Statistical Modulation Transfer Functions: Modeling Imager Deterministic and
Statistical Modulation Transfer Functions: Modeling Imager Deterministic and
Jerris F. Johnson
A unified two-step approach for evaluation of deterministic and statistical modulation transfer functions
(MTF's) is applied to a time-delay-and-integration charge-coupled imager. The deterministic MTF's
include the well-known spatial and temporal aperture MTF's, as well as the charge-coupled imager
interpixel and intrapixel synchronism MTF's, which are derived here. These latter MTF's originate
from nonsynchronous motion (velocity mismatch) between the image on the focal plane and the charge
packets. The statistical evaluation results in phase and jitter MTF's.
Key words: Modulation transfer function, charge-coupled imager.
X)]}. (6)
x cos[ko p - ko vt + p + CD(ko,
OPTICSAND
Inserting Eq. (6) into Eq. (1) yields the signal charge FOCAL PLANE
that is due to the sinusoidal irradiance [Eq. (5)]
produced by a single pixel:
P1
Q(p 1 , t, X, ko, v, p)
/1
\~~~~~~~__ 2
PATCH
= IxlyTRo(X)T(X)Ho(X){1 + M MTFop(k0 ,X)
A
t+T IXi
+ 21x r1y+½21y
x dt dx dy
ti xl-&21x ' 1 - 2ly PATCH SENSOR
B VELOCITY
x cos[ko p - ko vt + p + 1D(koAx)]|, (7)
.
x
fxi+(n-1)1x+(m-1 dx
xi+(n-1)lx+(m-1)lx/M-½1x
JY+21y
dy h(p, t, , k, v+AV, p), (9)
Y1- Y21y
(a)
_~~~~,
_ /a y
-,'/
GATES QN(P1, t, X, kov + Av, p)
= N1l.yTRo(X)T(X)Ho(X){1
+ mMTFop(ko, X)
x MTFA(ko)MTFsyNc(ko)cos[ko p
-efx2 0 ex2 - ko- (v + Av)tl + p + 1D(ko,
X)+ 8]I, (10)
t= T/8 0 -' t=3T/8 where the aperture MTF takes the well-known sinc
function form for rectangular apertures [sinc(x) =
sin(x)/x]:
(b) He~~~~ }
MTFA(ko) = sinc('/ 2 kolx cos 0)sinc('/2 koly sin 0)
(d) L l ll lI MTFSyNc(ko) =
sinc('/ 2k0 Av'T) sinc('/2ko AvT/M)
2 2
= (X)Ho(X)Ro(X) I
n=lm=i t+(n-i)T+(m-i)T/M-½2T/M
dt
X MTFJIT (ko)cos (k 0 - 5lo + C)], (29)
xd+(n-x)l+(m-1)lx/M+Y21x
where the MTF's are defined in Eqs. (11), (12), (22), X eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
dx
and (27); Ap is the quantity in the phase MTF; and C x+(n-)1.+(m-)x/M-21x
appearing in the argument of the cosines is given by
J1+ Y21y
C = -ko (v + Av)tl + I)(ko,X) + 8.
x dy{1 + mMTFop(ko, X)
Y1- 21y
3. Conclusion
The main purpose of this study is the description of a x cos[ko p - ko (v + Av)t + p + cF(ko,A)]}. (Al)
unified two-step process that has been developed for
evaluation of deterministic and statistical MTF's. The integral over y may be written as
Deterministic MTF's are the moduli of the Fourier
transform of signal transfer functions, and they I = dy[1 + A cos(koyy + B)], (A2)
appear in the output as modulating factors to sinusoi- 1- Y21y
dal input. Statistical MTF's are the result of statis-
tical averaging over the density functions of random where koyis the y component of the spatial frequency
variable parameters that appear in the deterministic vector (koy= ko sin 0), the factor A consists of the
= cos
[1 + (n - 1)y sin(ny/2)cosec(y/2) (A6) (QN(WP))X±,y = ' df f((p)(QN('P))X1
91 , (Cl)