NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

MODULE NAME : ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

MODULE CODE : MEU 08208

LECTURER’S NAME : Eng. BIRUNGI KIRONDE

TASK : INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT ONE

SEMESTER : TWO

QUESTION

Design and functions of various engine system for SI engine

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figure ................................................................................................................ iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1

CHAPTER TWO: FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM ....................................................... 3

2.0. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3

2.1. Carburetor fuel system ...................................................................................... 3

2.3. Design of carburetor fuel system ....................................................................... 4

2.4. Fuel tank designs ............................................................................................... 4

2.5. Drawbacks of modern carburetor: ..................................................................... 5

2.6. Petrol injection: ................................................................................................. 6

2.7. Electronic fuel injection .................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER THREE: IGNITION SYSTEM ................................................................. 8

3.0. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8

3.1. Design requirements of ignition system ............................................................ 8

3.2. Battery ignition system ...................................................................................... 8

3.4. Magneto ignition system ................................................................................... 9

3.5. Electronic ignition system ............................................................................... 10

CHAPTER FOUR: LUBRICATING SYSTEMS ...................................................... 12

4.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12

4.1. Wet sump lubrication system: ......................................................................... 12

4.3. Mist lubrication system ................................................................................... 13

4.4. Dry sump lubrication system ........................................................................... 14

CHAPTER FIVE: COOLING SYSTEM ................................................................... 15

5.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 15

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5.1. Air cooled system ............................................................................................ 15

5.2. Water cooling system ...................................................................................... 16

5.3. Design of the water cooling system ................................................................ 17

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 20

References .................................................................................................................. 21
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List of figure
Figure 1: fuel tank (Amsterdam, 2007) ........................................................................ 5
Figure 2: electronic fuel injection (Kurt, 2015) ........................................................... 6
Figure 3: battery ignition system (Kurt, 2015) ............................................................ 9
Figure 4: magneto ignition system (Kurt, 2015) .......................................................... 9
Figure 5: electronic ignition system ........................................................................... 11
Figure 6: wet sump lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020)................................................ 12
Figure 7: mist lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020) ........................................................ 13
Figure 8: dry sump lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020) ................................................ 14
Figure 9: air cooled system (Badia, 2018) ................................................................. 16
Figure 10: water cooling system (Badia, 2018) ......................................................... 19
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

What is spark ignition engine?

SI engine is an acronym of spark ignition engine also known as petrol engine or

gasoline engine. Spark ignition engine is the type of engine which uses petrol as fuel
and the means of initiating combustion is by using spark plug.

The spark ignition engine works in four and two stroke configuration. In four stroke
spark ignition engine the piston completes the four strokes which are:-

1. Suction stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Power stroke
4. Exhaust stroke

Each stroke consists of 1800 rotation of the crankshaft rotation and hence a four stroke
cycle is completed through 7200 of crank rotation. That is for every one complete cycle
there is only one power stroke while the crankshaft turns by two or more revolutions.

The working principle of spark ignition engine

The fuel and air are mixed and then inducted into the cylinder during the suction stroke.
The mixture is compressed when the piston moves from the bottom dead center to top
dead center in compression stroke. Then the compressed mixture is ignited by the spark
plug in power stroke. The combustion of the compressed air produces power which
pushes the piston to the bottom dead center. Then the end products of the combustion
process are removed from the engine through the exhaust valves in exhaust stroke.

Applications spark ignition engine

1. Two stroke SI engines are used in small vehicles like scooters

2. SI engine are used for lawn movers
3. They are used in small electricity generating sets and pumping sets
4. CNG engines are used in buses and other vehicles
5. Radial SI engines are used in small aircraft
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Advantages of SI engines

1. They have lower cost

2. They generate high RPM at low torque
3. They create less pollution compared to CI engines
4. These engines are light in weight and requires small space

Disadvantages of SI engine

1. SI engine have low efficiency compared to CI engine

2. These engines are not economical at higher loads
3. Higher fuel consumption
4. Knocking problems

The spark ignition engine consists of the following important systems

1. Fuel and Fuel injection system

2. Ignition system
3. Cooling system
4. Lubrication system
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CHAPTER TWO: FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

2.0. Introduction
The chemical energy present in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the
internal combustion engine. For spark ignition engine the fuel used is petrol, however
due nowadays natural gas can also be used spark ignition engine. Fuel injection system
is the system responsible for delivering the fuel into the cylinder. The basic fuel supply
system in spark ignition engine consists of the fuel tank, fuel lines, fuel pump, fuel
filters, air cleaner, carburetor and inlet manifold. In spark ignition engine the fuel
injection system is divided into the following main types (E-ZOIL, 2021)

1. Carburetor fuel system

2. Single point fuel injection system
3. Multipoint fuel injection system
4. Sequential fuel injection

2.1. Carburetor fuel system

This is a type of fuel system in SI engine in which the mixing of fuel and air is done
by the carburetor. The process of preparing the air fuel mixture outside the cylinder is
called carburetion. The carburetor fuel system consists of the following components

1. Fuel tank
2. Fuel lines
3. Fuel filter
4. Air cleaner
5. Carburetor
6. Inlet manifold

Working principle

The fuel is stored in the fuel tank, the fuel pump draws the fuel from the tank through
fuel lines and delivers it through a fuel filter to the carburetor, then delivered to the
cylinder chamber for combustion.
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2.3. Design of carburetor fuel system

Fuel tank.

The basic function of the fuel tank is to store the fuel safely and release the fuel into
an engine. Fuel tanks differs in size and capacity according to application. The
maximum distance a combustion-engine powered car with a full tank can cover is the
product of the tank capacity and its fuel efficiency (as in miles per gallon). While larger
tanks increase the maximum distance, they also take up more space and (especially
when full) add to the total weight, requiring higher fuel consumption for the same
performance. Fuel-tank capacity is therefore the result of a trade-off in design
considerations. For most compact cars, the capacity is in the range 45–65 litres.
(Hansdah, 2005)

2.4. Fuel tank designs

Metal (steel or aluminum) fuel tanks welded from stamped sheets. Although this
technology is very good in limiting fuel emissions, it tends to be less competitive and
thus less on the market, although until recent times automotive fuel tanks were almost
exclusively made from sheet metal.

Plastic high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fuel tanks made by blow molding. Blow
molded HDPE can take complex shapes, for instance allowing the tank to be mounted
directly over the rear axle, saving space and improving crash safety. Initially there
were concerns over the low fracture toughness of HDPE, when compared to steel or
aluminum. Concern for safety and long term ability to function should be considered
and monitored.
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Figure 1: fuel tank (Amsterdam, 2007)

Fuel lines

This is the hose or pipe which is used to transfer fuel from one point of the vehicle to
the other. The fuel lines are usually made of PTFE (polytetraflouroethylene). This is
the plastic material which is impervious to the degenerative effects of the fuel that
creates vapor barrier. Other materials includes (Partey, 2020)

1. Rubber
2. Plastics
3. Steel
4. Copper

Carburetor

This is a device that mixes air and fuel for the spark ignition engine in an appropriate
air-fuel ratio for combustion. The carburetor works by creating the vacuum created by
the engine to draw air and fuel into the cylinder. The throttle is capable of opening and
closing so as to allow either more or less air to enter the engine

2.5. Drawbacks of modern carburetor:

1. Improper mixture proportion in multi-cylinder engine
2. Loss of volumetric efficiency due to obstruction of flow of mixture from choke
tubes, jets, throttle valve etc.
3. Wear of carburetor parts
4. Freezing at low temperature
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5. Surging when carburetor is tilted or during acrobatics in aircraft

6. Backfiring in fuel pipe line

2.6. Petrol injection:

To avoid above problem of modern carburetor, petrol injection is used like in diesel
engine. Petrol injected during the suction stroke in the intake manifold at low pressure.
Injection timing is not much critical as like in diesel engine. Continuous injection and
timed injection methods are used

2.7. Electronic fuel injection

Fuel delivery system:

Electrically driven fuel pump draws fuel from tanks to distribute. Fuel and manifold
pressure kept constant by pressure regulator

Air induction system:

Air flow meter generate voltage signal according to air flow. Cold start magnetic
injection valve give good fuel atomization and also provide extra fuel during warm up
condition

Figure 2: electronic fuel injection (Kurt, 2015)

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Requirements of a fuel injection system

1. Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle

2. Correct fuel injection timing
3. Full control over rate of fuel injection
4. Proper atomization of the fuel
5. Proper spray pattern to ensure mixing of air and fuel
6. Uniform distribution of fuel in the combustion chamber
7. To supply equal quantity of the fuel in all the cylinders
8. No lag between beginning and end of the injection process
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CHAPTER THREE: IGNITION SYSTEM

3.0. Introduction
Ignition system is the system which is responsible for the ignition of fuel air mixture
inside the combustion chamber. The ignition of the air fuel mixture in spark ignition
engine is by means of a spark plug at the end of compression stroke. The spark plug
produce a spark by being supplied with a very high voltage of ranges 6000V to 10000V
generated by the ignition coil.

3.1. Design requirements of ignition system

1. It should provide a good spark between the electrodes of the plugs at the correct
timing
2. It should function efficiently over the entire range of engine speed
3. The intensity of the spark supply should be sufficient to initiate the combustion
between the specified limits.

Types of ignition systems

1. Battery ignition system

2. Magneto ignition system
3. Electronic ignition system

3.2. Battery ignition system

Design of the battery ignition system

The battery ignition system consists of primary and secondary circuits. A battery of
12V is used in this system, the primary circuit has the battery, primary winding of the
ignition coil, condenser and the contact breaker. While the secondary circuit consists
of the secondary windings of the ignition coil, distributor and the spark plug. The 12V
from the battery is converted to 10000 to 20000V then passed to the distributor. The
distributor consists of the spark plug of the cylinder in the rotation depending upon the
firing order of the engine causing the spark to jump across the gap, then the ignition of
the mixture takes place. Consider the sketch below
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Figure 3: battery ignition system (Kurt, 2015)

3.4. Magneto ignition system

Magneto ignition system consists of a rotating magnet in fixed coil or rotating coil in
fixed magnet. The current produced by the magneto is passed to the induction coil
which works the same way as that of the battery. The high voltage produced is passed
to the distributor which distributes the high voltage current to the spark plug according
to the firing order.

Figure 4: magneto ignition system (Kurt, 2015)

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3.5. Electronic ignition system

Electronic ignition system is the type of ignition system which uses electronic circuits
instead of contact breakers. The ignition is controlled by electronic control unit.

Working principle

When the ignition switch is turned on, the current flows from the battery through the
ignition switch to the primary coil windings. Which in turn starts the armature pick up
coil to receive and send the voltages signals from the armature to the ignition module.

When the tooth of the rotating reluctor comes in front of the pickup coil, the voltage
signal from pickup coil is sent to the electronics module which in turn senses the
signals & steps the current to flow form. Primary coil.

When the tooth of the rotating reluctor goes away from the pickup coil, the change in
voltage signal is sent by pickup coil to the ignition module & a timing circuit inside
ignition module turns ON the current flow.

A magnetic field is generated in the ignition coil due to this continuous make & break
of the circuit. Which induced an EME in secondary winding which increases the
voltage up to 50,000 volts.
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The high voltage is them sent to the distributor, which has the rotating rotor &
distributor points which is set according to the ignition timing.

When the rotor comes in front of any of the distributor points the jumping of the
voltage through the air gap from the rotor to the distributor point take place which is
then sent to the adjacent spark plug through the high tension cable & a voltage
difference is generated between the central electrode & ground electrode which is
responsible for generating a spark at the tip of the spark plug & finally the combustion
takes place.

Figure 5: electronic ignition system

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CHAPTER FOUR: LUBRICATING SYSTEMS

4.0. Introduction
Lubrication system is responsible for distributing oil to the moving parts to reduce
friction between surfaces which rub against each other. In spark ignition engine, fuel
and air are combined in a combustion process to produce the power to turn the
crankshaft of the engine. The combustion generates high pressure exhaust gas which
exerts a force on the face of a piston. The piston moves inside a cylinder and is
connected to the crankshaft by a rod which transmits the power. The friction of the
moving part in spark ignition engine is due to direct friction losses, pumping losses,
Power loss to drive components to charge and scavenge, power to drive the auxiliaries.

Types of lubricating systems

4.1. Wet sump lubrication system:

Bottom of the crankcase contains oil pan or sump from which the lubricating oil is
pumped to various engine components by a pump. After lubrication, oil flows back to
the sump by gravity. Three types of wet sump lubrication system,

(i) Splash system

(ii) Splash and pressure system

(iii) Pressure feed system

Figure 6: wet sump lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020)

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4.3. Mist lubrication system

This is the type of lubricating system which is used where the crankcase lubrication is
not possible. In this system the lubricating oil is mixed into the fuel (petrol) while
filling in the petrol tank of the vehicle in a specified ratio (ratio of fuel and lubricating
oil is from 12:1 to 50:10 as per manufacturers specifications or recommendations.
When the fuel goes into the crank chamber during the engine operation, the oil particles
go deep into the bearing surfaces due to gravity and lubricate then. The piston rings,
cylinder walls, piston pin etc. are lubricated in the same way.

Figure 7: mist lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020)

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4.4. Dry sump lubrication system

Supply of oil is carried in external tank. Oil pump draws oil from the supply tank and
circulates it under pressure to various bearings of the engine. Oil dripping from the
cylinders and bearings into the sump is removed by a scavenging pump and again
return to supply tank through the filter. The capacity of scavenging pump is greater
than the oil pump. Separate oil cooler to remove heat from oil is used which is either
cooled by air or water.

Figure 8: dry sump lubrication system (Ginhi, 2020)

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CHAPTER FIVE: COOLING SYSTEM

5.0. Introduction
The cooling system is the system which is responsible for lowering the high
temperature of the engine due to heat energy produced from combustion process. In
SI engine cooling is very important to avoid pre ignition and knocking.

Requirements of a cooling system

1. The cooling system must be able to lower the temperature of the engine to
prevent the failure of the cylinder material.
2. The cooling system must be efficient enogh to prevent lubricant oxidation
which may lead to carbon deposit

Types of cooling systems.

1. Air cooled system

2. Water cooled system

5.1. Air cooled system

This is the type of cooling system which uses air as a cooling medium. This type of
cooling system is mostly used for small engines and aero plane engine, in air cooled
system fins are provided on the cylinder walls, cylinder head and the block in general,
the efficiency of this type of cooling system depends on the amount of air flowing, fin
surface area and thermal conductivity of metal used for fins.

Advantages of air cooled system

1. The design of this system is simple

2. The weight is very much smaller as compared to water cooled system
3. The cost of manufacturing is small
4. This system is even more admirable in the area where there is scarcity of water
like in the deserts
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Disadvantages of air cooled system

1. In air cooled system the fan must be rotated to generate the air flow, thus large
amount of power is needed to drive the fan
2. The engines which uses this type of cooling gives lower power output
3. The presence of the cooling fins may increase the noise and vibration levels

Figure 9: air cooled system (Badia, 2018)

5.2. Water cooling system

Water cooling system uses water instead of air for cooling. The water jackets are
provided around the cylinder, cylinder head, and valve seat. The water is circulated
around the jackets it absorbs heat energy. The heated water will then flow to the
radiator and cooled partially by the fan and partially by the flow developed by the
forward motion of the vehicle.

Types of the cooling system

1. Thermo syphon cooling

2. Forced or pump cooling
3. Cooling with thermostatic regulator
4. Pressurized water cooling system
5. Evaporative cooling
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5.3. Design of the water cooling system

Components of the cooling water system

Radiator

The radiator is the component which is used for cooling the hot water from the engine
jackets. The radiator consists of the upper tank, lower tank and tubes. Hot water from
the upper tank, which comes from the engine, flows downwards through the tubes. The
heat contained in the hot water is conducted to the copper fins provided around the
tubes. An overflow pipe, connected to the upper1 tank, permits excess water or steam
to escape.

Radiator design considerations

1. Thermal performance and sizing of the radiator

2. Radiator positioning according to space, frontal area and vehicle aerodynamics
limitations
3. Determining the pressure drop across the coolant and air sides for circulation
pump and fans sizing

Thermal performance and sizing of the radiator

From the thermodynamic principles, the heat transfer rate is given by

𝑄 = 𝑈. 𝐴∆𝑇𝑀 ………………………………………………………..(5.1)

Where

𝑄 = The rate of heat transfer

𝑇𝑀 = Fluid temperature

𝐴 = Area of the radiator

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Water Pump:

This is a centrifugal type pump. It is centrally mounted at the front of the cylinder
block and is usually driven by means of a belt. This type of pump consists of the
following parts:

(i) body or casing,

(ii) impeller (rotor),
(iii) shaft,
(iv) bearings, or bush
(v) water pump seal and
(vi) pulley.

The bottom of the radiator is connected to the suction side of the pump. The power is
transmitted to the pump spindle from a pulley mounted at the end of the crankshaft.
Seals of various designs are incorporated in the pump to prevent loss of coolant from
the system.

Fan:

The fan is generally mounted on the water pump pulley, although on some engines it
is attached directly to the crankshaft. It serves two purposes in the cooling system of
an engine.

(i) It draws atmospheric air through the radiator and thus increases the efficiency of
the radiator in cooling hot water.

(ii) It throws fresh air over the outer surface of the engine, which takes away the heat
conducted by the engine parts and thus increases the efficiency of the entire cooling
system
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Consider the sketch below

Figure 10: water cooling system (Badia, 2018)

Advantages of water cooling system

1. Because of even cooling of cylinder barrel and head (due to jacketing) makes it
possible to reduce the cylinder head and valve seat temperatures.

2. The volumetric efficiency of water cooled engines is higher than that of air-cooled
engines.

3. Compact design of engines with appreciably smaller frontal area is possible.

4. In case of water cooled engines, installation is not necessarily at the front of the
mobile vehicles, aircraft etc. as the cooling system can be conveniently located.

Disadvantages of water cooling system

1. The system requires more maintenance.

2. The engine performance becomes sensitive to climatic conditions. ™

3. The power absorbed by the pump is considerable and affects the power output of
the engine
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CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION

The engine systems are designed in such a way that each system depends on the other
system. Thus for the perfect and efficient operation of the spark ignition engine all this
systems must work properly. With the advancement of technology engine systems are
improved rapidly. For example spark ignition engine relied on carburetor fuel system
which had a lot of drawbacks, the introduction of single, multi point, sequential and
direct engine systems have improved the performance of the engine.
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References
Amsterdam, J. (2007). spectra premium. Retrieved from Aftermarket US:
http://www.spectrapremium.com

Badia, S. (2018, january). how engine cooling system work. Retrieved from
mechanical booster: http://mechanicalbooster.com

board, A. t. (2008). Automotive industry training retail,service and repair.

Washington: state training center.

E-ZOIL. (2021). fuel system basics. Retrieved from e zoil: http://www.ezoil.om

Ginhi, K. (2020, july). lubrication systems. pp. 1-30.

Hansdah, D. (2005). internal combustion engines and gas turbine. internal

combustion engines, 25-60.

Kurt, R. (2015). electronic fuel injection system. Retrieved from electricalfundablog:

http://electricalfundablog.org

Partey, N. (2020). Fuel line. Retrieved from wikipedia:

http://www.wikipedia..org/wiki/fuel_line