MNS

University Of Agriculture Multan

Project Assigned to Rana Dilawar, Maryam Tahir, Hafeez Nazar, Adil Ishaq

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 Table of Contents
Introduction__________________________________________________________________________3
Background___________________________________________________________________________3
Poultry control shed____________________________________________________________________4
Fish farm_____________________________________________________________________________4
Submersible pumping system_____________________________________________________________4
Solar pumping system___________________________________________________________________4
Cattle farm___________________________________________________________________________5
Location______________________________________________________________________________5
Objectives____________________________________________________________________________5
Selection of crops &area_________________________________________________________________6
Selection of irrigation system_____________________________________________________________7
Types of irrigation system________________________________________________________________9
Drainage Methods____________________________________________________________________11
Surface Drainage______________________________________________________________________11
TYPES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS________________________________________________12
Open and pipe drains__________________________________________________________________12
Tube well drainage____________________________________________________________________12
CROP SEASONS - KHARIF AND RABI_______________________________________________________12
Discussion___________________________________________________________________________14
References__________________________________________________________________________14
List of figure
Figure 1.Sketch of field__________________________________________________________________4
List of Table
Table 1.Selection of crops &area__________________________________________________________6
Table 2.Other area______________________________________________________________________6
Table 3.Root zone depth of crops ______________________________6
Table 4.Water Requirement of Crops _______________________7
Table 5.Crop Season _______________________________________________13
Table 6.Total growing period ________________________________________13

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Introduction
Background
A corporate farming company acquires an agricultural land having area of 500 acres in
JabalpurPinwale area. Land holder person live out of country he wants to cultivate this area but
he has no idea about land they need an expert person who proper manage this land so they give a
project to manage this land, so we take this this project and proper work started. In Jabalpur
Pirwala where this land is located ground water is brackish and land is completely barren and
land possesses loam soil and canal water is for six months. Main water outlet with water
discharge of 2.5 cusec. Company needs a master plan particularly for the location of water access
road, farm house and location of water pumping system. Company has a wish list for
development schemes which includes the following:
1. Construction of poultry control shed
2. Development of a fish farm
3. Installation of submersible pumping system
4. Installation of solar pumping system
5. Construction of a cattle farm

Poultry control shed

“Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks for the
purpose of farming meat or eggs for food…. More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as
a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs.” Company wants to build a poultry farm. So
we build poultry farm on 2 acres, the purpose of poultry farm to earn money and second purpose
of poultry farm is wastage of poultry farm used to clean water in fish farm.

Fish farm
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks
or enclosures, usually for food…. Fish species raised by fish farms. Aquaculture is used for
producing seafood for human consumption. Company want to build a fish farm, so we build a
fish farm the main reason of build fish farm is that ground water is brackish and not suitable for
crops, so we build a fish farm. The purpose of fish farm is clean ground water in this fish farm
we pump ground water and fill fish farm and poultry wastages throw into poultry farm. In this
way we can clean ground water.

Submersible pumping system

In 1928 Russian oil delivery system engineer successfully installed the first submersible oil
pump. The submersible pumps used in electric submersible pump (ESP) installations are
multistage centrifugal pumps operating in vertical position. Submersible pumps are found in
many applications. Single stage pumps are used for drainage, sewage pumping and general
industrial pumping. ESP system consists of both surface components and sub-surface
components. Surface components include the motor controller. Subsurface components typically
include the pump, motor seal and cables. A submersible pump cable is specialized product to be

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used submersible pump in a deep well or in similarly harsh condition. As such submersible pump
cable can be used in both fresh and salt water.
Solar pumping system
A solar-powered pump is a pump running on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or the
radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or diesel
run water pump. The operating of solar pump is more economical mainly due to the lower
operation and maintenance costs and has less environmental impact than pump powered by an
internal combustion engine (ICE). Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity is unavailable
and alternative source do not provide sufficient energy. So we use solar pump in
JabalpurPinwale this system is economical beneficial and electricity save.
Cattle farm
Company want to construct a cattle farm in this field, so we give a super plan to build a cattle
farm in this field, so build a cattle farm there are many advantages of cattle farm first is we get
milk from cattle and we sale milk and get profit second is we use manure as a fertilizer in filed.
We save money for use manure as a fertilizer in filed.
Location
Original name: JabalpurPinwale
Geographical location: Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, Asia
Geographical coordinates: 29* 30’ North 71* 13’ East
This city is about 88 km away towards south from Multan city. The city has agricultural
background.

Figure 1.Sketch of field

Objectives
For the sack of convenience, we have divided the objectives into two groups:
 Purified Ground Water
 Model Draw
Group#2 (Crops)
 Maximum crop grows of this water

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  Maximum profit
 Grow different crops / Maximum crops

Selection of crops &area

Crops Area (acre)
Sugarcane 50
Cotton 70
Maize 40
Wheat 133
Sunflower 30
Peas 20
Sorghum 10
Sugar beet 20
Tomato 20
Rice 20
Citrus 30
Mango 20
Juan 20
Table 1.Selection of crops &area

Other area
Fish farm 3
Poultry farm 3
Cattle farm 7
Table 2.Other area

Root zone depth of crops

Crop Rooting (m)
Citrus 1.2-1.5
Cotton 1.0-1.7
Maize 1.0-1.7
Potatoes 0.4-0.6
Wheat 1.0-1.5
Sunflower 0.5-1.0
Mango 2.0-2.5
Peas 0.5-1.0
Radish 0.4-0.6
Spinach 0.4-0.6
Bingil 0.7-1.3
Okra 0.5-1.0
Rice 0.9-1.5
Sugarcane 0.9-1.5

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Table 3.Root zone depth of crops Source# www.fao.org

Water Requirement of Crops

Crop Crop water requirement (mm)
Citrus 300-500
Cotton 700-1300
Maize 500-800
Sunflower 600-1000
Peas 350-500
Potato 500-700
Rice(paddy) 450-700
Sorghum 450-650
Sugar beet 550-750
Sugarcane 1500-2500
Sunflower 600-100
Tomato 400-800
Wheat 450-650
Table 4.Water Requirement of Crops
Source# www.fao.org

Efficient irrigation

Selection of irrigation system

Basin size should be small if
1. Slope of the land is steep
2. Soil is sandy
3. Stream size to the basin is small
4. Require depth of irrigation application is small
5. Field preparation is done by hand or animal traction

Basin size can be large if

1. Slop of land is flat
2. Soil is clay
3. Stream size to the basin is large
4. Require depth of the irrigation is large
5. Field preparation is mechanized
Basin irrigation is suitable for many field crops. Paddy rice grows best when its roots are
submerged in water and so basin irrigation is the best method for use with the crop.

Border

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Borders are usually long graded strips of land separated by earth bunds (low
ridges)
Sprinkler
Sprinkler irrigation system consist of the following components
 Pump unit
 Mainline and sometime sum mainline
 Laterals
 Sprinkler

Reason
 Use in non-wind area
 Cheep
 Save Labor cost
Drip
Drip irrigation system consist of following
 Pump unit
 Control head
 Main and sub main lines
 Emitters and drippers
Reason
 Time save
 Save water
 Less time require
 Depend on plant water requirement
Source# Irrigation & Drainage (Text Book)

Types of irrigation system

Irrigation system description
Furrow system
This system comprises a series of small, shallow channels used to guide water down a slope
across a paddock. Furrow are generally straight, but may also be curved to follow the contour of

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the land, especially on steeply sloping land. Row crops are typically grown on the ridge or bed
b/w the furrow, spaced from 1 meter apart.

Flood or border check system

These systems divide the paddock into bays separated by parallel ridges/border check. Water
flow down the paddock’s slope as a sheet guided by ridges. On steeply sloping land, ridges are
more closely spaced and may be curved to follow the contour of the land. Border system is suited

to orchard and vineyards, and for pasture and grain crops .

Level basin system
These systems differ from traditional border check or flood system in that slop of the land is
level and area’s ends are closed. Water is applied at high volume to achieve an even, rapid
pending of the desired application depth within basins.

Center-pivot sprinkler system

A center pivot sprinkler is a self-propelled system in which a single pipeline supported by a row
of mobile towers is suspended 2 to 4 meters above ground. Water is pumped into the central pipe
and as the towers rotate slowly around the pivot point, a large circular area is irrigated. Sprinkler
nozzles mounted on or suspended from the pipeline distribute water under pressure as the
pipeline rotates. The nozzle is graduated small to large so that the faster moving outer circle
receives the same amount of water as the slower moving inside.

Hand move sprinkler system

Hand move sprinkler system is a series of lightweight pipeline sections that are moved manually
for successive irrigations. Lateral pipelines are connected to a mainline, which may be portable
or buried. Hand move system is not suited to tall-growing field crops due to difficulty in
repositioning laterals. Labor requirement are higher than for all other sprinklers.

Solid set systems

Solid set refer to a stationary sprinkler system. Water-supply pipelines are generally fixed and
sprinkler nozzles are elevated above the surface. Solid set systems are commonly used in
orchards and vineyards for frost protection and crop cooling. Solid- set system are also widely
used on turf in landscaping.

Travelling gun sprinkler system

Travelling gun systems use a large sprinkler mounted on a wheel or trailer, fed by a flexible
rubber hose. The sprinkler is self-propelled while applying water, travelling in a lane guided by a
cable. The system requires high operating pressures, with 100 psi not uncommon.

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Side- rolls wheel-move system
Side-roll wheel-move system has large-diameter wheels mounted on a pipeline, enabling the line
to be rolled as a unit to successive positions across the field. Crop type is an important
consideration for this system since pipeline is roughly 1 meter above the ground.

Linear or lateral-move system

Linear or lateral move system is similar to center-pivot systems, except that the lateral line and
towers move in a continuous straight path across a rectangular field. Water may be supplied by a
flexible hose or pressurized from a concrete-lined ditch along the field’s edge.

Choosing an irrigation system

There is a huge diversity in the type of irrigation system used, which is attributable to,
 Variations in soil types,
 Varying topography of the land
 Availability of power sources
 Availability of water
 Source of water the period of time when the system was installed
 The of the area being irrigated
 On farm water storage capacity
 Availability of Labor/financial resources
 Source of irrigation
Source# Irrigation & Drainage (Text Book)

Drainage Installation
The price of drain installation is dependent on many factors, including the time of year when the
system will be installed, and the contractor’s pricing structure, and the level of competition in the
county or region. These factors make it worthwhile to obtain quotes from two or more drainage
contractors. Different contractors have different pricing structures and business strategies. The
choice of a drainage contractor can significantly affect the profitability of a drainage system.
Improper backfilling or grade reversals during installation can dramatically reduce the system’s
life, though problems may not show up in the first few years. So it is best to select a contractor
with a good reputation who will provide a performance guarantee. Take care to select someone
who emphasizes quality rather than speed of installation. While it is possible to move through the
field relatively quickly with modern drainage equipment, problems such as excessive tile stretch
and grade reversals can be minimized by reducing the speed of travel to recommended levels.
Some producers choose to install their own drainage systems. If that is your preference, getting
some training on installation techniques is recommended. Such training is often offered by state
extension services, trade associations, and equipment manufacturers. It is also strongly
recommended that lasers be used in all drain installations. Because of the small slopes at which
drains are typically installed, there is not much room for error, so using a properly calibrated
laser system is essential.

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Drainage Methods
A drainage system may consist of surface drainage, subsurface drainage, or some combination of
both. The kind of system you need depends in part on the ability of the soil to transmit water.
The selection of a drainage system ultimately should be based on economics. Surface drainage,
for example, would be most appropriate where soils are impermeable and would require too
many subsurface drains to be economically feasible. Soils of this type are common in southern
Illinois. Drains to be economically feasible. Soils of this type are common in southern Illinois.
Surface Drainage a surface drainage system is most appropriate on flat land with slow infiltration
and low permeability and on soils with restrictive layers close to the surface. This type of system
removes excess water from the soil surface through improved natural channels, human-made
ditches, and shaping of the land surface. A properly planned system eliminates pending, prevents
prolonged saturation, and accelerates the flow of water to an outlet without permitting siltation or
soil erosion. A surface drainage system consists of a farm main, field laterals, and field drains.
The farm main is the outlet serving the entire farm. Where soil erosion is a problem, a surface
drain or waterway covered with vegetation may serve as the farm main. Field laterals are the
principal ditches that drain adjacent fields or areas on the farm.

Surface Drainage
A surface drainage system is most appropriate on flat land with slow infiltration and low
permeability and on soils with restrictive layers close to the surface. This type of system removes
excess water from the soil surface through improved natural channels, human-made ditches, and
shaping of the land surface. A properly planned system eliminates pending, prevents prolonged
saturation, and accelerates the flow of water to an outlet field drains. Where soil erosion is a
problem, a surface drain or waterway covered with vegetation may serve as the farm main. The
laterals receive water from field drains, or sometimes from the surface of the field, and carry it to
the farm main field. A surface drainage system sometimes includes diversions and interceptor
drains. Diversions, usually located at the bases of hills, are channels constructed across the slope
of the land to intercept surface runoff and prevent it from overflowing bottomlands. These
channels simplify and reduce the cost of drainage for bottomlands. These channels may also
collect and remove surface water. They are used on long slopes that have grades of 1% or more
and on shallow, permeable soils overlying relatively impermeable subsoil’s. The locations and
depths of these drains are determined from soil borings and the topography of the land. The
principal types of surface drainage configurations are the random and parallel systems the
random system consists of meandering field drains that connect the low spots in a field and
provide an outlet for excess water. This system is adapted to slowly permeable soils with
depressions too large to be eliminated by smoothing or shaping the land. The parallel system is
suitable for flat, poorly drained soils with many shallow depressions. In a field that is cultivated
up and down a slope, parallel ditches can be arranged to break the field into shorter lengths. The
excess water thus erodes less soil because it flows over a smaller part of the field before reaching
a ditch. The side slopes of the parallel ditches should be flat enough to permit farm equipment to
cross them. The spacing of the parallel ditches will vary according to the slope of the land. For
either the random or parallel systems to be fully effective, minor depressions and irregularities in

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the soil surface must be eliminated through land grading or smoothing. Bedding is another
surface drainage method that is used occasionally.

Subsurface Drainage

TYPES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Subsurface drainage aims at controlling the water table + a control that may be achieved by tube
well drainage, open drains or subsurface drains (pipe drains or mole drains). Tube well drainage
and mole drainage are applied only in very specific conditions. Moreover, mole drainage is
mainly aimed at a rapid removal of excess surface water, indirectly controlling the
Rise of the water table.
Open and pipe drains: The usual choice for subsurface drainage is therefore between open
drains and pipe drains. This choice has to be made at two levels: for field drains and for
collectors. Open drains have the advantage that they can receive overland flow directly, but the
disadvantages often outweigh the advantages. The main disadvantages are the loss of land,
interference with the irrigation system, the splitting-up of the land into small parcels, which
hampers mechanized farming operations, and a maintenance burden.
Tube well drainage refers to the technique of controlling the water table and salinity in
agricultural areas. It consists of pumping, from a series of wells, an amount of groundwater equal
to the drainage requirement. The success of tube well drainage depends on many factors,
including the hydrological conditions of the area, the physical properties of the aquifer to be
pumped and those of the overlying fine-textured layers.
Source# www.fao.org

CROP SEASONS - KHARIF AND RABI

Traditionally, there are three cropping seasons - Rabi, Kari and Zaid. Rabi cropping season
extends from October-November to March-April, Kari from June-July to September-October.
Zaid season spans during interregnum period between rabbi and Kari. Major Rabbi Crops are
wheat gram; pea and Major Kari crops are paddy and power. In fact, rice-wheat is the most
important crop rotation covering nearly 69.3-million-hectare area out of which wheat cultivation
was undertaken in 26.3 million hectares during the year 2005, with a production of 72 million
tons (FAO, 2005). Punjab Haryana and western UP having major arable land with assured
irrigation are main regions cultivating rice-wheat crop rotation. There is wide variation in
climatic situation in the country so there is remarkable variation in cropping seasons also. In
Maharashtra, there are five cropping seasons. The limits for each season are fixed by irrigation
department

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Crop Season
Season Period From Base Period Common Crops
–To Days

Kari 15 June-14 123 Rice,Jowar, Tur etc.

Oct

Rabbi 15 Oct-14 122 Wheat,Gram, Linseed etc.

Feb

Hot weather 15 Feb-14 120 Only irrigated crops like vegetable

June

Eight Month 15 June- 245 Tobacco,Cotton,Tur, Groundnuts etc.

14Feb

Annual 15 June-14 365 Sugarcane, Orchards, etc.

June Next
Table 5.Crop Season WWW.Pakistanagriculture.com

Total growing period

Crop Total growing period Crop Total growing period
Citrus 240-365 Maize sweet 80-110
Cotton 180-195 Maize grain 125-180
Onion 70-95 Pea 90-100
Potato 105-145 Radish 35-45
Rice 90-150 Sorghum 120-130
Spinach 60-100 Sugar beet 160-230
Sunflower 125-130 Tobacco 130-160
Sugarcane 270-365 Tomato 135-180
Table 6.Total growing period Source # www.fao.org

Discussion
IN this project the land is completely barren and land consist of 500 acres and the ground water
is brackish and no water channel is mentioned no pumping system is available. First of all, we
clean the land and convert it into cultivated or cultivable land, and then we start clean the water
we build up a fish farm for cleaning brackish ground water we pump the ground water and
invert into fish farm near the fish farm we build up a poultry farm because we use poultry waste

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as a cleaning as/clean of water, so we through poultry wastage into fish farm for cleaning of
water and then we use this water for agriculture use. Government recommended a canal for
irrigation purpose so we use canal water for irrigation purpose.
We grow different crops on 400 acres according to season we grow cotton wheat maize
sugarcane citrus and many other crops like sugarcane, Sugar beet, sunflower, rice, and
vegetables.
And remaining 100 acres we grow orchard like mango and citrus on the boundary of filed we
grow trees for wind barker. On the left side of tube well we a farm and near the farm we build a
cattle farm for economic benefits and the wastages of animals use as a fertilizer so we earn more
profit.

References
www.fao.org
www.pakistanagriculture.com
Irrigation & Drainage (Text Book)

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