Design and Development of Condition Monitoring and Control System For Distribution Transformer
Design and Development of Condition Monitoring and Control System For Distribution Transformer
Transformer(Case of UoG)
Declaration
We, the undersigned, declare that this project is original work, has not been presented for a degree in
this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the project have been fully
acknowledged.
Advisor Approval
The project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First we express our heartiest thanks and gratefulness to our almighty God for His divine blessing makes
us possible to complete this project successfully.
We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to Department of electrical and computer engineering
Head Mr. Estifanos.D, Chair of department Mr. Nuredin. M and all of our department staff for their
kind help to finish our project. We would like to thank our entire course mate in Gondar University, who
took part in this discuss while completing the course work.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to our Advisor Dr. Abdulrahman
for his guidance, and instruction that he has given us to complete our project in such a time. We have been
able to learn the skills from him, which have benefitted us immensely and will continue to help us
throughout our future endeavors, both academically and professionally.
Finally, we must acknowledge with due respect the constant supports and patients of our parents.
ABSTRACT
Condition Monitoring and control (CMC) system is taken to mean the use of advanced technologies in
order to determine equipment condition, and potentially predict failure. CMC is essential to prevent faults
that are costly to repair and result loss of service. It is used to protect and ensure the integrity, reliability
and functionality of distribution transformers in University of Gondar (UoG). It has a great advantage to
improve durability of the distribution transformers which are installed with a high cost and human effort.
For the protection of distribution transformer, we use Arduino Uno microcontroller, Step down
transformer, temperature sensor, voltage regulator, oil level sensor, rectifier, relay &relay drive. To do
this project we collected the data, analyzed and discussed the collected data to show the system design
using block diagram and flow chart for the project. The temperature sensor is used to sense the transformer
winding temperature and the oil level sensor sense the oil level of the transformer then the sensor’s output
is connected to the microcontroller. Current transformers are used to measure or monitor the current in
the lead of an ac power circuit. Voltage transformers are used to measure or monitor the voltage in the
lead of an ac power circuit and the sensor output pass through the conditional circuit which goes directly
to microcontroller. The microcontrollers send the monitored parameters to LCD. While monitoring the
parameters, if a fault occurs which might be high temperature or over current, the microcontroller sends a
trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the transformer from damaging. Finally, the overall system
model for monitoring and controlling distribution transformer parameters is simulated using proteus
software and results are validated.
Table of Content
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... ii
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.4.2 Methodology............................................................................................................................... 4
Literature Review........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4.1. LCD pin description for interfacing with Arduino Uno .......................................................... 27
4.3. Power Supply using LM7805 Voltage Regulator with Design ...................................................... 31
6.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 38
Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 39
List of Figure
Figure 1methodology of the project ............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 2:Overall block diagram of CMC system for distribution transformer in UoG ............................. 9
Figure 3: Classification of maintenance activities. ................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Shows a block diagram of a CBM system integrated with CM and CA systems. ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5: Block diagram of regulated power supply system .................................................................... 14
Figure 6: voltage regulator ....................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7: Power supply circuit diagram .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8: Arduino-Uno and pin configurations ........................................................................................ 18
Figure 9: current sensing circuit ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: voltage sensing circuit ............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 11: LM35 temperature sensor ....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 12: temperature sensor .................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 13: relay circuit ............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 14: oil level sensing circuit ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 15: fan circuit ................................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 16: LCD and pin configuration..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 17: Flowchart description entire of the system.............................................................................. 28
Figure 18: voltage regulator ...................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 19: Over current simulation result ................................................................................................ 35
Figure 20: Over current simulation result ................................................................................................. 36
Figure 21: Over current simulation result ................................................................................................. 37
List of Table
Table 1 data collection ................................................................................................................................ 8
Table 2 correlation between power transformer internal faults and causes .............................................. 13
List of abbreviation
CA Condition Assessment
CM Condition Monitoring
CT Current Transformer
VT Voltage Transformer
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
With the progressive aging of electrical power distribution equipment, growing awareness focuses on the
reliability of the equipment. Decisions regarding associated distribution equipment replacement, for
example, may take into account the need to extract maximum return from operating costs and capital
investments. Such decisions may rely on a dependable assessment of equipment. Several methods have
been proposed for classifying the condition of certain power transmission components based on limited
duration check-up type testing. However, the limited "snapshot" data acquired in such equipment tests
may not provide a realistic evaluation of actual equipment conditions. A need of remains for improved
systems and methods for asset CM and control system in electrical power distribution equipment.
In particular, major changes in the utility industry have caused increased interest in more economical and
reliable methods to generate, transmit and distribute electric power. In this regard monitoring the health
of equipment constituting the system is critical to assure that the supply of power can meet the demand.
There is an increasing interest in developing and applying CM and control techniques for electrical
equipment like transformers, generators and power induction motors and etc. In such a case CM has the
potential to reduce operating costs, maintenance and increasing the reliability. In northern grid failure on
30th and 31st July 2012 due to inefficient load management functions lead to wider blackout, leaving al-most
700 million people without electricity in six northern states of India.
Condition Monitoring (CM) related problems in distribution transformer are transformer insulation
breakdown, stator winding insulation breakdown, transformer overload, transformer oil level droplet,
overall transformer temperature raise. This problem reduces equipment life time and compromise the
reliability of the power system. With CM, catastrophic equipment failure can be prevented, frequency of
preventive maintenance can be reduced as well as operating costs and it improve the efficiency and reliability
of the system.
consists of a set of windings around a magnetic core. The windings are insulated from each other and the
core. Operational stresses can cause failure of the transformer winding insulation, and core. The power
transformer windings and magnetic core are subject to a number of different forces during operation. The
following discussion highlights on different capability limits of transformer over current is the current
flowing through the transformer resulting from faults on the power system. Fault currents that do not include
ground are generally in excess of four times full-load current. In summary, loading large transformers
beyond nameplate ratings can result in reduced dielectric integrity, thermal runaway condition (extreme
case) of the contacts of the tap changer, and reduced mechanical strength in insulation of conductors and
the transformer structure. Over temperature happen when there is over voltage and over current at the
transformer. Excessive load current alone may not result in damage to the transformer if the absolute
temperature of the windings and transformer oil remains within specified limits. Transformer ratings are
based on a 24-hour average ambient temperature of 40°C). Due to over voltage and over current, temperature
of oil increases which causes failure of insulation of transformer winding. Over Excitation since flux in
the transformer core is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the
frequency, over excitation can occur when the per-unit ratio of voltage to frequency (Volts/Hz) exceeds
1.05 per-unit at full load and 1.10 per-unit at no load. An increase in transformer terminal voltage or a
decrease in frequency will result in an increase in the flux. Over excitation results in excess flux, which
causes transformer heating and increases exciting current, noise, and vibration.
Transformer Oil mainly used for two purposes one is for cooling of transformer and another use is for
insulation purpose. When temperature of transformer goes high, oil level in transformer tank decreases
due to heating effect. For normal operation of transformer oil level should maintain at required level. If oil
level decreases beyond required level, it affect cooling and insulation of the transformer.
In a deregulated or reformed environment, electric utilities are under constant pressure to reduce operating
costs, to enhance the availability of transmission and distribution equipment, and to improve the quality of
power and service provided to the customer. Running the system at its optimum limit has become a reality,
and the risk involved in running the system without proper attention to the assets in service has therefore
become very significant, as well, the probability of losing equipment vital to the transmission and
distribution system, such as power and distribution transformers, is also increasing. Today, the operation
scenario has changed and efforts are now being directed at exploring new approaches and techniques for the
maintenance, life span assessment, and condition evaluation of power system assets.
Whenever the winding temperature raises and exceeds transformer thermal limits, the insulation will
deteriorate and may fail prematurely. Continuous thermal overload (over temperature) might weaken the
insulation of a transformer and resulting in rapid transformer loss of life.
Over excitation (an increase in system voltage), internal faults can lead to deterioration, acceleration aging
and fault trips in transformer protection function (Reza, 2003).
Power system equipment such as distribution transformers installed with high cost and they are coasty to
maintain and re-installed. That equipment is not monitored and controlled properly and efficiently in UoG.
There is a continues power flow problems in UoG and also there is additional problem such as unscheduled
maintenance cost, Phase-out of the equipment before the normal operating period, Power fluctuation,
Shortage of data for future end user analysis and no methods to know the exact cause of the problems
because of there is no CMC system.
However, engineers and scientist have worked out various ways in which the transformer can be protected;
one of such ways is by using a relay. Therefore, in order to protect the transformer using relay, a CMC system
project is developed through the use of microcontroller.
1.4 Methodology
1.4.1 Materials uses
The materials were used for this project specification were different books, personal computer, literatures related to
this project for theoretical analysis and soft wares (especially Proteus and Arduino) to simulate circuit diagram of
each components and the overall system complete schematic.
1.4.2 Methodology
For successful completion of this project some steps were followed to carry out different tasks. Different
literatures have been revised relating to this project and data were collected about condition and control
parameter of distribution transformer in UOG. Based on those parameters system model was designed.
Some software's were selected to develop the software programing. All the required materials are not
available in UoG, so some sensors and conditional circuit were designed locally to for complete
simulation. Then after, build the system simulation and write documentation report to complete our project.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Distribution transformer is one of the most expensive equipment in electrical power system and it can act as
a critical part of grid within electricity transfer. If a transformer fails, it may lead to a power failure, material
damages, personal injury or oil spill to nature. Not to mention the financial loss, it is cheaper to maintain
the condition of the transformer by monitoring it than using the transformer until it breaks down. A lot of
research work has been published in the field of CM and various techniques have been proposed.
According to Han [1] condition monitoring has the potential to reduce operating costs, improve the reliability
of operation, and enhance power supply and service to customers. Distribution transformers have sensitive
and critical part in power transfer, if a transformer failure it causes stopping of all electrical devices that are
connected under the transformer. Most of distribution transformer failures causes large economic damage,
especially in industry area. By using condition monitoring system, it is possible to prevent unwanted
transformer failure and decrease the time of transformer failure to repairs.
Abniki [2] introduces a new condition monitoring tool which provide a fully automatic supervision and
control of the wind farm on internet and data can be accessed with common interface for all form of data
from farm.
Tang [3] says that the normal life expectance of a distribution transformer is around 40 years. Because the
investment boom after the 1970s the percentage of transformers operated in many power systems more than
30 years is increasing. Therefore, the failure rate of transformers is expected to rise sharply in the coming
years. Transformer failures are sometimes catastrophic and almost always include irreversible internal
damage in transformer. Therefore, all the key distribution transformers in a power system should be
monitored closely and continuously in order to ensure their maximum operation time.
Generally, we are determining that there are four main aspects of transformer condition monitoring and
control and estimation, including thermal dynamics, dissolved gas, partial discharge and winding
deformation, which should be monitored closely in order to determine transformer conditions. But we are
specified on dissolved gas, partial discharge and winding deformation to design our project because they
are strictly may condition and control for transformer to perform its task without any interruption.
Currently there is an increasing interest in developing and applying CM and control techniques for electrical
equipment in a power system. CM and control system has the potential to reduce operating costs and
maintenance, increasing the reliability. Distribution transformers' failures carry great costs to electric
companies and its prevention is very interesting for them. Predictive and preventive maintenance requires
some means of assessing the actual condition of the machinery and can often detect early failure using
condition monitoring techniques.
Distribution transformer installed in UOG are dispersed each other and have no any CM and control
system at all. Having this in mind we are motivated to design CM and control system for them. key
parameter of distribution transformer like load currents, transformer oil level, incipient fault ambient
temperatures and voltage of three phases.
The load data that is recorded by distribution system officers in 2010E.c for preventive maintenance
Inspection task, the whole distribution transformers load amount with their capacity is also recorded.
Specific location of the transformer UOG Facil campus (locally called arch zone)
Type of transformer Oil immersed power transformer
Transformer rating 630KVA
Transformer load(A) 1600A
Transformer rated frequency(f) 50Hz
Transformer input(primary) voltage 15000V
Transformer output(secondary) voltage 400V
Transformer short circuit impedance 4.58%
Transformer total weight 4380K9
Transformer standard code IEC60076
Transformer serial number 110564
CHAPTER THREE
CMC SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
power systems, distribution transformer is electrical equipment which distributes power to the low-voltage
users directly, and its operation condition is an important component of the entire distribution network
operation. Operation of distribution transformer under rated condition (as per specification in their
nameplate) guarantees their long life. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are subjected to
overloading, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus
effecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of
failure in distribution transformers.
LCD display
3−ф Transformer
Arduino Uno Microcontroller
Relay Relay1
Relay5 Load 1
driver
current
sensor
Relay Relay2 Load 2
driver
EEU 15 KV
Voltage
sensor Relay Relay3 Load3
driver
KV15
Oil level
sensor Relay Relay4 Load 4
driver
Temperature
Relay Relay5 Load 5
2
sensor
driver
Fan Relay
driver
Relay
Figure 2:Overall block diagram of CMC system for distribution transformer in UoG
The design model is based on the analysis and architectural requirements of the system. It represents the
application components and determines their appropriate placement and use within the overall
architecture. In the design model, packages contain the design elements of the system, such as design
classes, interfaces, and design subsystems, that evolve from the analysis classes. Each package can contain
any number of sub packages that further partition the contained design elements. Within each package,
sequence diagrams illustrate how the objects in the classes interact, state machine diagrams to model the
dynamic behavior in classes, component diagrams to describe the software architecture of the system, and
deployment diagrams to describe the physical architecture of the system.
3.1. Condition Monitoring System
Condition Monitoring (CM) is taken to mean the use of advanced technologies in order to determine
equipment condition, and potentially predict failure. CM is most frequently used as a Predictive or
Condition-Based Maintenance technique. Figure 3 shows Classification of maintenance activities.
Maintenance
Among those types of maintenances Preventive Maintenance is given to the system before it become
damaged. For our project CBM is selected because it relies on performing maintenance when the CM
system detects an incipient fault. This incipient fault will change to be a complete failure if not treated early
by the CBM, i.e. suitable maintenance must be performed after detection of the fault by the condition
assessment (CA) system. By using this technique, the risk of complete failure is reduced. CBM lets
operators know more about the condition of a transformer, to know clearly when and what maintenance is
needed. A transformer's historical data - such as operation parameters, diagnostic tests, and environmental
conditions - will identify which parameter/part should be monitored and the correct method of monitoring.
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of a CBM system integrated with CM and CA systems. The maintenance
action is taken in the final stage according to the outputs stage.
CBM action
Output stage
Pre- Extracting CA and maintenance
Raw data (Fault type
conditioning useful fault and
from and needed
of data information diagnosis adjustment/repla
sensor action) ce
Figure 4: Shows a block diagram of a CBM system integrated with CM and CA systems.
The general meaning of CBM is performing maintenance only upon request from the CM system. The advantages
of CBM are listed below.
Maintenance is done when it is necessary
Reducing costly unnecessary inspections
Saving manpower
Reducing the unnecessary shutdowns of the system and Low possibility of complete failure.
CM of transformers is the process of acquisition and processing of data related to various parameters of
transformers so as to predict and prevent the failure of a transformer. This is done by observing the deviation
of the transformer parameters from their expected values. Transformer failures could cause power
outages, personal and environmental hazards and expensive rerouting or purchase of power from other
suppliers.
Transformer failures can occur due to various causes. Transformer in-service interruptions and failures
usually result from dielectric breakdown, winding distortion caused by short-circuit withstand, winding
and magnetic circuit hot spot, electrical disturbances, deterioration of insulation, lightning, inadequate
maintenance, loose connections, overloading, bushings, etc. Integrating the 'individual cause' monitoring
allows for monitoring the overall condition of transformer. This is all about the general basics of condition
monitoring but in this project we are performed some condition parameters of UoG distribution transformer
such as monitoring current and voltage status, temperature, incipient fault and oil level of the transformer.
Transformer incipient faults is faults which are not serious at the beginning but which slowly develops into
serious faults are known as incipient faults. Transformer is static electromagnetic device. From the day of
this equipment in service, different stresses like electrical, mechanical, chemical and environmental effect
the condition of the transformer. At the initial stages, degradation of insulation quality occurs slowly. But
this deterioration multiplies in due course of time and leads to final failure of the transformer. So, to
overcome this situation, continuous monitoring of the condition and preventive measures is required for
correct maintenance of the transformer. This can be achieved by providing the condition monitoring of
transformer to be done at earlier Stages via online or through offline.
Statistics show that winding failures most frequently cause transformer faults. Insulation deterioration,
often the result of moisture, overheating, vibration, voltage surges, mechanical stress created during
transformer through faults, are the major reason for winding failure.
Transformer bushings are the third most likely cause of failure. General aging, contamination, cracking,
internal moisture and loss of oil can all cause a bushing to fail. Two other possible reasons are vandalism
and animals that externally flash over the bushing. Transformer core problems have been attributed to
core insulation failure, an open ground strap, or shorted laminators.
Other miscellaneous failures have been caused by current transformers, oil leakage due to inadequate tank
welds, oil contamination from metal particles, overloads and over voltage. The factors responsible for
failures and accelerated deterioration can be categorized as:
operating environment (electrical): load current, short circuits, lightening and switching surges;
operating environment (physical): temperature, wind, rain, pollution;
operating time: time in service and time under abnormal conditions;
Faults
3.3.1. Transformer
Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of power. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low
voltage.
Here we use an oil immersed power step down transformer in UOG which have a rated capacity of 630
KVA, a rated voltage of 15,000 AC on high voltage side and 400 V AC on low voltage side at rated
frequency of 50 Hz. And also at the output side of this transformer, there are five circuit breakers which
used to control the electrical power given to the load centers.
In Figure 5 the input voltage is obtained the main 15000VAC outlet and then connected to the transformer.
A step down transformer is used in stepping the 15000VAC to a 400VAC.from the 400VAC ,230V AC
single phase serves as an input voltage to the bridge rectifier which is basically for diodes connected where
two diodes are in forward biased and the other two are in reversed biased for each half cycles. The bridge
rectifier is used in converting the AC into a dc voltage. The filter capacitor serves as a smoother to smooth
the dc voltage from the bridge rectifier.
3.3.2.1. Rectifiers
A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes. There are
two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending upon the DC signal
generated. Here Full-wave bridge rectifier is used to generate dc signal.
3.3.2.2. Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is decreasing.
The capacitor charges quickly to the peak of the varying DC and then discharges as it supplies current to
the output.
3.3.5. Microcontroller
The microcontroller is required to serve the purpose monitoring and controlling the transformer information
such as temperature, oil level, voltage and current through the personal computer and triggering the relay
when there is any fault. Modern power networks require faster, more accurate and reliable protective
schemes. Microcontroller-based protective schemes are capable of fulfilling these requirements.
Therefore, in order to achieve this task, the Arduino mega microcontroller based on Arduino Uno was
chosen because of its suitability for this project such as it’s speed, power consumption, and universal
synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) functionality, in built ADC, and amount of
RAM and ROM on the chip.
Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple I/O board and a development
environment that implements the Processing/Wiring language. Arduino can be used to develop stand-
alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer. The open-source IDE can be
downloaded for free (currently for Mac OS, Windows, and Linux).
The microcontroller IC which we used is Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can
be used as analog inputs, a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system
programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-
to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. This
auxiliary microcontroller has its own USB boot loader, which allows advanced users to reprogram it.
Here are the components that make up an Arduino board and what each of their functions are.
1. Reset Button – This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino board
2. AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used to set an external reference voltage
3. Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
4. Digital Input/output – Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output
5. PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog output
6. USB Connection – Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches
7. TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication LEDs
8. ATmega Microcontroller – This is the brains and is where the programs are stored
9. Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in a power source
10. Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of voltage going into the Arduino board
11. DC Power Barrel Jack – This is used for powering Arduino with a power supply
12. 3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects
13. 5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects
14. Analog Pins – These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to digital
The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current
during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series
while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load.
The Negative Half-cycle
During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2
switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased.
However, in reality, during each half cycle the current flows through two diodes instead of just one so the
amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops (2 × 0.7 = 1.4V) less than the input Vmax amplitude.
The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply or 120Hz for a
60Hz supply).
3.3.8. Capacitor
A capacitor is a device which stores electric charge. Capacitors vary in shape and size, but the basic
configuration is two conductors carrying equal but opposite charges Capacitors have many important
applications in electronics. Some examples include storing electric potential energy, delaying voltage
changes when coupled with resistors, filtering out unwanted frequency signals, forming resonant circuits
and making frequency-dependent and independent voltage dividers when combined with resistors. In the
uncharged state, the charge on either one of the conductors in the capacitor is zero. During the charging
process, a charge Q is moved from one conductor to the other one, giving one conductor a charge Q+, and
the other one a charge.
3.3.9. Resistor
Most common household electrical circuits are made of many devices connected in parallel. Each device
is hooked to the power source in parallel with all the other devices, each connected to the same voltage
source and availing itself of the same voltage. Each device has its own characteristic resistance, and
therefore each draws from the source a different amount of current, depending on its resistive value. While
the voltage being accessed is nearly the same for all devices, the amount of current drawn from the source
increases as each device draws its respective current based on its resistance.
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called "protective relays”.
Arduino microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive a relay. While the 12 volts’ relay’s coil needs
around 16A to be energized, the current is obtained by the V/R expression. For example, if the coil is
6VDC and the coil resistance is 500Ω, a minimum of 12mA (6V/500Ω = 12mA) is need to energize the
relay while the microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2mA current, therefore field-effect
transistors (MOSFET) used as relay driver which is placed between the microcontroller and the relay as
shown in figure 28 The MOSFET is used as the driver and the basic function of the driver circuit is to
provide the necessary current to energize the relay coil.
The driving circuit based on the Arduino output. The Arduino microcontroller have an output of 0 or 5volt
through digital pin. This pin is directly feed to N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistors (MOSFET). Relays are electromechanical devices that use an electromagnet to operate a pair
of movable contacts from an open position to a closed position. The advantage of relays is that it takes a
relatively small amount of power to operate the relay coil, but the relay itself can be used to control motors,
heaters, lamps or AC circuits which themselves can draw a lot more electrical power. The
Electromechanical Relay is an output device (actuator) which come in a whole host of shapes, sizes and
designs, and have many uses and applications in electronic circuits. But while electrical relays can be used
to allow low power electronic or computer type circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages both
“ON” and “OFF”, some form of relay switch circuit is required to control it.
MOSFET relay switching operation is very similar to Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) switch operation.
However, there are some major differences in the operation of the MOSFET circuits with the main ones
being that MOSFETs are voltage operated devices, and as the Gate is electrically isolated from the Drain-
Source channel, they have very high input impedances so the Gate current for a MOSFET is zero, therefore
a base resistor is unnecessary. MOSFETs conduct through a conductive channel with the channel initially
being closed, transistor “OFF”. This channel gradually increasing in conductive width as the voltage
applied to the Gate terminal is slowly increased. In other words, the transistor operates by enhancing the
channel as the Gate voltage increases and for this reason this type of MOSFET is called an Enhancement
MOSFET, or E-MOSFET.N-channel Enhancement MOSFETs (NMOS) are the most commonly used type
of MOSFET as a positive voltage on the Gate terminal switches the MOSFET “ON” and zero or a negative
voltage on the Gate switches it “OFF”, making ideal as MOSFET relay switch. Complementary P-channel
Enhancement MOSFETs are also available which, like the PNP BJT work with opposite voltages.
The above MOSFET relay switch circuit is connected in a common-source configuration. With zero
voltage input, LOW condition, the value of VGS, there is insufficient Gate drive to open the channel and
the transistor is “OFF”. But when VGS is increased above the MOSFETs lower threshold voltage VT, the
channel opens, current flows and the relay coil is operated. Then the enhancement mode MOSFET
operates as a normally open switch making it ideal for switching small loads such as relays. E-type
MOSFETs have high “OFF” resistance but moderate “ON” resistance (OK for most applications), so when
selecting one for a particular switching application, its RDS value needs to be taken into consideration.
Reflective: it uses external light reflected by reflector behind the display. Example: watch, calculator,
this is achieved by combining a reflector with rear polarizer. Backlight: light source is from a back light,
and viewed from the front. Example: computer display built in fluorescent tubes above, besides and
sometimes behind the LCD.
The flow chart diagram developed will give an initial description of the system software. The programs
are divided into two parts which are main program and interrupt program. The microcontroller will always
loop the main program until an interrupt occurred. When the controller receives an interrupt flag, then it
will jump to interrupt the process.
Is Is oil level
NO IS
temp>50c
NO Is current NO voltage>230v NO >1m
>10A
Over Over
Over current Over current
temperature temperature
relay ON relay OFF
relay ON relay OFF
CHAPTER FOUR
5𝑥35
𝑉𝑐 = = 1.75𝑣
100
𝐼 = 2𝐴, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
1 1
𝑡= =
2𝑓 2𝑥50 𝐻𝑧
𝑡 = 0.01 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐼∆𝑡 2𝐴𝑥0.01𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶= =
∆𝑉 1.75𝑣
= 0.01142857𝐹
𝐶 = 11,428.57µ𝐹
The capacitor voltage rating must be about twice the maximum voltage, so good choice will be to use 50v
capacitor. Thus C=11,428.57µ𝐹.
𝐶 ≥ 20𝜇𝐹
For perfect smoothing purpose we take the capacitor value is 20𝜇𝐹
CHAPTER FIVE
a current sensing circuit and voltage sensing circuits were designed and the results have been verified with
proteus simulation.
Through the transformer current analysis, the current of the transformer rises as load increases, whenever
the load current goes above the transformer rated current, the microcontroller detects an overcurrent and
it sends a trip signal to over current relay thereby protecting the transformer from burning. As the load
current goes below the rated current of the transformer, the microcontroller detects normal there by
sending an on signal to the overcurrent relay.
The temperature of the transformer windings is measured using LM35 temperature sensor. The current
and voltage rating of the distribution transformer, oil level of the distribution transformer are measured
using appropriate measuring unit and it can be displayed in LCD display and it is also displayed in virtual
terminal.
The step down transformer used is a15000VAC to 400VAC transformer and is used for the purpose of
sensing the output voltage of distribution transformer with The step down transformer output been
rectified and filtered to a pure dc which goes directly to microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the load
voltage. For the purpose of current sensing, a current transformer was used for that purpose. It passes
through rectification and filtering process then directly connected to the microcontroller analog pin for
monitoring the load current. The transformer temperature sensor is used to sense the transformer body
temperature and the oil level sensor is measure the level of the oil and the sensor output pass through the
conditional circuit which goes directly to microcontroller.
The microcontrollers send the monitored parameters to a personal computer. The transmission to personal
computer was made possible by interfacing the microcontroller with the computer USB port serial
communication. USB port supports both synchronous and asynchronous transmission and its user data is
send as a time series of bits. While monitoring the parameters, whenever a fault occurs which might be
high voltage or over current, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the
transformer from burning.
When the operating current exceeds the normal current the LCD display “Over Current”, so the operation
of loads should be switched off in order to protect the transformer from damage.
When the operating temperature exceeds the normal temperature the LCD display “high temperature”, so
the microcontroller leads the loads should be switched off in order to protect the transformer from damage.
CHAPTER SIX
6.2 Recommendations
Any work and investigation on transformer protection is very advantageous and challenging. Based on
the present time, it can be observed that the world’s population is increasing rapidly. Therefore, demands
on electricity will be high and these will lead to demands of highly sophisticated protection devices, which
will be incorporated in transformer protection schemes.
Based on the work done in this project which protecting transformer using microcontroller, some
improvements need to be made in the future work. It was noticed that use of current sensor prevents the
protection from high performance application because the CT designed locally needs some amount of time
to sense the load current and transfer the signal to the microcontroller ADC. Correspondingly, a real
current transformer can be used instead CT designed by us, switching semiconductor device such as
thyristor can be used instead of relay, highly advanced microcontroller such as 16bit PIC microcontroller
or a digital signal processor can be used for high speed analogue to digital (ADC) conversion of the
transformer voltage and current.
In future research, an integrated monitoring system which has been designed will be applied directly to
the electrical distribution transformer. In this way, some weaknesses that still exist can be improved.
Finally, the next batch student also participates in this project to overcome the goal this project
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