Adjective Clause
Relative Pronoun
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Adjective Clause
Sebuah anak kalimat yg berposisi sebagai adjective yg berfungsi
untuk menjelaskan kata benda utama di induk kalimat.
contoh :
Nadia mencintai pria yang sedang memakai baju hitam.
Aku ingin membeli buku yang sedang kamu baca .
Restoran tempat dulu kita bertemu pertama kali sedang direnovasi .
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Kinds of Adjective Clause:
a. Relative Pronoun as Subject
b. Relative Pronoun as Object
c. Relative Pronoun as Possessive
d. Relative Pronoun as Adverb
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a. Relative Pronoun as Subject
Adj. Clause yang conjunctionnya menggantikan posisi subjek
Who ➔ Person
bermakna
Conjunction Which ➔ Non Person
“ yang “
That ➔ person / non person
contoh :
Apakah kamu mengenal wanita yang sedang memakai jilbab hitam itu ?
Aku sedang mengajar wanita yang menyukai Hanif.
Aku akan menangkap kucing yang telah memakan ikan asinku .
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Example :
MC : I love the girl . who loves my friend .
I love the girl
SC : She loves my friend . that
MC : The chairs are blue .
SC : They are bought in Surabaya .
The chairs which are bought in Surabaya are blue .
that
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Nata sedang menelpon wanita yang selalu memakai kacamata.
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : Nata is calling a woman
SC : She always wears glasses.
who always wears glasses.
Nata is calling the woman
that
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Wanita yang sedang menelpon Fahmi adalah teman baik ku.
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : The woman is my best friend.
SC : She is calling Fahmi.
who
The woman is calling Fahmi is my best friend .
that
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Nata sedang menelpon wanita yang Fahmi kagumi .
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : Nata is calling a woman
SC : Fahmi admires her .
who(m)
Nata is calling the woman that Fahmi admires.
Ø
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b. Relative Pronoun as Object
Adj. Clause yang conjunctionnya menggantikan posisi Object .
Who (m) ➔ Person
Conjunction Which ➔ Non Person
That ➔ Both ( person / non person )
Ø ➔ omitted / penghilangan
contoh :
Fahmi mencintai wanita yang sedang miss Pipih ajari .
Aku sedang membaca buku yang Anita beli kemarin .
Aku belum mengerjakan tugas yang Mr onny berikan Jum’at lalu .
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MC : She has just bought a novel .
SC : I never read it before .
which
She has just bought a novel that I never read before .
Ø
MC : The boys are handsome .
SC : I am teaching them now .
who(m)
The boys I am teaching now are handsome .
that
The boys Ø I am teaching now are handsome .
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Relative Pronoun as Object of preposition
Adj. Clause yang conjunctionnya menggantikan posisi objek setelah kata
depan ( preposition ) .
Who (m) ➔ Person
Conjunction Which ➔ Non Person
That ➔ Both ( person / non person )
Ø ➔ omitted / penghilangan
contoh :
Tresya tidak menyukai lagu yang sedang Huda dengarkan .
Tresya dislikes the song to which Huda is listening.
Apakah kalian mengenal gadis yang sedang Mr Onny bicarakan ?
Do you recognize the girl about whom Mr Onny is talking ?
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MC : The songs were good .
SC : We listened to them last night .
The songs which / that we listened to last night were good .
The songs Ø we listened to last night were good .
The songs to which we listened last night were good .
MC : The boys have gone home
.
SC : Mr onny talked about them last night .
The boys whom / that Mr Onny talked about last night have gone home .
The boys Ø Mr Onny talked about last night have gone home .
The boys about whom Mr Onny talked last night have gone home .
preposition hanya bisa diletakkan di depan conjunction
NOTE
whom ( person ) dan which ( non person )
C. Relative Pronoun as Possessive
Adjective Clause yang conjunctionnya menggantikan kepemilikan
Conjunction ➔ Whose
contoh :
Buku yang sampulnya berwarna hitam itu adalah milik Mr. Onny .
Apakah kamu menyukai lelaki yang rambutnya gondrong tersebut ?
MC : The book is Mr Onny’s .
SC : Its cover is black.
The book whose cover is black is Mr. Onny’s .
MC : Do you like the man ?
SC : His hair is long .
Do you like the man whose hair is long ?
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Rezki sedang membaca buku yang sampulnya berwarna hitam.
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : Rezki is reading a book
SC : Its cover is black
Rezki is reading the book whose cover is black
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What's the difference between that and which ?
When which starts a restrictive clause (i.e., a clause not offset
with commas), you can replace it with that. In fact, Americans will
insist you use that instead of which for a restrictive clause.
Relative Pronoun as ADVERB
Preposition of Place
Address at 35 B-C Brawijaya Street, ...
at Public Centre at VIP Course, at school, at work, ...
Building in the hotel, in the school, ...
Area in the park, in the hospital, ...
City , town in Surabaya, in Pare, ...
in State in Kentucky, Texas, California, ...
Country in Indonesia, in Japan
Continent in Asia, America, Australia , Europe
Street on Brawijaya Street , Sudirman Street
on Floor on the first floor, on the 2nd floor, ...
Thing on the table , on the chair, ...
d. Relative Pronoun as Adverb
Adjective Clause yang conjunctionnya menggantikan keterangan
ADVERB OF PLACE ( keterangan tempat )
Conjunction ➔ where ➔ that ➔Ø ➔ ( in / on / at ) which
MC : The course belongs to a handsome teacher .
SC : We are studying there . ( at that place )
The course where we are studying belongs to a handsome teacher .
The course that we are studying belongs to a handsome teacher .
The course which we are studying at belongs to a handsome teacher .
The course Ø we are studying at belongs to a handsome teacher .
The course at which we are studying belongs to a handsome teacher .
MC : The city is very beautiful .
SC : Roid was born there ( in that place )
The city where Roid was born is very beautiful.
The city that Roid was born is very beautiful .
The city which Roid was born in is very beautiful .
The city Ø Roid was born in is very beautiful .
The city in which Roid was born is very beautiful .
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MC : Do you know the street ?
SC : VIP is located there ( on that place )
Do you know the street where VIP is located ?
Do you know the street that VIP is located ?
Do you know the street which VIP is located on ?
Do you know the street Ø VIP is located on ?
Do you know the street on which VIP is located ?
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Preposition of Time
Time of the day at 7.00 p.m. , at 19.00 , ...
at Part of the day at night , at noon, ...
Expression at the moment, at weekend, ...
Year in 2020, in 2002, ...
Month in August , in September, ...
Season in the summer, in the winter, ...
in Decade in the 1990s, in the 2010s , ...
Century in the fifteenth / 15th century , ...
Part of the day in the morning, in the evening , ...
Dates on 7th of August , on August 7 , on 7th
on Name of the day on Monday , on Sunday , on Sundays
ADVERB OF TIME ( keterangan waktu )
Conjunction
➔ when ➔ that ➔Ø ➔ ( in / on / at ) which
MC : 1998 is the year
SC : Alsa was born then . ( in that year )
Adj. Clause : 1998 is the year when Alsa was born .
1998 is the year in which Alsa was born .
1998 is the year that Alsa was born .
1998 is the year Ø Alsa was born .
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MC : Do you remember the day ?
SC : You left me then ( on that day )
Do you remember the day when you left me ?
Do you remember the day on which you left me ?
Do you remember the day that you left me ?
Do you remember the day Ø you left me ?
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MC : Has Mr Thoif told you the time ?
SC : You will enter the class then . ( at that time )
Has Mr Thoif told you the time when you will enter the class ?
Has Mr Thoif told you the time at which you will enter the class ?
Has Mr Thoif told you the time that you will enter the class ?
Has Mr Thoif told you the time Ø you will enter the class ?
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ADVERB OF Reason
Conjunction ➔ Why ( alasan )
Example :
Do you know the reason why I left her ?
I had the reason why I did that.
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The Noun of Which
( hanya digunakan untuk kepemilikan non-person )
eg :
MC : Who has made the coffee ?
SC1 : I love its taste .
SC2 : I love the taste of it .
Who has made the coffee whose taste I love ?
Who has made the coffee , the taste of which I love ?
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Rezki sedang membaca buku yang sampulnya berwarna hitam.
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : Rezki is reading a book
SC : Its cover is black
Rezki is reading the book whose cover is black
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Rezki sedang membaca buku yang sampulnya berwarna hitam.
Main Clause
Sub Clause
MC : Rezki is reading a book
SC : The cover of it is black
Rezki is reading the book , the cover of which is black.
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Expression of Number
Adjective Clause yang conjunctionnya berupa ekspresi jumlah
( none of, one of, two of, both of, some of, most of, all of ...)
eg : MC : The teachers teach patiently .
SC : The girls love one of them .
The teachers , one of whom the girls love , teach patienly .
eg : MC : Will the students be late ?
SC : Some of them are boys .
Will the students , some of whom are boys , be late ?
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eg : MC : The books are useful for you.
SC : Most of them are covered in black covers .
The books , most of which are covered in black covers , are useful for you.
eg : MC : Mr Onny is drying the clothes .
SC : All of them are black .
Mr Onny is drying the clothes , all of which are black .
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eg : MC : The teacher is very handsome.
SC : Both of his children are boys
The teacher , both of whose children are boys , is very handsome
eg : MC : The car belongs to Mr. Onny.
SC : One of its tyres is flat .
The car , one of whose tyres is flat , belongs to Mr. Onny
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NON IDENTIFYING / NON RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
1. NAME
MC : Pare is a village.
SC : It has many English courses.
Pare, which has many English courses, is a village.
MC : Deon sits beside the wall .
SC : He comes from Medan.
Deon, who comes from Medan , sits beside the wall.
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2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE / GENETIVE
MC : My mobile phone is still in a good shape .
SC : My brother sold it.
My mobile phone, which my brother sold, is still in a good shape.
MC : Andi’s company is being investigated .
SC : The fire took place there last night .
Andi’s company, where the fire took place last night, is being investigated.
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3. EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY
MC : Mr Onny is drinking a glass of tea.
SC : It is made by Anita.
Mr Onny is drinking a glass of tea , which is made by Anita.
4. Demonstrative words ( kata tunjuk )
MC : This book was bought two years ago.
SC : You should buy it .
This book , which you should buy, was bought two years ago.
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Adjective Clause to modify Pronoun
• Adjective clause bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan Indefinite Pronoun
(someone, something, everybody....).
• Object pronouns (e.g., who(m), that, which) are usually omitted .
who(m)
eg : There is someone that I want you to meet.
Ø
Everything he said was pure nonsense.
Anybody who wants to come is welcome
• Adjective clauses can modify the one(s) , that and those.*.
eg : Paula was the only one I knew at the party.
Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance.
We sometimes fear that which we do not understand
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using WHICH to modify Whole Sentence
Using which to modify a whole sentence is informal and occurs
most frequently in spoken English. This structure is generally not
appropriate in formal writing. Whenever it is written, however, it is
preceded by a comma to reflect a pause in speech.
eg : Tom was late. That surprised me.
Tom was late, which surprised me.
The elevator is out of order. This is too bad .
The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.
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Adjective Phrase
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases
Clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.
Phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
Clause The girl who is sitting behind Nia is Anita.
Phrase The girl who is sitting behind Nia is Anita.
Clause The man who teaches us everyday is Mr. Thoif.
Phrase The man who teaches us everyday is Mr. Thoif.
teaching
Clause The girl whom I love is Victoria
Phrase -
Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun - who, that, or
NOTE
which - can be reduced to modifying adjective phrases.
ACTIVE
Guru yang mengajariku setiap hari sangat tampan.
Adj.Clause The teacher who teaches me everyday is very handsome.
Adj.Phrase The teacher who teaches me everyday is very handsome .
teaching
Murid yang kemarin mencuci mobil mr Onny memiliki rambut panjang .
Adj.Clause The student who washed Mr Onny’s car yesterday has long hair .
Adj.Phrase The student who washed Mr Onny’s car yesterday has long hair .
washing
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Appositives
An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that sits next to
another noun to rename it or to describe it in another way.
Appositive adalah sebuah noun / noun phrase yang
terletak di sebelah noun lainnya untuk memberikan makna
tambahan lain ( bisa dihilangkan ) .
Hafied yang merupakan seorang atlit sedang belajar bahasa Inggris di VIP .
Adj.Clause Hafied , who is an athlete , is studying English at VIP .
Adj.Phrase Hafied , who is an athlete , is studying English at VIP .
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ACTIVE
Lelaki yang telah menyakitimu akan menikahi sahabatku .
Adj.Clause The man who has hurt you will marry my bestfriend .
Adj.Phrase The man who has hurt you will marry my bestfriend .
having
Mr. Thoif yang telah berada di Pare selama 4 tahun adalah salahsatu sahabatku.
Adj.Clause Mr Thoif , who has been in Pare for 4 years , is one of my bestfriends .
Adj.Phrase Mr Thoif , who has been in Pare for 4 years , is one of my bestfriends .
having
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PASSIVE
Murid-murid yang diajari oleh Mr Onny merasa sangat tertantang
Adj.Clause The students who are taught by Mr onny feel challenged .
Adj.Phrase The students who are taught by Mr onny feel challenged .
Fadli yang sedang dihukum berjanji bahwa dia tidak akan terlambat lagi .
Adj.Clause Fadli, who is being punished ,promises that he won’t be late anymore.
Adj.Phrase Fadli , who is being punished ,promises that he won’t be late anymore.
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