high position in the Government
Noli and Fili compared
• Padre Irene - a kind friar who was a friend to
• Noli - is romantic novel ; "work of the heart" --
Filipino students
a book of feeling ; it has freshness, color,
• Padre Florentino - a retired scholarly and humor, lightness, and wit.
patriotic Filipino pries
• Fili - is a political novel; it is a work of the
• Padre Salvi - Franciscan friar a former cura of head -- a book of the thought; it contains
San Diego bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow.
• Isagani - nephew of Padre Florentino and lover • The original intention of Rizal was to make the
of Paulita Fili longer than the Noli. As printed, however, it
is shorter than the Noli . It contains 38 chapters
• Capitan Tiago – patron of Basilio
as against the Noli's 64 . Rizal had to cut the Fili
drastically owing to lack of funds.
• The issue of which is the superior. Noli or the - incomplete with only 2 chapters
Fili is purely academic.
- the manuscript consists of only 20 pages 34.2 cm.
• Both are good novels from the point of view of X 22 cm.
history.
Rizal's other unfinished Novels
• Both depict with realistic colors the actual
Dapitan - written in ironic Spanish
conditions of the philippines and the Filipinos
during the decadent days of spanish rule. - he wrote it while in Dapitan to depict the town life
and customs
• Both are instrumental in awakening the spirit of
Filipino nationalism Both are responsible in - the manuscript consits of 8 pages 23 cm. X 16 cm
paving the ground for Philippinr Revolution that A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, a town in
brought about the downfall of Spain. Laguna
• El Fili is a true twin of Noli – Mariano Ponce - the manuscript consists of 147 pages - without
title 8" x 6.5", without title
Rizal's unfinished Third Novel
• Among the characters are the following: Padre
• September 22, 1891 - Rizal wrote to Blumentritt
Agaton, a spanish friar; capitan Panchong and
saying that he’s thinking of writing a third novel
Capitang Barang; Cecilia their pretty daughter;
where ethics will play principal role.
Isagani, lover of cecilia; Capitan Crispin,
• October 18, 1891 - Rizal Boarded the steamer political rival of Panchong; Dr. lopex, a free
Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong. thinker .
• During the voyage he wrote the third novel in • Another unfinished novel of Rizal, also
Tagalog in which he intended for Tagalog without title, is about Cristobal, a youthful
readers Filipino student who has returned from Europe.
• In Hong Kong he continued it, but for some • The manuscript consists of 34 pages, 8 1/2 x 6
reasons or another he did not finish it. 1/4. The beginning of another novel are
contained in two notebooks. The first notebook
• The unfinished third novel has no title
contains 31 written pages, 35.5 cm. X 22 cm.
• It consists of 44 pages in Rizal's handwriting. while the second contains 12 pages, 22cm. X
17cm.
• The manuscript is still preserved in the Beaureu
of Public Libraries. • The authors describes the deplorable conditions
of the Philippines. This unfinished novel is
• The hero of the novel was Kamandagan, a written in Spanish, and style is ironic.
descendant of Lakan-Dula, last king of tondo.
He plotted to regain the lost freedom of his CHAPTER 20: OPHTHALMIC SURGEON IN
fathers. One day he saved his two beautiful HONG KONG (1891-1892)
gran.
November, 1891 – June, 1892
• It is said that Rizal was fortunate not to finish
Rizal lived in Hong Kong
tjis novel, because it would have caused greater
scandal and kore Spanish vengeance on him. Rizal reasons for leaving Europe:
• Makamisa - life was unbearable in Europe
- to be near his idolized Philippines and family
- a tagalog novel
- written in light sarcastic style
FAREWELL TO EUROPE ARRIVED IN HONGKONG
 October 3, 1891 November 20, 1891
 Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few
- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
days to said goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de
- he was welcomed by the Filipino residents and
Taveras, the Venturas and other friends.
Jose Ma. Basa – his old friend
 October 18, 1891
- No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street, No.2 Rednaxola
- he boarded the streamer Melbourne
Terrace
- he brought a letter of recommendations by
- Rizal established his residence and also opened
Juan Luna for Manuel Camus, a compatriot
his medical clinic
living in Singapore and
- 600 copies of Fili December 1, 1891
 October 22, 1891
- he wrote to his parents asking their permission
- he wrote to Blumentritt
to return home
- in Rizal’s own opinion, the trip was
- Manuel T. Hidalgo (Rizal’s brother-in-law)
delightful, “heavenly”
sent Rizal a letter relating of the “deportation of
 80 first class passengers mostly Europeans, twenty-five persons from Calamba, including
including 2 Spaniards and Rizal was the only his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano”
Asian - Hidalgo also prepared letter to the Queen
 he befriended many missionaries – Italian Regent of Spain to secure justice and Queen
Franciscans, French Jesuits, and a bishop, Msgr. Victoria of England appealing for protection in
Velenteri the name of humanity.
Father Fuschs FAMILY REUNION IN HONGKONG
- a Tyrolese Before Christmas of 1891
- Rizal enjoyed playing chess
- according to Rizal “ He is a fine fellow, a Father - his father, brother and Silvestre Ubaldo ( his
Damaso without pride and malice”. brother-in-law) arrived first in Hong Kong
- afterwards his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa,
Rizal and the German Ladies and Trinidad
An incident happened to Rizal on board the The Christmas of 1891
Melbourne during his trip to Hong Kong, Rizal was
eating alone at a table. German ladies at a bigger - one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in
table are gossiping about him being the only Asian. Rizal’s life
Rizal just kept silent through he knew what they January 31, 1892
were saying. The door of the dining room was
blown open. German lady: - he wrote to Bluementritt
- recounting their pleasant life in Hong Kong
“If this man in front of us were a gentleman he
would close the door”. Rizal, being a gentleman, OPHTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONGKONG
closed the door. He conversed with the German
Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques
ladies in fluent German. The ladies were
embarrassed and soon after they treated Rizal with - a Portuguese physician who became his friend
admiration and respect despite his brown skin for he and admirer helped Rizal to build up a wide
was a cultured gentleman. clientele.
- Rizal had many patients, including British,
Chinese, Portuguese, and Americans
- Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left May 7, 1892
eye
- he went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon
- aside from being an eye specialist, he was a
to negotiate with the British authorities for the
general practitioner
establishment of a Filipino colony
January 31, 1892 - he looked over the land up the Bengkoka
River in Maradu Bay offered by the British
- he wrote to Bluementritt
North Borneo Company
“Here I practice as a doctor and I have here many
The British authorities of Borneo were willing to
sick of influenza because there is an epidemic.
give the Filipino colonists;
Through the newspapers I am informed that this
sickness is also causing ravages in Europe. I hope - 100,000 acres of land
you and your esteemed family will be spared. In our - a beautiful harbor
house, my mother, my brother-in-law, and one of - a good government for 999 years, free of all
my sisters are sick. Thank God, they are out of charges
danger”.
April 20
Friends of Rizal who were in Europe gave him
- Rizal was back in HongKong
moral and substantial aid in his medical practice
in Hong Kong; Endorsed his Borneo colonization project;
1. Mr. Boustead 1. Juan & Antonio Luna
- from Biarritz 2. Lopez Jaena – expressed his desire to join the
- Nellie’s father colony. Writing to Rizal on May 26, 1892
- wrote to him on March 21, 1892 3. Bluementritt
- praising him for practicing his medical 4. Dr. Bautista Lin
profession
2. Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin Objected to his colonization project
- from Paris Hidalgo
- sent congratulatory letter
- and a book on Diagnostic Pathology by Dr. - one of Rizal’s brother-in-law
H. Virchow and another medical book - the brave Batangueño
entitled Traite Diagnostique by Mesnichock
3. Don Antonio Vergel de Dios New trends of events in the Philippines gave
- from Paris Rizal a new hope for realizing his Borneo project
- offered his services for the purchase of 1. The infamous Weyler was relieved of his
medical books and instruments gubernatorial office.
4. Dr. Germiniano de Ocampo Weyler - Cubans odiously called “The
- distinguished Filipino ophthalmologist Butcher”
- says Rizal possessed the qualities of a great 2. A new governor General Eulogio Despujol
ophthalmic surgeon announced to the Filipino people a fine program
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT of government
Eulogio Despujol - the Count of Caspe
North Borneo (Sabah)
WRITINGS IN HONGKONG
- rich British owned island
- where Rizal planned to move the landless 1. Ang mga karapatan ng tao (The rights of
Filipino families and carved out of its virgin Man)
wildness a “New Calamba” - 1891
- Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man”
 - proclaimed by the French Revolution in LAST HONGKONG LETTERS
1789
June 19, 1892
2. A la Nacion Española (to the Spanish Nation)
- 1891 - Rizal spent his 31st birthday in Hong Kong
- an appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done - he had a premonition of his death
to the Calamba
3. Sa mga kababayan (to my countrymen) June 20
- December 1891 Rizal wrote two letters: addressed
- explaining the Calamba agrarian situation
4. The HongKong Telegraph 1. TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN, and
- British daily newspaper FRIENDS
- where Rizal contributed articles 2. TO THE FILIPINOS
5. Una Vista a la Victoria Gaol (A Visit to
Victoria Gaol) - inscribed on each envelope “to be opened
- wrote on March 2, 1892 after my death”
- an account to his visit to the colonial prison - gave them to Dr. Marques for safekeeping
of Hong Kong June 21, 1892
6. Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de
Familles de Iles Philippines (Colonization of - Rizal penned another letter for Governor
British North Borneo by Families from the Despujol
Philippine Islands) - he informed the governor general of his coming
- FRENCH article to Manila and place himself under the protection
- to elucidate his pet Borneo colonization of the Spanish government
project - Rizal and his sister Lucia, widow of Herbosa,
7. Proyecto de Colonization del British North left Hong Kong for Manila
Borneo por los Filipinos (Project of the - they carried a special passport or “safe-conduct”
Colonization of British North Borneo by the RIZAL FALS INTO SPANISH TRAP
Filipinos)
- he elaborate the same idea in another article June 21, 1892
in SPANISH
- The Spanish Consul-General sent a cablegram
8. La Mano Roja (The Red Hand)
to Governor Despujol that the victim “is in the
- wrote on June, 1892
trap”
- denounces the frequent outbreaks of
- a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal
intentional fires in Manila
and his followers for “anti-religious and anti-
9. Constitution of the Liga Filipina
patriotic agitation”
- 1892
- the most important writing made by Rizal Luis de la Torre
DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA - secretary of Despujol
- ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized
May 1892
German citizen
- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila
CHAPTER 21: Second home coming and the
- this decision spurred by the following;
liga Filipina
1. to confer with Governor Despujol
JUNE 1982
2. to establish the Liga Filipina in Manila
 Rizal bold return in Manila was his second
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in homecoming
attacking him in Madrid
 He said that “The battlefield is in the Other interviews with Despujol
Philippines, there is where we should meet…
 This interviews were vividly recorded in his
There we will help one another”, Rizal told in
diary as follows:
his countrymen in Europe
 On Wednesday (June 29) at 7:30, I saw his
December 31, 1891
Excellency. I did not succeed to have the
- Rizal reiterated this belief in his letter to penalty of exile lifted, but he gave me hope
Blumentritt. with regards to my sisters. As it was the
feast of St. Peter and St. Paul our interview
“I believe that La Solidaridad is no longer our
ended at 9:15. I was to come again the
battlefield; now it is a new struggle… the fight is no
following day at 7:30
longer in Madrid”
 The following day, Thursday (June 30), we
ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH HIS SISTER
talked about the question of Borneo. The
▪ June 26, 1892- Rizal and his widowed sister general was opposed to it, very much
Lucia (wife of late Mariano Herbosa) arrived in opposed. He told me to comeback Sunday
Manila
 On Sunday (July 3) I returned. We talked
▪ Rizal describe his second homecoming as about sundry things and I thanked him for
follows: having lifted the exile of my sisters. I told
him that my father and brother would arrive
“I arrived at Manila on 26 June (1892), on the first boat. He asked me if I would
Sunday, at 12:00 noon. I was met by many like to go abroad to Hong Kong. I told him
carabineers headed by a major. There were in yes. He told me to return on Wednesday.
addition one captain and one sergeant of the
Veteran Civil Guard. I came down with my luggage FOUNDING THE LIGA FILIPINA
and they inspected me at the customhouse. From
 July 3, 1892- Rizal attended a meeting of the
there I went to Hotel de Oriente where I occupied
patriots at the home of Chinese-Filipino
room No. 22, facing the church of Binondo.”
mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila
 Governor General Eulogio Despujol- agreed
 Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga
to pardon Rizal’s Father but not the rest of his
Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which he
family.
desired to establish and its role in the socio-
 After meeting the Governor General, he visited economic life of the people
Narcisa (Sisa, wife of Antonio Lopez) and later
OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE WERE
Neneng (Saturnina, wife of Mauel T. Hidalgo)
ELECTED AS FOLLOWS:
in the city
• President: Ambrosio Salvador
Visiting Friends in Central Luzon
• Secretary: Deodato Arellano
▪ June 27, 1892- Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban
Station and visited his friends in Malolos, • Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevallo
Bulacan; San Fernando, Pampanga; Tarlac; and
• Fiscal: Augustin de la Rosa
Bacolor, Pampanga
Constitution of the Liga Filipina
▪ June 28, 1892- Rizal returned in Manila by train
• The aims of the Liga Filipina, as embodied in its
▪ Whether Rizal knew it or not, he was shadowed
Constitution, were the following:
by government spies who watched carefully his
every movement 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one
compact and homogenous body
 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity friars who amassed fabulous riches contrary to
their monastic view of poverty
3. Defense against all violence and injustice
 Rizal vigorously denied having those leaflets in
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture and
either his of Lucia’s baggage
commerce
 Despite his denial, he was placed under arrest
5. Study and application of reforms
and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon
• The motto of the Liga Filipina was: Unus Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor
Instar Omnium (One Like All) General Despujol

• The governing body of the league was the  In Fort Santiago he was kept incommunicado, as
Supreme Council which had the jurisdiction he related in his diary:
over the whole country
“They assigned me a fairly furnished room with a
• There was a Provincial Council in every bed, a dozen chairs, one table, a wash basin and a
province and a Popular Council in every town mirror. The room had three windows; one without
grills which opens on a patio, another one with
• All Filipinos who have at heart the welfare of grills which looks out on the city walls and the
their fatherland are qualified for membership beach and another which was the door closed with
• Every member pays an entrance fee of two(2) a padlock. Two artillery men as sentinels guarded
pesos and a monthly due of ten (10) centavos it. They had orders to fire at anyone who might
signal from the beach. I could not write nor speak
The duties of the Liga members are as follows: at any one except the officer on duty”
1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council; ▪ July 7, 1892- Graceta de Manila published the
2. To help in recruiting new members; story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant
commotion among the Filipino people,
3. To keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the particularly the members of the newly organized
Liga authorities; Liga Filipina.
4. To have a symbolic name which he cannot Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan
change until he becomes president of his
council;  In the same issue published by Graceta de
Manila on July 7, 1892 contained Governor
5. To report to the fiscal anything he may hear General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to
which affects the Liga; “one islands in the South”
6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino; and  The gubernatorial decree gave the reasons for
7. To help fellow members in all ways. Rizal’s deportation, as follows:
1. Rizal had published books and articles
abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain
RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED AT FORT and which are “frankly anti-catholic” and
SANTIAGO “imprudently anti-friar”
 July 6, 1892- Rizal went to Malacanang Palace 2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila
to resume his series of interviews with Governor “there was found in one of the packages… a
General Despujol bundle of handbills entitled Pobres Friales
 The incriminatory leaflets were entitled Pobres in which the patient and humble generosity
Frailes (Poor Friars) under the authorship of Fr. of the Filipino’s is stirized, and which
Jacinto. They were a satire against Dominican accusation is published against the customs
of the religious orders”.
 3. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated Wins in Manila Lottery (September 21, 1892)
to the memory of the “traitors”
BUTUAN- mail boat which brought the news about
(Burgos,Gomez and Zamora) and on the title
Rizal’s winning in the lottery.
page he wrote that in view of the vices and
errors of the Spanish administration, “the Lottery ticket no.9736
only revelation for the Philippines was
separation from the mother country” • 20,000- lottery prize

4. “The end which he pursues in his efforts • 6,200 of it was given to Rizal
and writings is to tear from the loyal Filipino • 2,000 of his share he gave to his father and
breasts the treasures of our Holy Catholic
Faith” • 200 to Basa in Hong Kong.

 July 14, 1892- Rizal was bought under heavy Rizal- Pastells debate on Religion
guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for • The debate started went Pastells sent Rizal a
Dapitan. book by Sarda along with an advice that Rizal
 July 17, 1892- This steamer under Captain should desist from his majaderas (folishness)
Delgras reached Dapitan in viewing religion from the perspective of
individual judgment and self-esteem.
 Capitan Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal
over to Capitan Ricardo Carnicero, a spanish • The debate can be read in four (4) letters.
commandant of Dapitan • Rizal was bitter against the friars because they
 July 17, 1892- Rizal began his exile in lonely commit abuses under the cloak of religion.
Dapitan which would last until July 31, 1896, a • Father Pastells tried to bring back to
period of four (4) years. Catholicism Rizal by telling him that human
CHAPTER 22: EXILE IN DAPITAN intelligence is limited, thus he needs the
guidance of God.
Beginning of Exile in Dapitan
Despite their religious differences, Rizal and
CEBU- steamer which brought Rizal to Dapitan. Pastells remained as good friends.
Rizal carried a letter Father Pastells gave Rizal a copy of the Imitacion
Fr. Pablo Pastells Fr. Antonio Obach de Cristo, a famous Catholic book by Father
Thomas Kempis
Rizal could live at Parish convent on the ff.
conditions: Rizal gave his Jesuit opponent a bust of St. Paul
which he had made.
 That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning
Rizal challenges a Frenchman to a duel
religion and make statements that were clearly
pro-Spanish against revolution. • Mr. Juan Lardet – a French businessman whom
 That he perform the church rites and make a Rizal had a conflict
general confession of his past life.
Rizal and Father Sanchez
 That henceforth he conduct himself in an
exemplary manner as a Spanish Subject and a • Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite
man of Religion. teacher at Ateneo de Manila
A Don Ricardo Carnicero Father Pastells, aside from his personal efforts to
persuade Rizal to discard his “errors of religion”,
Poem which Rizal wrote for Captain Carnicero on
instructed two Jesuits in Mindanao:
the occasion of captain’s birthday August 26, 1892
1. Father Obach, cura of dapitan • Equipped the town with lighting system using
P500,one of his patients paid him.
2. Father Jose Vilaclara, cura of dipolog
• Beautified the town of Dapitan by remodeling
Estudios sobre la lengua tagala
the town plaza and making a huge relief map of
 manuscript which Rizal gave to Sanchez on his Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass.
birthday(study of the Tagalog language)
Rizal as Teacher
Idyllic Life in Dapitan
• Rizal established in Dapitan a school. It began
• - Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on December 19, with 3pupils who increased to 16 and eventually
1893 21.

Rizal’s encounter with Friar’s Spy • 16 of his pupils did not pay tuition. Instead of
charging them fees, Rizal made them work in
- Pablo Mercado- assumed name of the spy who his gardens and construction projects.
visited Rizal at his house and pretended to be a
relative by showing a photo of Rizal and a pair • Outside class hours, students had gymnastics,
of buttons with the initials P.M as evidence of boxing, wrestling, stone throwing, swimming,
kinship. arnis and boating.

- Rizal went to the comandancia and reported the Contributions to Science

impostor to Captain Juan Sitges (successor of
• Built up a rich collection of concology
Carnicero)
a. Draco rizali (a flying dragon)
- Sitges ordered Pablo Mercado’s arrest and told
Anastacio Adriatico to investigate him b. Apogonia rizali (a small beetle)
immediately.
c. Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog)
- Florencio Namanan a.k.a Pablo Mercado,
Linguistic Studies
single and about 30 years old who was hired by
the Recollect friars to spy on Rizal activities. • A born linguist, Rizal continued his studies of
languages. In Dapitan he learned the Bisayan,
As Physician in Dapitan
Subanum, and Malay languages.
 Rizal operated his mother’s eye, Dona Teodora,
• He wrote a Tagalog grammar, made a
though the operation was successful, his mother
comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan
has a wound infection after ignoring Rizal’s
languages.
instruction of not removing the bandages.
• He knew 22 languages.
 Don Ignacio Tumarong , Rizal’s patient who
was able to see again after his operation . Artistic works in Dapitan
 Don Florencio Azcarraga, rich haciendero of • Modeled a statuette called ‘The Mother’s
aklan who was cured of eye ailment, in turn he Revenge’ to stress the moral of the incident
gave Rizal a cargo of sugar. where a puppy of his dog, Syria, was eaten by a
crocodile.
Projects for Dapitan
• Constructed a statue of a girl called ‘The
• Water System
Dapitan Girl’ a woodcarving of Josephine
• Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria that Bracken (Rizal’s wife)
was infesting Dapitan
• Made a bust of St. Paul for Father Pastells
Rizal as farmer • The Song of the Traveler
• Rizal acquired total land holdings of 70 hectares https://www.joserizal.com/song-of-the-wanderer/
where 6000 hemp plants, 1000 coconut trees
• He stayed in Dapitan for four years, thirteen
and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn,
days and a few hours.
coffee and cacao were planted
CHAPTER 23: LAST TRIP ABROAD 1896
Rizal as Businessman
• No longer an exile, Rizal had a pleasant trip
• Ramon Carreon- Rizal’s business partner
from Dapitan to Manila , with delightful
• Hemp industry- Rizal’s most profitable stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz
business. and Romblon.
• He organized the Cooperative Association of • Rizal missed the regular streamer named ISLA
Dapitan. DE LUZON which sailed to Spain the day
before he arrived in Manila Bay
My Retreat
• While waiting for the next ship to Spain, he was
• Dona Teodora returned to Manila. She
kept as a guest on board in the Spanish cruiser
requested Rizal to write poetry. As a response,
CASTILLA
Rizal wrote ‘Mi Retiro’ relating his serene life
as an exile in Dapitan. From Dapitan to Manila
• ‘Mi Retiro’ – describes Rizal’s life in peaceful • July 31, 1896 (at midnight) - leaving
Dapitan Dapitan, the “Espana”, with Rizal and party on
board, sailed northward
Rizal and Josephine Bracken
• At dawn the next day (Saturday, August 1) –
• Irish girl of sweet eighteen who was born on
it anchored at Dumaguete, Capital of Negros
Hong Kong
Oriental.
• Having no priests to marry them, Rizal and
“Dumaguete”, wrote Rizal in his travel diary,
Josephine married themselves before the eyes of
“spreads out on the beach. There are big houses,
god.
some with galvanized iron roofing. Outstanding are
• Francisco – eight-month baby boy who lived the houses of a lady, whose name I have forgotten,
only for three hours. which is occupied by the government and another
one just begun with many ipil posts”.
Rizal and the Katipunan
Dumaguete
• Pio Valenzuela- emissary to Dapitan in order to
inform Rizal of the plan of Katipunan during the • Rizal visited a friend and former classmate.
meeting at a little river called Bitukang manok.
Herero Regidor – who was a judge of the province
• Rizal objected Bonifacio’s project because:
• He also visited other friends, including the
1. The people are not ready for a revolution Periquet and Rufina families.

2. Arms and funds must first be collected before • In afternoon he operated the eye of the a
raising the cry of revolution. Spanish captain of Guardia Civil.

Adios, Dapitan CEBU

• Espana- steamer which brought Rizal to Manila • About 1:00 p.m. the España left dumaguete and
from Dapitan reached Cebu the following morning.
• Rizal was fascinated by the entrance to Cebu “ I did not catch the mail ship for Spain, and
which he considered “beautiful” fearing that my stay in Manila for a month might
bring me troubles I made known to the governor
• At the house of Attorney Mateos he met an old
general, while remaining on board the
couple whom he had known in Madrid.
ship( España-Z.), of my wish to be isolated from
• “In Cebu”, he wrote in his diary, “I did two everybody, except my family”
operations of strabotomy, one operated on the
• Near midnight of the same day, August 6, Rizal
ears, and another of tumor’
was transferred to Spanish cruiser Castilla, by
• strabotomy the operation of cutting one or more order of Governor General Ramon Blanco.
of the muscles of the eye to correct strabismus.
• He was given good accommodation by the
ILO-ILO gallant captain, Enrique Santalo- who told him
that he was not a prisoner, but a guest detained
• In the morning of Monday August 3, Rizal on board “in order to avoid difficulties from
left Cebu going to Iloilo. friends and enemies”.
“The voyage was fine,” he wrote, “At the right we • Rizal stayed on the cruiser for about a month,
saw Mactan, an island famous for what happened to from August 6 to September 2, 1896 pending
magellan. The whole afternoon was magnificent... the availability of Spain-bound steamer
We saw many island along our way…The next day,
in the morning, we entered Iloilo”.. Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

• Rizal landed at Iloilo, went shopping in the city • While Rizal was patiently waiting on the cruiser
and visited Molo. Of Molo church, he Castilla for the next steamer to take him to
commented, Spain

“The church is pretty outside and the interior is not • On the fateful evening of August 19, 1896, the
bad, considering that it had been painted by a lad. Katipunan plot overthrow Spanish rule by
The paintings are mostly copies of biblical scenes means of revolution was discovered by
by Gustave Dore”.
Fray Mariano Gil- Augustinian cura of Tondo
• From Iloilo, Rizals ship sailed to Capiz. After a
• -This startling incident struck terror into the
brief stopover, it proceeded towards Manila via
hearts of the Spanish officials and residents,
Romblon
producing hysteria of vindictive retaliation
Iloilo  Capiz  Romblon Manila against the Filipino Patriots

Rizal Misses Ship Going to Spain • August 26, 1896- Bonifacio and the Katipunan
raised the cry of revolution
• Early in the morning of Thursday, August 6,
1896- the España arrived in Manila Bay ( Sigaw sa Pugadlawin) in the hills of Balintawak, a
few miles North of Manila.
• Unfortunately, Rizal was not able to catch the
mail ship “Isla de Luzon” for Spain because it • At sunrise of August 30, the revolutionists led
had departed the previous day at 5:00 p.m. by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked with heavy
losses.
• He was really disappointed but he took this
unluck incidence with abiding resignation • In the afternoon, Gov. Gen. Blanco proclaimed
a state of war in the first eight provinces for
• Writing to Blumentritt later, Rizal mentioned rising in arms against Spain
this episode. “Unfortunately”, he said,
Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac
• Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution I recommend to you with genuine interest Dr.
and the raging battles around Manila through Jose Rizal who is departing for the Peninsula at the
the newspaper he read on the Castilla. He was disposal of the Government, ever desirous of
worried for two reasons: rendering his services as physician to the Army in
Cuba.
1. The violent revolution which he sincerely
believed to be premature and would only His conduct during the four years that he was in
cause much suffering and terrible loss of exile in Dapitan has been exemplary and he is, in
human lives and property, has started my opinion, the more worthy of pardon and
benevolence as he is in no way involved either in
2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against
the criminal attempt that we are lamenting these
all Filipino patriots.
days or in any conspiracy or secret society that they
Departure for Spain have been plotting.

• On August 30, 1896, the day when the state of With this object I have the pleasure to remain.
war was proclaimed in the eight provinces,
Your most affectionate friend and colleague who
Rizal received from Governor General Blanco
kisses your hand.
two letters of introduction for the Minister of
War and the Minister of Colonies, with covering Ramon Blanco
letter which absolved him from all blame for the
• On September 2, 1896, the day before his
raging revolution as follows:
departure for Spain, Rizal, on board the Castilla
Mr. Jose Rizal , wrote to his mother, as follows.
My Dear Sir: My Dearest Mother,
Enclosed are two letters for the Ministers of As I promised, I am addressing you a few lines
War and Colonies which I think will be well before leaving, to let you know about the condition
received. of my health.
I have no doubt that you will justify me before the I am well, thank God; I am only concerned as to
Government by your future behaviour not only for what will happen or shall have happened to you in
your word of honor but because the present these days of upheavel and disorder, God will that
happening must have shown you palpably that my old father may not have any indisposition.
certain actions which are the product of foolish
I shall write to you from the places where the
ideas yield no other result but hatred, destruction,
boat stops, I expect to be in Madrid or at least in
tears, and blood.
Barcelona at the end of this month.
May you be very happy is the wish of your
Do not worry about anything; we are all in the
attentive servant who kisses your hand.
hands of Divine Providence. Not all those who go to
Ramon Blanco Cuba die, and is the end one has to die; at least die
doing something good.
• The two letters of introduction were identical.
The one addressed to General Marcelo de Take good care of yourself and take care of my
Azcarraga, Minister of War was written as old father so that we shall see each other again.
follows: Many regards for my brother, sisters, nephews and
nieces, aunt.,etc.,etc.
Most Excellent Marcelo de Azcarraga
I leave contented, confident that as long as you are
My esteemed General and distinguished friend,
alive the family will remain united and the old
intimacy will reign in it. You two are the bond that • He also ignored their appeal because had given
unites all of us. his word of honor to General Blanco
With nothing more, my very dear mother, I kiss Victim of Spanish Duplicity
your hand and that of my father with all the
• By refusing to break his word of honor in
affection and love that my heart is capable of
Singapore, Rizal sealed his own doom.
giving; give me your blessings of which I am in
much need. • Rizal was unaware that Governor General
Blanco and the Ministers of War and the
A fond embrace for everyone of my sister; may
Colonies were exchanging coded
they love another just as I love all of them.
telegrams( secret conspiracy) and confidential
Your son, messages for his arrest upon reaching
Barcelona.
Jose
• For all his wonderful talents, Rizal was after all
• At 6:00 p.m. September 2, Rizal was
a mortal man who committed mistakes
transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay which
was sailing for Barcelona, Spain. • And one of his mistakes was to believe that
Governor General Blanco was a man of honor
• The next morning, September 3, this steamer
and a friend because he allowed him to go as a
left Manila Bay.
free man to Spain to become physician- surgeon
• At last, Rizal's last trip to Spain began. of the Spanish army in Cuba, where bloody
revolution was raging, and gave him two nice
• Among his fellow passengers on board were letters of introduction addressed to the Spanish
Don Pedro Roxas (rich Manila creole Ministers of War and colonies.
industrialist and his friend) and his son named
Periquin. Rizal Arrested Before Reaching Barcelona

Rizal in Singapore • September 8 at 1:00 p.m. the Isla de Panay left

Singapore, with Rizal on board, Not knowing
• In the evening of September 7 – Isla de Panay the Spanish duplicity, he happily continued the
arrived in Singapore. voyage towards Barcelona.
• The following morning Rizal and other • September 25- he saw the steamer Isla de
passengers went ashore for sightseeing and Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with
shopping for souvenirs. In his travel diary, Rizal Spanish troops.
wrote: “I have observed some changes. There
are more Chinese merchants and less Indian…I • September 28- a passenger told Rizal the bad
bought a Chinese gown… Singapore has news that he would be arrested by order Gov.
changed much since I saw it for the first time in Gen. Blanco and would be sent to prison in
1882”. Ceuta(Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.

• Don Pedro with Don Manuel – advised Rizal to • Shocked by the news, he realized that he was
stay and take advantage of the protection of the fooled by the Spanish officials. That made him
British Law. to write a letter to his best friend, Blumentritt,
unburdening his disgust and bitterness as
• Rizal did not heed his advise. Several Filipino follows:
residents of Singapore, headed by Don Manuel
Camus, boarded the streamer, urging him to stay S.S Isla de Panay, Mediterranean
in Singapore to save his life.
September 28, 1896
My very dear Friend • October 3, at 10:00 in the morning- the Isla
de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal a
A passenger on board has just told me a news that I
prisoner on board
can hardly believe and should it be true, it would
bring to an end the prestige of Philippine • The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted
authorities. exactly 30 days. He was kept under heavy guard
in his cabin for three days. His jailor was no
I cannot believe for it would be the greatest
longer the ship captain but the Military
injustice and the most abominable infamy,
Commander of Barcelona, who happened to be
unworthy not a military official but of the last
General Eulogio Despujol- the same one who
bandit. I have offered to serve, as a physician,
ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July 1892.
risking life in the hazards of war and abandoning all
my business. I am innocent and now in reward they • On his second day in Barcelona, Rizal although
are sending me to prison!! held incomunicado in his cabin noticed the city
celebration of the feast of St. Francis Assisi.
I cannot believe it! This is infamous, but it turns out
to be true, as everybody assures me, I am • He recorded it as follows “At 6:00 in the
communicating to you these news so that you may morning many cannon shots awakened us. It
appraise my situation. seems that they are in honor of the Feast of St.
Francis of Assisi... At 12:00 o'clock I counted as
Yours,
many as 31 cannon shots and at 6:00 there were
(Signed) Jose Rizal again as many. At night there was a concert in
te dining room which can be heard from my
There was nothing official yet about his impending cabin.”
arrest; it was still merely shipboard gossip.
• October 6, at 3:00 a.m.- Rizal was escorted to
On September 29, Rizal wrote in his diary; “These the grim and infamous prison-fortress named
are people on board who do nothing but slander me Monjuich. He spent the whole morning in a cell
and invent fanciful stories about me. I'm going to
become a legendary personage.” • About 2:00 in the afternoon- he was taken out
of prison by the guards and brought to the
• September 30, at 4:00 p.m.- He was officially headquarters of
notified by the Captain Alemany that he should
stay in his cabin until further orders from General Eulogio Despujol- the Military
Manila. He graciously complied with the Commander of Barcelona, the same one who
captains directive. ordered his banishment to Dapitan July, 1892.

Arrival in Barcelona as a Prisoner • he interviewed Rizal , which lasted a quarter

(8 days) an hour.

• September 30, about 6:25 p.m.- the steamer  He told Rizal that he would be shipped back to
anchored at Malta. Manila on board the transport ship Colon,
which was leaving that evening.
• Being confined to his cabin, Rizal was not able
to visit the famous island-fortress of the • After the interview, Rizal was taken aboard the
Christian crusaders, “ I saw through tiny Colon which was “full of soldiers and officers
window,” he wrote in his diary, “the beautiful and their families.”
view of the port (Malta-Z), with monumental
• October 6 at 8:00 p.m. – the ship left
and magnificent castle in three levels lumined
Barcelona, with Rizal on Board
by the lingering afternoon lights,”
CHAPTER 24: LAST HOMECOMING AND • October 11, before reaching Port Said, Rizal’s
TRIAL diary was taken away and was critically scrutinized
by the authorities. Nothing dangerous was found in
 Rizal’s home coming in 1896,
his contents.
 He will be facing the supreme test, which mean
• November 2, the diary was returned to him.
the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid.
Owing to interruption, Rizal was not able to record
 Gladly, he desired to meet his enemies and offer the events from Monday, October 12 to Sunday,
himself as a sacrificial victim to their sadistic November 1.
lust and holy designs for he knew that his blood
Monday, 2 November--- Today, they returned to me
would water the seeds of Filipino freedom.
this notebook which they took away on the 11th of
 His enemies howled like mad dogs for his the last month before reaching Port Said. For this
blood, and they got it, without benefit of reason my diary was interrupted. They search me
genuine justice. and inspected thoroughly my luggage. They took
away all my papers and afterward they put me
A Martyr’s Last Homecoming behind the bars and they did not take me out until
 Day by day, since leaving Barcelona in we reached the Red Sea. That was what they did to
Tuesday, October 6, 1896, Rizal me in 16 hours before our arrival. Also twice they
conscientiously recorded the events in his diary. put me in four or six hours before and they take me
out when we are already in the high seas. However,
 October 8, a friendly officer told Rizal that the at Singapore they put me in 16 hours before our
Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the arrival. Also twice they put handcuffs on me.
bloody revolution in the Philippines and were
blaming him for it. Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore.

 I believe that God is doing to me is a blessing,  News of Rizal’s predicament reached his friend
allowing me to go back to the Philippines in in Europe and Singapore.
order to be able to destroy such accusations.  From London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and
Because, either they do me justice and recognize Sixto Lopez dispatched frantic telegrams to an
my innocence and then I will be rehabilitated or English lawyer in Singapore, Atty. Fort
they sentence me to death and thereby, before instituted proceedings at the Singapore Court for
the eyes of society, I atone for my supposed the removal of Rizal from the steamer.
crime. Society will forgive me and later, without
any doubt, justice will be done me and I will be  Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ on the
one more martyr. At any rate, instead of dying ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish
abroad or in the manigua (jungle in Cuba), I’ll troops to the Philippines.
die in my own country. I believe that what is
 Rizal was unware of the attempt made by his
happening is the best that can happen to me.
friends to rescue him in Singapore because he
Always let God’s will be done! I feel that place
was then kept behind bars in the ship.
has descended upon me, thank God! Thou art
my hope and my consolation! Let your Will be Arrival in Manila
done; I am ready to obey it. Either I will be
 November 3, the Colon reached Manila the
condemned or absolved. I’m happy and ready.
Spanish community was exulting with joy, Rizal
Confiscation of Rizal’s Diary was quietly transferred under heavy guard from
the ship to Fort Santiago.
The Spanish authorities on board the Colon that
Rizal was keeping track of the daily events in his  The Spanish authorities fished for evidence
diary. against Rizal. Many Filipino patriots, including
Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises
 Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, She is a slave oppressed
Temoteo Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw,
Groaning in the tyrant’s grips;
were brutally tortured to implicate Rizal. Rizal’s
own brother, Paciano, was arrested and cruelly Lucky shall he be
tortured.
Who can give her liberty!
Preliminary Investigation
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified
 November 20 - the preliminary investigation person, dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891,
began. describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines
from Spanish oppression.
 Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive.
6. A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9,
 Two kinds of evidence were presented against
1892, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.
Rizal:
The testimonial evidence:
1. Documentary and
 Martin Constantino
2. Testimonial
 Aguedo del Rosario
The documentary evidence:
 Jose Reyes
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated
Madrid October 16, 1888, showing Rizal’s  Ambrosio Salvador
connection with the Filipino reform campaign in
Spain.  Antonio Salazar and

2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid,  Francisco Quison.

August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are November 26 - Colonel Olive transmitted the
good for they will encourage the people to hate records of the case to Governor General Ramon
tranny. Blanco, and the letter appointed Captain Rafael
3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to institute
Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, the corresponding action against Rizal.
implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in After studying the papers, Judge Advocate General
Spain. Don Nicolas de la Peña submitted the following
4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by recommendations:
Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891. (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial;
KUNDIMAN (2) he should be kept in prison;
In the Orient beautiful (3) an order of attachment be issued against his
Where the sun is born, property to the amount of one million as indemnity;
and
In a land of beauty
(4) he should be defended in court by an army
Full of enchantments officer, not by a civilian lawyer.
But bound in chains. Rizal Chooses His Defender
Where the despot reigns, The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish
authorities was to choose his defense counsel. For
The land dearest to me.
he had to choose only from a list submitted to him.
Ah! that is my country,
December 8 - Feast Day of the Immaculate before the court; I shall be grateful if you come this
Conception. A list of 100 first and second afternoon, this evening, or tomorrow.
lieutenants in the Spanish Army was presented to
Wishing you “Merry Christmas,” I
Rizal.
reiterate.
It was Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lieutenant
Always your attentive and affectionate
of the Artillery.
servant and client.
Reading of Information of Charger to the
The Trial of Rizal
Accused
He was considered guilty before the actual trial. It
December 11 - He was accused of being “the
accepted all charges and testimonies against him.
principal organizer and the living soul of the
And ignored given the right (which any accused is
Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies,
entitled to have in a real court of justice) to face the
periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and
witnesses against him in open court.
propagating ideas of rebellion.” He admitted that he
wrote the Constitution of the Liga Filipina which Rizal sat on a bench between two soldiers. His
was merely a civic association. arms were tied behind, elbow to elbow, like a
common felon. He was dressed in a black woolen
• December 13 - Dominguez forwarded the papers
suit with a white vest and black tie. He was calm
of the Rizal case to Malacañan Palace. General
and dignified in appearance.
Camilo G. del Polavieja, he believed that Rizal was
not a traitor to Spain. When Lt. Taviel de Andrade took his seat, the
court asked Rizal whether he had anything to say.
Rizal’s Manifesto to His People
Rizal then read a supplement to his defense which
December 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people he wrote in his prison cell. In his supplementary
appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding of defense further proved his innocence by twelve
blood and to achieve their liberties by means of points:
education and industry.
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he
Rizal’s Saddest Christmas advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to
rise in revolution.
December 25, 1896
2. He did not correspond with the radical,
Truly, the Christmas of 1896, his last on earth, was
revolutionary elements.
the saddest in Rizal’s life. He was despair for, he
had no illusions about his fate. Brooding over his 3. The revolutionists used his name without his
hopeless case, he wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de knowledge. If he were guilty he could have
Andrade escaped in Singapore.
Fort Santiago, December 25, 1896 4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could
have escaped in a Moro vinta and would not
My Very Distinguished Defender:
have built a home, a hospital, and bought
The investigating Judge has informed lands in Dapitan.
me that tomorrow my case will be heard before the
5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why
court. I was waiting for you this morning to tell you
was he not consulted by the revolutionists?
of an important matter, but undoubtedly the
pressure of your work did not permit you to come as 6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga
expected by the Investigating Judge. If you have Filipina, but this in only civic association—
time, I should like to speak to you before I appear not a revolutionary society.
 7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after penalty is imposed on the accused Jose Rizal
the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan Mercado, which shall be executed by shooting him
and it died out. at 7:00 o’ clock in the morning of the 30th of this
month on the field of Bagumbayan.
8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months
later, he did not know about it. For compliance and the rest that may
correspond, let this be returned to the Judge
9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the
Advocate, Captain Don Rafael Dominguez.
revolutionists, otherwise they would not
have supplanted it with the Katipunan. CHAPTER 25: Martyrdom at Bagumbayan
10. If it were true that there were some bitter After being court-martialled, Rizal returned to his
comments in Rizal’s letter, it was because cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with
they were written in 1890 when his family destiny
was being persecuted, being disposed of
RIZAL’S LAST HOUR
houses, warehouses, lands, etc. and his
brother and all his brothers-in-law were December 29,1896
deported.
6:00AM – Capt. Rafael Rodriguez, read Rizal’s
11. His life in Dapitan and been exemplary as sentence – he will be shot at the back by firing
the politico-military commanders and squad at 7:00AM in Bagumbayan
missionary priests could attest.
7:00AM– Rizal was moved to the prison chapel
12. It was not true that the revolution was where he spent his last moments.
inspired by his one speech at the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses His first visitors were Jesuit priests:
whom he would like to confront. His friends 1. Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata; (Rector of the Ateneo
knew his opposition to armed rebellion. Municipal) and
Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to
Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because 2. Fr. Luis Viza (Jesuit teacher)
those who knew him were aware that he 7:15AM – Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the
would never sanction any violent movement. statuette of Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he carved
On the same day (December 26th), the court as a student in Ateneo.
decision was submitted to Governor General 8:00AM – Rizal had a breakfast with Fr. Antonio
Polavieja. Immediately, Polavieja sought the Rosell.
opinion of Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la
Peña on the court decision. The latter affirmed the After his breakfast, his attorney, Lt. Luis Taviel De
death verdict. Andrade came.

Polavieja Signs Rizal’s Execution 9:00AM – Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal
reminded the priest of his earlier prophecy about
• December 28 - Polavieja approved the decision of Rizal.
court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 10:00AM – More Jesuit priests
o’clock in the morning of December 30 at
Bagumbayan Field (Luneta). •𝓕𝓻. 𝓙𝓸𝓼𝓮 𝓥𝓲𝓵𝓪𝓬𝓵𝓪𝓻𝓪

Manila December 28, 1896: - Rizal’s teacher at Ateneo

Conformably to the foregoing opinion. I •𝓕𝓻. 𝓥𝓲𝓬𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓮 𝓑𝓪𝓵𝓪𝓰𝓾𝓮𝓻

approve the sentence dictated by the Court Martial - Jesuit missionary in Dapitan had visited him.
in the present case, by virtue of which the death
After then, he was interviewed by 𝓢𝓪𝓷𝓽𝓲𝓪𝓰𝓸 𝓘𝓶𝓲𝓽𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 𝓸𝓯 𝓒𝓱𝓻𝓲𝓼𝓽 𝓫𝔂 𝓕𝓻. 𝓣𝓱𝓸𝓶𝓪𝓼
𝓜𝓪𝓽𝓪𝓲𝔁 for the newspaper El Heraldo de 𝓚𝓮𝓶𝓹𝓲𝓼
Madrid.
- Rizal’s last gift to Josephine Bracken
12:00-3:30PM – Rizal was left alone in his cell. He
𝓓𝓮𝓪𝓽𝓱 𝓜𝓪𝓻𝓬𝓱 𝓽𝓸 𝓑𝓪𝓰𝓾𝓶𝓫𝓪𝔂𝓪𝓷
took his lunch and finished his farewell poem, he
hid it inside his alcohol cooking stove which was At about 6:30AM, a trumpet sounded a Fort
given by 𝓟𝓪𝔃 𝓭𝓮 𝓟𝓪𝓻𝓭𝓸 𝓓𝓮 𝓣𝓪𝓿𝓮𝓻𝓪; wife of Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to
Juan Luna during his visit in Paris in 1980. Bagumabayan, the designation place for the
execution
He also wrote his last letter to 𝓑𝓵𝓾𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓽𝓽.
𝓜𝓪𝓻𝓽𝔂𝓻𝓭𝓸𝓶 𝓸𝓯 𝓪 𝓗𝓮𝓻𝓸
3:30PM
𝓓𝓻. 𝓕𝓮𝓵𝓲𝓹𝓮 𝓡𝓾𝓲𝔃 𝓒𝓪𝓼𝓽𝓲𝓵𝓵𝓸 – a Spanish
• 𝓕𝓻. 𝓥𝓲𝓬𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓮 𝓑𝓪𝓵𝓪𝓰𝓾𝓮𝓻 returned to his cell
military physician, asked his permission to feel his
and discussed with Rizal his retraction letter.
pulse.
4:00PM
At exactly 7:03AM, Rizal died in the bloom of
•𝓣𝓮𝓸𝓭𝓸𝓻𝓪 𝓐𝓵𝓸𝓷𝔃𝓸 visited him. Rizal gave the manhood – aged 35 years, 5 months and 11 days
alcohol cooking stove to Trinidad which contains
𝓐𝓯𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓱 𝓸𝓯 𝓪 𝓗𝓮𝓻𝓸-𝓜𝓪𝓻𝓽𝔂𝓻’𝓼
his last farewell poem.
𝓓𝓮𝓪𝓽𝓱
6:00PM
“Viva España! Muerte a Los Traidores” – Long
• 𝓓𝓸𝓷 𝓢𝓲𝓵𝓿𝓲𝓷𝓸 𝓛𝓸𝓹𝓮𝔃 dean of Manila Live Spain! Death to the Traitors
Cathedral visited him.
𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓮𝓼𝓽𝓲𝓷𝓰 𝓷𝓸𝓽𝓮: 14 𝔂𝓻𝓼 𝓫𝓮𝓯𝓸𝓻𝓮 𝓽𝓱𝓮
8:00PM – Rizal had his last supper. He told 𝓒𝓪𝓹𝓽. 𝓮𝔁𝓮𝓬𝓾𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷, 𝓡𝓲𝔃𝓪𝓵 𝓹𝓻𝓮𝓭𝓲𝓬𝓽𝓮𝓭 𝓽𝓱𝓪𝓽 𝓱𝓮
𝓓𝓸𝓶𝓲𝓷𝓰𝓾𝓮𝔃 that he forgave his enemies 𝔀𝓸𝓾𝓵𝓭 𝓭𝓲𝓮 𝓸𝓷 𝓓𝓮𝓬𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 30
including the military judges who condemned him
to death.
9:30PM – Rizal was visited by 𝓓𝓸𝓷 𝓖𝓪𝓼𝓹𝓪𝓻
𝓒𝓮𝓼𝓽𝓪ñ𝓸, fiscal of the Royal Audience de Manila
10:00PM – The draft of the retraction letter sent by
the anti-Filipino 𝓐𝓻𝓬𝓱. 𝓑𝓮𝓻𝓷𝓪𝓻𝓭𝓲𝓷𝓸
𝓝𝓸𝔃𝓪𝓵𝓮𝓭𝓪 was given by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for
his signature. He had rejected it.
December 30, 1896
3:00AM – Rizal heard mass, confessed his sins, and
took Holy Communion.
5:30AM – Rizal took his last breakfast on earth.
𝓙𝓸𝓼𝓮𝓹𝓱𝓲𝓷𝓮 𝓑𝓻𝓪𝓬𝓴𝓮𝓷 arrived together with
Rizal’s sister, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade
him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time.