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Binary Isomorphous Phase Diagram

This document discusses isomorphous binary phase diagrams. It explains how to determine the phases present, their compositions, and amounts from a phase diagram given temperature and composition. It also describes how microstructure depends on composition and cooling rate, and can result in either an equilibrium or cored structure.

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Rohan
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486 views

Binary Isomorphous Phase Diagram

This document discusses isomorphous binary phase diagrams. It explains how to determine the phases present, their compositions, and amounts from a phase diagram given temperature and composition. It also describes how microstructure depends on composition and cooling rate, and can result in either an equilibrium or cored structure.

Uploaded by

Rohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

1

Binary isomorphous phase


diagram
Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram 2

❑Two component system


❑ Complete solubility in liquid as well as in solid
❑Also know as solid solution systems

Expect Tm of solution to lie in between Tm of two pure components


Temp. (oC) →

For a pure component,


complete melting occurs
Liqui 1453oC
before Tm increases (sharp
d phase transition)

1085oC Solid But for multicomponent


systems, there is usually a
coexistence of liquid and solid.
0 Wt % Ni → 100
Cu Ni
Criteria for formation of Solid Solutions 3

W. Hume–Rothery rules
➢ Both elements/compound should have the same crystal structure
➢ Atomic size difference less than 15% (atomic/ionic radii similar)
➢ Less difference in electronegativity values
➢ Same valency

Ni and Cu are totally soluble in one another for all proportions.


Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram 4

What can we learn from this


phase diagram?
L (Liquid)
1. Phase(s) present
1453oC

2. Composition of those phases

3. Amount of the phases

Solidus - Temperature where


alloy is completely solid. Above
α (FCC solid this line, liquefaction begins.
solution)
1085oC
Liquidus - Temperature where
alloy is completely liquid. Below
this line, solidification begins.
Effect of Temperature & Composition (Co) 5

❑Changing T can change #


of phases: path A to B. B
D
❑Changing Co can change
# of phases: path B to D.

Cu-Ni
Determination of phase(s) present 6

• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:


-how many phases and which phases are present.

Examples

1. At Temperature 1225 oC and Co


= 30 wt. % Ni, no of phases A (30, 1250oC)
present: L + α. (point A in phase
diagram).

2. At Temperature 1150oC and Co B (60, 1150oC)

= 60 wt. % Ni, no of phases


present: α. (point B in phase
diagram).
Composition of phases 7

Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:-the composition of each


phase.
Example
Alloy composition (Co)= Cu 50 wt. % Ni
1. At temperature TA = 1450oC, only liquid Tie line
phase is present and CL = Co(=50 wt.% A
TA
Ni).

2. At temperature TB = 1275oC, Both α


and L present, CL = 40 wt. % Ni and Cα B
= 60 wt. % Ni. Use tie line to identity TB
these composition.

3. At temperature TD = 1190oC, only solid D


TD
(α) present Cα = Co (= 50 wt. %Ni)

A tie line is constructed across the Cα


CL
two-phase region at the Co
temperature of the alloy
The Lever Rule 8

The lever rule derived from mass balance gives the relative amounts of
the co-existing phases. It is derived as Tie line treated as lever arm, with
the fulcrum as the overall composition.

Mass fractions be represented by WL and


Wα for the respective phases.
Interpretation of Phase Diagram 9

Co = 35wt.% Ni, Cα = 42.5 wt.% Ni, and CL = 31.5 wt.% Ni

42.5 − 35
𝑊𝐿 = = 0.68
42.5 − 31.5

35 − 31.5
𝑊α = = 0.32
42.5 − 31.5
For an alloy consisting of α and β phases, the volume fraction of the α phase,
Vα,
is defined as 𝑉𝛼
𝑉𝛼 =
𝑉𝛼 + 𝑉𝛽

𝑉𝛼 + 𝑉𝛽 = 1

α phase volume fraction-dependence on volumes of α and β phases


Development of microstructure 10

Microstructures will vary on the


cooling rate (i.e. processing
conditions)

Equilibrium Cooling
1. Very slow cooling to allow
phase equilibrium to be
maintained during the
cooling process.
2. Colling rate << diffusion time.
Development of microstructure in isomorphous alloys 11

Non-equilibrium Cooling
1. Fast cooling does not allow
to allow phase equilibrium to
be maintained during the
cooling process.
2. Colling rate >> diffusion time.

The centre of each grain, which is


the first part to freeze, is rich in the
high-melting element (e.g., nickel
for this Cu–Ni system), whereas the
concentration of the low-melting
element increases with position
from this region to the grain
boundary. This is termed a cored
structure, and gives rise to less than
the optimal properties.
12

• Ca changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46 wt% Ni.
Last a to solidify has Ca = 35 wt% Ni.
• Slow rate of cooling: • Fast rate of cooling:
Equilibrium structure Cored structure
Uniform Ca:
35 wt% Ni First a to solidify:
46 wt% Ni
Last a to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni
Summary 13

1. Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:


-- the number and types of phases present,
-- the composition of each phase,
-- and the weight fraction of each phase given the
temperature and composition of the system.
2. Isomorphous phase diagrams has same structure and same
morphology without any solubility limit.
3. The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and
-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of
equilibrium.

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