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Calculus Cheat Sheet Complete

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244 views11 pages

Calculus Cheat Sheet Complete

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Cateuus Chest Sheet Limits Definitions Precise Definition: We say lim (x)= if Limit at Infinity We say lim f(x)=L ifwe for every € >0 there is a 6 > Osuch that can make f(x) as close to Las we want by whenever 0<|x—a|<6 then |f(x)-Z|a There isa similar definition for lim f (x Left hand limit : lim_f (x)= 2. This has th ~~ eft hand limit: lim f(x) Ws has the except we make f(x) arbitrarily large and same definition as the limit except it requires yepative, x lim f(x)= lim f(x)=L lim f(x)= lim f(x)=L => lim f (x)= lim f(x)# lim f(x) = lim f(x) Does Not Exist Properties Assume lim f(x) and lim g(x) both exist and c is any number then, 4 tm A). lim f (x) wal ) 1 tim[of (x) ]=elim F(x) feats Moe mee) 2. tim[ F(x) +e(x)]=lim f(x) +tim g(x) 5. lim[¢(x)]" [rim (0) [ & tnf(sets\J=timsts) time(s) — 6 tin ATED ]= fig 7) Basic Limit Evaluations at + Note : sgn(a)=1 if a>0 and sgn(a)=-1 if a<0. 1. lime'=0 & lim e'=0 5. meven: lim x" =o 2. fimIn(x)=% & tim in(x) 6. modd: limx" =2 & lim x 3. If r>Othen lim” =0 7. meven: lim ax" t--+bx+e=sgn(a)0 my 4. If r>0 and x’ is real for negative x 8. modd: lim ax" +---+bx+e=sgn(a)% then lim 2-0 9. modd: lim ax" +---+ex+d =—sgn(a)s0 cae Vist hltoututoral math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calulus notes, © 2005 Paul Dawkins Calculus Cheat Sheet Evaluation Techniques Continuous Functions If f (x)is continuous at a then lim f (x)= f(a) Continuous Functions and Composition J (x) is continuous at b and lim g(x) =6 then fim f(e())=F(lima(s))=1(6) Factor and Cancel him SEH12 _ gg (*=2)(8) on 2x x(x-2) =lim2*S-8_4 my 2 Rationalize Numerator/Denominator =Ve _ jy Se Ste lim im eee 8) x 81 4 Ve = lim 2=* = jim—_=!___ (2 -81)(3+Vx) 1° (x+9)(3+vx) -—tt (18)(6) 108 ‘Combine Rational Expressions if = lim—| ———_ basen L’Hospital’s Rule If fimZ@) 9 jim FO) 2 von g(x) va g(x) tim £) ~ im F(x) rr g(x) g(x) Polynomials at Infinity P(x) and q(x) are polynomials. To compute tim 2) vse g(x) ofboth p(x) and q(x) then compute limit. then, ais a number, « or —1 factor largest power of x in q(x) out Piecewise Function ifx<2 lim g(x) where g(x)=4 Ainge) BOOT 3y inva Compute two one sided limits, lim g(x)= lim x* +5=9 lim, g(x)= lim 1-3x=7 One sided limits are different so lim g(x) doesn’t exist. If the two one sided limits had been equal then lim g(x) would have existed and had the same value, Some Continuous Functions Partial list of continuous functions and the values of x for which they are continuous, 1. Polynomials for all x. 2. Rational function, except for x’s that give division by zero. afk (n odd) for all x, af (n even) for all x>0 e* forall x. Inx for x>0 ana we 7. cos(x) and sin(x) for all x, 8. tan(x) and see(x) provided 3a mn 2° 272°2" 9. cot(x) and cse(x) provided co X #0“ D, 0,0, Dat Intermediate Value Theorem Suppose that f(x) is continuous on [a, ] and let M be any number between f(a) and f(b). ‘Then there exists a number c such that a ys Bey Increasing/Decreasing — Concave Up/Concave Down Critical Points x=c isa critical point of f(x) provided either Concave Up/Concave Down 1. f'(c)=0 02. f"(c) doesn't exist 1. If f"(x)>0 for all x in an interval / then f(x) is concave up on the interval /. Increasing/Decreasing 2. If f*(x)<0 forall x in an interval / then 1. If f'(x)>0 forall x in an interval then (x) is concave down on the interval F(x) is increasing on the interval /. 2. If f"(x) <0 forall x in an interval / then Inflection Points F(x) is decreasing on the interval x=c isa inflection point of f(x) ifthe 3. If f*(x)=0 forall x in an interval J then (x) is constant on the interval 7. coneavity changes at x= Vist ltoututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calulus notes, © 2005 Paul Dawkins Calculus Cheat Sheet Extrema Absolute Extrema 1, x=cis an absolute maximum of f (x) if f(c)> f(x) forall x in the domain, 2. x=c isan absolute minimum of f (x) if f(c) < f(x) for all x in the domain. Fermat's Theorem If f(x) has a relative (or local) extrema at x=, then x=c is critical point of f(x). Extreme Value Theorem If f(x) is contimuous on the closed interval [a,b] then there exist numbers ¢ and d so that, 1. a0 to the left of x=c and f"(x) <0 to the right of x= 2. arel. min. of f(x) if f'(x) <0 to the left ofx=cand f’(x) > Oto the right of 3. nota relative extrema of f(x) if f"(x) is the same sign on both sides of x=c 2"4 Derivative Test If x=c is accritical point of f(x) such that Sf'(c)=0 then x= 1. isa relative maximum of f(x) if f*(c)<0. 2. is arelative minimum of f(x) if f"(c)>0 3. may be a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if f*(c)=0 Finding Relative Extrema and/or Classify Critical Points 1, Find all critical points of f(x) 2. Use the 1* derivative test or the 2"! derivative test on each critical point. Mean Value Theorem If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b) then there is a number a Ixx'+2yy After 12 sec we have x=10-12(4)=7 and so y=VIS*—7 = 176. Plug in and solve for y! 1(-4)+V176 y'=0 > —1_ tesee i Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one starts walking north. The angle@ changes at 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance between them changing when 0 =0.5 rad? { ‘MovingPerzon Stationary Person We have 0"=0.01 rad/min, and want to find ’ We can use various trig fens but easiest is, x secO=— => secOtand 0'=— 30 We know@ =0.5 so plug in 0’ and solve. see(0.5)tan(0. 5)(0.01)= = x= 0.3112 fi/sec Remember to have calculator in radians! Optimization Sketch picture if needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for one of the two variables and plug into first equation. variables and verify that they are min/max as needed, Find critical points of equation in range of Ex. We're enclosing a rectangular field with 500 ff of fence material and one side of the field is a building. Determine dimensions that will maximize the enclosed area. Building »| x Maximize A= xy subject to constraint of x+2y = 500. Solve constraint for x and plug into area. (500-2y) =500y—2y? Differentiate and find critical point(s). A =300-4y => y=125 By 2™ deriv. test this is a rel. max. and so is the answer we're after. Finally, find x. x=500-2(125)=250 The dimensions are then 250 x 125. x=500-2y > Ex. Determine point(s) on y =x" +1 that are closest to (0,2). $10.2) (9 xy) Ss (x0) +(y-2)° and the constraint is y=x? +1 Minimize f = Solve constraint for x? and plug into the function. 1> faxr+(y-2/ = y-14(y-2/' =’ Differentiate and find critical point(s). f=2y-3 > y= By the 2" derivative test this is a rel. min. and so all we need to do is find x value(s). > ex Vist ltpututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Calculus Cheat Sheet Integrals Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose f(x) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f(x) on [4,5]. Divide [a,b] into n subintervals of isa function, F(x), such that F'(x)= f(x) width Ax and choose x) from each interval. Indefinite Integral : | f(x) dx =F (x)+ Then JE /(s)ae= tim s(x))ax where F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part I: If f(x) is continuous on [a,5] then Variants of Part I: d pus) , als)=[{f( dt isalso contimonson [ab] ha a=) F[u()] d and = ZI LOat= £0) aehe/ [ve] (x) f[uco]- Part IL: f(x)is continuous on[a,b], F(x) is 2p (yar an anti-derivative of f(x) (ie. F(x)= J f(x)de) * then f° f(x)dx=#(6)—F(a) (x) [veo] JP (x48 (x)de= J f(x)det | g(x)de pee) (x)de=ef f(x)de, cis a constant Jor) e(ae= fi s(aart fede [lo edr=ef? £(x)de, cis a constant [is@)ar=0 pr xjde=f" feat [reef rejac [reas fi 1r(o)|ae If f(x)2¢(x) onasx["g(x)de Lif (x)20 on asxsb then f° F( f(x)dx20 If ms f(x) Vde=tdu xe] > w=P=1 os x=2 > w=? ‘sx? cos(x’)de=["$cos(u)du =4sin (wf = $(sin(8)—sin(1)) » Integration by Parts : [udv=uv—[vdu and I u integral and compute du by differentiating w and compute v using bb dy =v) ~ J? vdu. Choose w and dv from fav. x. fxe* de usx dv=e" = du=de v=-e fret de =-xe" + fe de =—xe Ex. fInxde u=Inx dv=dx > du fjinxde=xinal$—f? de=(xin(x)-x)[, =5in(5)-3in(3)— ‘dx v=x Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions For [ sin" xcos” xdx we have the following : 1. modd. Strip | sine out and convert rest to cosines using sin’ x =1—cos* x, then use the substitution «= cosx. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest to sines using cos’ x =1—sin® x, then use the substitution w= sin.x nand m both odd. Use either I. or 2. n and m both even. Use double angle and/or half angle formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated. Trig Formulas : sin(2x) =2sin(x)cos(x), cos* (x) For [ tan” xseo" xdx we have the following : 1. nodd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and convert the rest to secants using tan’ x =sec’ x—1, then use the substitution u=seex ‘m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest to tangents using sec* x =1+tan? x, then use the substitution w= tan.x n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2 xn even and m odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently. (1+cos(2x)), sin? (x x. f tan’ xsec* xde Jan’ xsec? xd = f tan? xsec* xtan.xseexde = f sec? x-1)sect stan xsee xd (u=seex) oer IS (cos? pin yy Vist ltpututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Calculus Cheat Sheet Trig Substitutions : Ifthe integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. => x=2sind r—a? => x=4sec0 +B => x=4tand cos? @ =1-sin?@ tan? @ = sec*@-1 sec*O =1+tan?@ Ex. [Sade —— (tos 0) do = fa ae J pee) 00= J in => dr=Jeos0 dé = [2esc" dO =-12c0t0 +e V4—9x7 =V/4—4sin? @ = V4cos" 0 = 2|cos6] Use Right Triangle Trig to go back o x's. From Recall Vx" =|x|, Because we have an indefinite substitution we have sin@ = 3 so, integral we'll assume positive and drop absolute 5 value bars. If we had a definite integral we'd sx need to compute 0's and remove absolute value bars based on that and, re fx20 ; _—— From this we see that cot = -x ifr<0 In this case we have V4=9x" = 20080 Sree Partial Fractions : If integrating [Re where the degree of P(x) is smaller than the degree of Q(x). Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q(x) Term in P-F.D | Factor in Q(x) Term in P.F.D ax+b soe (ax+by tb ar active AYE | (ae aevey GE Ex. Liane webs ae Set numerators equal and collect like terms. Tx? +13x=(A+B)x° +(C-B)x+44-C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve ~ tnt) 42In(42-44)-8tan-¥(%) | 19 Bet constants ‘ek ‘ (* 4) = @) A+B=7 C-B=13. 44-C=0 ‘Here is partial fraction form and recombine: A=4 B C=16 An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in (x? +4)+(Bx+C) (x=l). Chose nice values of x and plug in. previous example : 7x? +13x For example if x=1 we get 20=54 which gives 4=4. This won't always work easily. Vist ltpututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Calculus Cheat Sheet Applications of Integrals + Net Area: | f(x)dx represents the net area between f(x) andthe >) xeaxis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, 6 , L(x) => A=]? fpr tetoe]—Lonee tosionld & x= f(y) > A Tf the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases, » yeF(x) » vests) [i facton dy 4 {rok fosin yaels) A=) e(x)-e(aae A= [E08 A= fF (x) 2 (arr (x) F(a) ar ‘Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V =f A(x)de and V=[ A(y)dy. Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Cylinders A= (or mts)” — ne at) A= Dr ae (wis des) Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring | Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl Horz. Axis use f(x), Vert. Axisuse f(y), | Hor. Axis use f(y), Vert. Axis use f(x), g(x),A(x) and dx, g(y),A(y) and dy. | g(v),A(y) and dy, g(x), A(x) and de, Ex.Axis: y=a>0 Ex.Axis: y=aS0 Ex.Axis: y=a>0 Ex. Axis: y=a <0 outer radius :a— f(x) outerradius:[a|+g(x) radius :a—y radius :|a)-+y inner radius: a—g(x) imner radius:|al+ f(x) Width: S(y)-8() width: f(y)-e(y) ‘These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y=a<0 case with a=0. For vertical axis of rotation (x=a>0 and x=a <0) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas. Vist ltpututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Cateuus Cheat Sheet Work : Ifa force of F(x) moves an object Average Funetion Value : The average value of f(x) on aSxSb is fag Sf (x)dr ’ 1 ina< xb, the work done is W = [" F(x)d Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are, ‘ > L =f ds SA =I 2myds (rotate about x-axis) SA= where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows. ds = al if y=f(x), asxsb — ds=() +(4y dt if x=f(t)y ® 2nxds (rotate about y-axis) g(t), astsb =yi+(# ay ifx=f(y), asysb ds= yr +(H) ae if r=f(0), aso g(x)200n [a,«) then, 1 1ff" f(x)de conv. then” g(x)ax conv. 2. uf” g(x)dx dive. then J” Sf (x)de dive. Useful fact : If a > 0 then [ioe converges if p>1 and diverges for p <1 Approximating Definite Integrals For given integral {_” f(x) dx and am (must be even for Simpson’s Rule) define Ax ="; and divide [a,b] into n subintervals [x,x,], [4.22], --.. [%1%,] with x, =a and x, =6 then, Midpoint Rute: {” f(x)de~ Ax[ f(x{)+ (a3) +--+ £(x2)], 97 is midpoint [x,,] Trapezoid Rute: ° f(x Jac SL 7( Ry) +2 (x) 42S (Jt +2 (Xt L(%,)] Simpson’s Rule: f° f(x Jar= SL r( Hy) FAL (m)+ 2S (2) 4+ ZF (Hea) + SF (Mea) + (5) Vist ltoututora math Jamar edu fora complete set of Calulus notes, © 2005 Paul Dawkins

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