a id ous lbinoa\Gieteanell pen frat aos FOR THE TOEFL Test Get the grammar skills you need for high scores es (Let et Alto hi (-Joh IV) Milada Broukal “TOEFL is a registered trademark of the Educational Testing Service, which does not endorse ceeAT-4 HIN Nef I! LASTHOMSON ———*—_ PETERSON’S son Peterson's Aner Lda (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education Thomson Peters ce, with books and online resources focusing on education information and Sevtion, and financial aid. its Web site offers searchable databases sear te erefpols for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and and interact planning tools for securing financial aid. Thomson Peterson's serves 110 million education consumers annually. Petersons.com/publishing Check out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new information regarding any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We've made sure the information in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the content may have changed since the time of publication. TOEFLE and TWE® are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service. In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL® was adapted from TOEFL® Test Assistant: Grammar by Milada Broukal and published by Heinle & Heinle/ITP. For more information, contact Thomson Peterson's, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at www.petersons.com/about. COPYRIGHT © 2002 Peterson's, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Leaming™ is a trademark used herein under license,” Previous editions published as TOEFL® Grammar Flash, © 1997, 2001 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work cove i | be reproduced or used in any form or by any eae gene Ceeytignt herein may mechanical, including photocopying, recording, tapi icectronic, or information ‘storage and retrieval ‘systems—with« the publisher. ‘out the prior written Permission of For permission to use material from this text or pre wwwthomsonrights.com Product, Submit a request ontine at Any additional questions about Permissions can be thomsonrights @ thomson.com Submitted by e-mail to ISBN 0-7689-0864-7 Printed in Canada 10987 06 05 Fourth EditionAcknowledgments To the Teacher To the Student Structure and Written Expression Parti: Types of Structure and Written Expression Questions Grammar: Singular and Plural Nouns On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Nouns Ghapter 2: Pronouns Introduction: Penguins Grammar: Pronouns On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Pronouns Ghapter 2: Parts of a Sentence Introduction: Phyllis Wheatley Grammar: Parts of a Sentence On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Parts of a Sentence Chapter 4: Verhs Introduction: The Olympics Grammar: Verbs On the TOE Test Exercises on Verbs Peterson's @ In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL iil www.petersons.comiv CONTENTS Chapter 5: Prepositions Introduction: Mount St. Helens Grammar: Prepositions On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Prepositions Chapter &G: Articles Introduction: Islands Grammar: Articles On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Articles Chapter 7: Noun Clauses Introduction: Michael Faraday Grammar: Noun Clauses On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Noun Clauses Chapter 3B: Adjective Tlauses Introduction: American Indian Smoke Signals Grammar: Adjective Clauses On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Adjective Clauses Chapter 9: Adverb Tlauses Introduction: Distant Galaxies Grammar: Adverb Clauses On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Adverb Clauses Chapter 10: Prepositional Phrases Introduction: Land Art Grammar: Prepositional Phrases On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Prepositional Phrases Chapter ii: Comparatives and Supertatives Introduction: Violins Grammar: Comparatives and Superlatives On the TOEFL® Test Exercises on Comparatives and Superlatives www. petersons.com 48 49 55 56 58 65 es 68 69 73 74 82 83 Bs 85 86 91 92 94 95 99 qo2 102 104 107 108 Peterson's @ InAFlash: Grammar for the TOEChapter I2: Conjunctions wo Introduction: The Soya Bean’s Industrial Uses 110 Grammar: Conjunctions qi. On the TOEFL® Test 115 Exercises on Conjunctions 116 Chapter 132: Paratiel Structure ws Introduction: Vitamin C 118 Grammar: Parallel Structure 119 On the TOEFL® Test 122 Exercises on Parallel Structure 123 Chapter 14: Word Order 2s Introduction: Computers 125 Grammar: Word Order 127 On the TOEFL® Test 130 Exercises on Word Order 131 Chapter 15: Word Forms wz Introduction: Benjamin Franklin 133 Grammar: Word Forms 134 On the TOEFL® Test 139 Exercises on Word Forms 140 Chapter 1: Word Thoice and Redundancy w2> Introduction: Asbestos 142 Grammar: Word Choice 144 Redundancy 149 On the TOEFL® Test 150 Exercises on Word Choice and Redundancy 151 Part Wi: Structure and Written Expression Practice Tests ws Practice Test ¥ yi Practice Test 2 wo Practice Test 3 eo Practice Test 4 wa Practice Test 5 ws Answer Key Tas Peterson's ™ In-AFlash: Grammar for the TOEFL www petersons.comACKNOWLEDGIIENTS= I would like to thank the following professionals for their contribution by reviewing this book and giving many helpful insights and suggestions: Paul Abraham, Simmons College Lida Baker, University of California, Los Angeles Kelly Franklin, Maryville College Tom Leverett, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Virginia Martin, Bowling Green State University Nancy Pfingstag, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Bruce Rogers, Economics InstituteTO THE TEACHER In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL® prepares students for Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, of the TOEFL® test. The text is designed for both selfstudy and classroom use. The book is divided into Parts I and Il. Part I includes sixteen chapters, each focusing on a grammar area tested in the Structure and Written Expression section of the test. Part Il provides five Structure and Written Expression practice tests. In Part I, the chapters are organized in order of difficulty, not according to the frequency of errors that occur on the test. However, if time is limited, the five chapters indicated below, which treat grammatical issues that most often cause errors on the TOEFL® test, can be studied first. The remaining chapters have about the same ratio of error frequency and can be studied in any order. Chapter 15 Word Forms Chapter 16 Word Choice and Redundancy Chapter 4. Verbs Chapter 13. Parallel Structure Chapter 2. Pronouns In each chapter the errors made in both the Structure part and the Written Expression part of the TOEFL® test are covered together. The “On the TOEFL® Test” section of each chapter gives examples of errors tested in the Structure part or the Written Expression part as they occur on the test. Also, the grammar focus exercise that follows is based on errors made in the Structure and Written Expression section. Each chapter in Part I opens with a reading passage of general interest. ‘The aim of this passage is to provide a context for the grammar to be discussed in the chapter as well as introduce students to the academic content areas covered in the Structure and Written Expression section. The level of difficulty in these initial passages is lower than that of the reading passages in the Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension section of the TOEFL® test, since their aim is not to improve reading skills but to provide a context for the grammar focused on in the chapter and make the grammar section of the exam more engaging and interesting for the student. Peterson's ® In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL vii — www. petersons.comviii | CONTENTS Structure of Each Chapter INTRODUCTION The Reading passage focuses on the grammar area of the chapter and at the same time covers a content area of the TOEFL® test through a subject of general interest. Exercises based on the reading passage introduce and reinforce the structure or grammar area covered in the chapter. FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AREA This part covers one of the grammar areas tested in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL® test. The examples and exercises are related in subject matter to the content area of the chapter. Strategies are given throughout this part. ON THE TOEFL® TEST This part focuses on the identification of errors found on the TOEFL® test, giving specific examples. EXERCISES ON GRAMMAR FOCUS AREA This part provides practice with TOEFL® test-type questions on the grammar area explored in the chapter. Items are in areas of mixed content,Peterson's In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL® will prepare you for Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, of the TOEFL® test. The book is designed for both self-study and use in a classroom with a teacher. In sixteen chapters it covers all the main areas of grammar tested in this section of the test and provides you with simple explanations, TOEFL® testtype examples, and practice. For further practice there are five Structure and Written Expression practice tests in Part II of the book. You can check your answers to the chapter exercises and the practice tests using the answer key beginning on page 185. ‘As well as preparing you for the types of errors that are tested in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL® test, this book introduces and familiarizes you with the major content areas that appear on the TOEFL® test. These content areas are physical sciences, social sciences, and the arts and humanities. I hope this book will make the content areas and grammar more interesting and accessible to you.=E AND RESSION STRUCTUR WRITTEN EXP The Structure and Written Expression Section of the TOEFL® Test section 2 of the TOEFL® test tests your understanding of English grammar. The section is divided into two parts, with a different type of question in each part: ‘A: Structure (questions 1-15) tests sentence completion. B: Written Expression (questions 16-40) tests error identification. The number of items in the Structure and Written Expression parts are as follows: Short Long Se eee om Structure 15 23 Written Expression 25 37 Total 40 60 Time 25 minutes 35 minutes © Language: Section 2 tests standard written. English. The language in this section is more formal than the language in the Listening Comprehension section. There will be no contractions (there’s) or idiomatic expressions. Topics: The topics in Section 2 are about academic subjects: the physical sciences (astronomy, geology), social sciences (anthropology, nutrition), or the arts and humanities (music, art). But you do not have to know about these subjects to answer the questions. : ‘eee are cultural references to the United States and Canada. These references may be to people, places, or things related to the United States and Canada, eet one to know any of these references or facts. All ou € on the struct ; facts referred to in this sec ure of the sentence. A knowledge of the tion are entirely irrelevant to your score. ¢ Grammar points tested; Althou: certain grammar points igh a wide range of grammar points is tested, concentrates on a part a Over and over again. Each chapter of this text cular grammar point tested on the TOEFL® testSTRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION _ xi TACTICS There are two w: swering the questions appearing on the TO! 1. By analyzing the grammar of a sentence: In the Structure part you can analyze the part that is missing, and in the Written Expression part the incorrect underlined item can be worked out. 2. By using your intuition: Some people “feel” an answer is right or wrong, although they may not know the grammar. This way may work for a person who has learned English by listening and speaking. STRATEGIES FOR STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION * Familiarize yourself with the directions for both parts so you do not waste time reading the directions and examples. * Answer every item. If you do not know the answer, do not leave a blank space. Always guess, even if you do not know. Wrong answers will not count against you. You can use a “guess” letter. A guess letter is one letter, A, B, C, or D, that you can use to answer all the items you do not know. You are more likely to get some correct if you use the same letter for guesses throughout the test than if you change letters all the time. * Use your time carefully. Always read the four choices, even if they seem easy You may make a careless mistake by answering a question too quickly. Don’t Jose time thinking about something you do not know. Mark the item lightly on your answer sheet so you can go back to it later. Go on to the next item. You should not spend more than 30 seconds per item.xiv _ CONTENTS Strategies for Written Expression: Questions 16-30 This part of the test consists of twenty-five sentences. Each sentence has four ais of phrases, A, B, C, and D that are underlined. You must identify the incorrect word or phrase. « Read the complete sentence quickly. Do not read just the underlined words or phrases. The underlined words or phrases may be correct on their own but incorrect in the context of the sentence. « The error will always be underlined. Do not look for errors in other parts of the sentence. The rest of the sentence will only provide you with the clues to help you find the error. « If you cannot find the error, go through a mental checklist of the most common types of errors (see the following table for a list of common errors) and see whether or not one of the underlined parts fits into one of the categories. © Ifyou still connot find the error, eliminate the parts that seem correct, and then take a guess from your remaining options. Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. a Exampte I Navajo Indians are far more numerous today as they were in the past. A B Cc D ‘The best answer is (C). The sentence should read, “Navajo Indians are far more numerous today than they were in the past.” Pe ree Cae Cee ene Exampte II Though it is one of the rarest metals, gold was one of the first to be aa metas, oe B discover. . D The best answer is (D). The sentence should read, “Though it is one of the rarest metals, gold was one of the first to be discovered.”STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION _XV Most Common Errors in Written Expression* Error Category Frequency Word form 21% Word choice 15 Verbs 12 Parallel structure 9 Pronouns Zz Singular/plural nouns 6 Verbals (infinitives, gerunds, participles) 6 Prepositions 6 Articles 5 Comparative and superlatives 4 Word order 4 Conjunctions 2 Redundancy 1 Other types of errors 2 * Based on Bruce Roger’s analysis of twenty different exams that test takers were allowed to keep after Disclosed Test Admission.PartT _ TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONSIntroduction: The Brain The brain can store 100 trilion pieces. of information rR In each second the brain receives more than 100 million nerve messages from the body. ‘The brain loses > 1,000 cells per day, which are not replaced, and yet memories are maintained, The brain cannot ——_ feel pain. ita surgeon operates (on the brain, the patient feels no pain. During the frst six months of a baby's life, its brain doubles in size. ‘The human brain weighs about 3.5 pounds = one-fiftieth as. much as the body, but uses one-fourth (25 percent) of the body's oxygen, Logic _ The left side of the Language brain controls the right side of the body; the right side of the brain controls the lett side of the body. 't you are right-handed, you have a strong left brain; if you are left-handed, You have a strong ‘ight brain. The lett brain controls math, language, and : gic. The right bran contos an color an igCHAPTER 1 NOUNS 3 eee Exercise 1 Answers on page 185 Nouns are tested on the TOEFL® test. Complete the sentences with nouns. 1. The brain stores 100 trillion pieces of 2. Men's brains are heavier than brains. 3. The brain uses one quarter, or , of the body’s oxygen. 4, The left brain controls math, , and 5. The right brain controls color, , and 6. The human brain weighs about 3.5 7. The brain cannot feel 8. The brain receives more than 100 Seeleediscasal sala messages from the body. ee EXERCISE 2 Answers on page 185 From the reading, work out whether these statements are true or false. Circle T for true and F for false. 1. The weight of the brain depends on intelligence TE 2. A jazz musician has a dominant right brain. FF . A left-handed person has a dominant left brain. TF . When you play a game of chess, you use the left side of your brain. TF 5. Your lost brain cells are always replaced. TE LE 6. The brain feels pain when you have a headache.4 4 PARTI TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Grammar: Singular and Plural Nouns Nouns can be classified into two groups: count nouns, which can be counted and which take an s, and noncount nouns, which cannot be counted and which usually do not take an s. Strategy Beware of noncount nouns that are pluralized where they generally should not be. Look at the following table: Singular Plural Count noun a cell cells one cell two cells some cells a lot of cells many cells Noncount noun information some information a lot of information much information Count nouns 1. Take a/an or one in the singular 2. Usually take a final s/es in the plural Noncount nouns 1. Do not take a/an in the singular 2. Do not generally have a plural form Some count nouns are irregular and some common irregular count nouns: man—men foot—feet woman—women —_tooth—teeth child—children fish—fishuncountable form. Nouns such counted. The following is CHAPTER | NOUNS 5 Noncount nouns cannot be counted because they come in a mass or in an as blood, music, and excitement cannot be short list of some noncount nouns: rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter, cheese blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline Raw materials: wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam General: furniture, mail, money, traffic, equipment Groups: jewelry, machinery, luggage, clothing, cash Languages: English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish Academic subjects: chemistry, mathematics, psychology Abstract things: education, health, intelligence, beauty, knowledge, sleep, hope, music, time QUANTIFIERS A quantifier is a word that indicates an amount or quantity. A 3. Some quantifiers are used only with plural count nouns. both many afew several fewer They are controlled by several nerves. We have fewer cells as we get older. Some quantifiers are used only with singular count nouns. another each __ every Each gland bas a different purpose. Every muscle has its own group of nerves. Some quantifiers are used only with noncount nouns. alittle much less = amount The amount of oxygen available to the brain is important. If your brain gets less oxygen than it needs, you could become unconsctous. Some quantifiers are used with both plural count nouns and noncount nouns. all plenty of | any alotof enough — most lots of some more Brain cells use up a lot of energy. Most animals rely on instinct.6 PARTI_TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS EXERCISE 3 © Answers on page 185 Correct the errors in noun forms in the following sentences, | 1. Intelligence is the ability to use thought and knowledges to understang things and solve problems. 2. Hormones help adjust the mixture of sugar, salt, and waters in your body. 3. Psychology, meaning the study of the mind and how it works, comes from a Greek word meaning lifes or soul. 4. Brain cells use up a lot of energy, so they need a constant supply of oxygens. 5. Each hemisphere of the brain receives informations about the opposite side of the visual field. 6. Although millions of brain neurons are active at any one time, they do not use much electric powers. 7. Lights entering the eye forms an image on 130 million tiny light cells. 8. Most animal are not able to rely on learning and memory. COMPOUND NOUNS Strategy ‘ _ Beware of compound nouns in which both nouns are pluralized, instead of | just the noun. Compound nouns are two nouns that are used together to make one word or idea. The first noun acts as an adjective to the s " second noun and usually does not take s, The second noun can be plural ? bratn cell brain wave computer sclentists Compound nouns may also be used with number expressions.CHAPTER NOUNS 7 Strategy Beware of compound nouns with numbers, where the compound noun used a on adjective may be in the plural form! The adjective) The brain uses as much power as a lightbulb of ten watts. (noun used as a noun) He recited a 16,000-page book from memory. (noun used as an adjective) He recited a book of 16,000 pages from memory. (noun used as a noun) NUMBERS brain uses as much power as a ten-watt lightbulb. (noun used as an Strategy When you see nouns involving numbers, such as hundred, thousand, or mil: lion, make sure that they are not in the plural form when they follow numbers. Numbers such as hundred, thousand, million, and trillion are plural when there are no numbers before them The brain receives 100 million messages a second. The brain stores trillions of messages. Exercise 4 Answers on page 185 [ correct the errors in the following sentences. 1. People’s brains weigh more now than they did 100 year ago. 2. Nerves impulses can travel at speeds of up to 488 feet per second. 3. The brain contains between 10 trillions and 100 trillions neurons, 4, Each neuron is linked by synapses to thousand of other neurons. 5. Nerves endings below the skin's surface pick up sensations of cold, heat, and touch. 6. There are three to four millions pain receptors in the skin, 7. A three-years-old child’s brain is two thirds the size it will finally be. 8. The brain uses 25 percents of the blood’s oxygen.parr! TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONs 8 On the TOEFL® Test Nouns are tested in the Written Expression section of the exam. Check for the following types of errors with nouns. 4. A noncount noun may be pluralized. Example: In a person's lifetime, the brain can store 100 trillion A B pieces of informations. Cc D The best answer is (D). Information is a noncount noun and cannot be plural. 2. A plural noun may be used when the verb or phrase requires a singular noun. Example: Each part of the brains controls a separate part of the A B Cc body. D The best answer is (B). A singular noun brain must be used with “part of the.” 3. A singular noun may be used when the verb requires a plural noun. Example: Human brain are more powerful than those A of other species because of their complex circuitry. B Cc D The best answer is (A). A plural noun brains must be used because the verb are is plural. In compound nouns where two nouns are used together, both nouns may be pluralized instead of just the second noun, Example: Brains cells die at the rate of 100,000 per day by age 60, and s 100,000 per day by age 60, they are not replaced like other body cells, S ary cells. The best answer is (A). The correct form is brain cells.5. CHAPTER 1 NOUNS 9 In compound nouns involving numbers and measurements, the com- pound noun used as an adjective may be in the plural form. Example: Man's three-pounds brain is the most complex and orderly A B angement of matter in the universe. C D The best answer is (B). When a compound noun is used as an adjective, it is singular. Therefore the correct answer is three pound. When noun phrases involving a number such as bundred, thousand, or million follow another number, the plural form may be used. Example: The brain loses fifty thousands neurons a day and yet A B maintains its basic patterns and memori ic D The best answer is (A). The singular form thousand should be used when it follows a number. ExeRcISES ON NOUNS Answers on page 185 Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. 1. 3. The potato was the staple of Ireland, and when the crop failed in 1840, A B c there was mass starvations. D Shark can maneuver considerably faster than other fish because they A a °C have no bones. D Although sugar cane and sugar beet look very different, the sugars that is A B C refined from them tastes almost the same. D Textiles industries are as widespread as food industries because both A B supply basic human needs. D Many animal species are totally colorsblind, but the condition is very A B c=. rare in humans. D Peterson's m In-A-Flash: Grammar for the TOEFL www.petersons.com10 10. 11. 12. PARTI TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Our skulls is made up of eight cranial and fourteen facial bones. A B Cc D Diamonds, which is about 40 times as hard as talc, is made up of A B Cc ure carbon. D The oceans contain about 97 percent of the world’s water supply, and A B about another 2 percent of the world’s water supply is ices. Brain waves patterns vary among different people and in A B Cc different activities. D The ancestor of today’s horse was a little mammal called eohippus. A B which first appeared 54 millions years ago. Cc D Lasers are of great value in areas such as communications, industry r > medicine, and scientifics research. B c D Dinosaurs are classified as Fetes, although some appear to have been Tarts nlooded, DPRONOUNS Introduction: Penguins There are eighteen different kinds of penguins, and they all live south of the equator. The largest are the emperor penguins, which live in Antarctica. They lay their eggs about fifty miles from the coast. There the penguins have nothing to make a nest out of, but the eggs cannot be laid directly on the ice, or they would freeze. The emperor penguins have to take care of their eggs in a special way. The female produces one egg. As soon as she lays her egg, the male penguin rolls it on top of his feet. A special fold of skin on the bottom of his stomach comes down over the egg to protect it from the cold. For two months the male penguins stand together to protect themselves from the cold with their eggs on their feet. They cannot move or eat. The female goes to find food as soon as she lays her egg. Finally, after two months she returns and takes the egg from the male. The male penguin, which now has had no food for two months, returns to the sea. After the egg is hatched, the female and the male take turns carrying the baby penguin on their feet. When the weather gets cold, the baby is covered by the fold of skin, which keeps it warm.12 PART! TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS EE eS Le Exercise 1 Answers on page 185 Pronouns are tested on the TOEFL® test. Answer the following questions in complete sentence form using 4 pronoun. The first one is done for you. 1. Where do the emperor penguins live? They live in Antarctica. 2. How many eggs does the female emperor produce at a time? 3. What does the male emperor penguin use to protect the egg from the cold? 4. Why do the male emperor penguins stand together? 5. Where do the males put their eggs when they stand together? 6. Where does the female go? 7. When does she return? What does the male Penguin do after she returns? IS? gee ee—ctarren 2 ronons_? ee EXERCISE 2 Answors on pogo 185 From the reading, work out ng, wheth tatements are true or false. Circle T for true and Wor false |. There are no penguins on the North Pole. 1 2, 3. 4, 5. 6. 7. 8. - All penguins live south of the equator. All penguins are the same, All penguins have folds under their abdomen. . The fold of skin is used only to keep the egg warm. Only the female takes care of the penguin chick. . Emperor penguins do not make nests. Hana aR AG mon HR on on . Emperor penguins lay their eggs very near the sea. Grammar: Pronouns ‘There are five forms of pronouns in English: subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and relative pronouns. Possessive adjectives will also be included in this chapter, although they are not pronouns. Srtant to know the five forms of pronouns and the possessive Ihat are often confused with them. Errors may include the use of form of pronoun in place of another. SUBJECT PRONOUNS I we you you he/she/it they The subject pronoun is used ¢ when it is the subject of a verb. They live south of the equator. « when the subjects of the two clauses are compared, They are more protected against the cold than we (are) © after the verb to be. It is he with the egg. © after as and than. She is not as tired as he (is). Peterson's In-AFlash: Grammar for the TOEFL Www petersons.com14. PARTI. ~TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Ses 5 EXERCISE 3 Answers on pose 18 Circle the correct pronoun: es to find food. 1. It is she/her who g0 ; onsibility of incubating the egg. 2. He/Him has the resp 3. She/Her lays one €88- 4. John is stronger than I/me. 5. He/Hlim and his father are both great explorers. 6. Are you sure thal OBJECT PRONOUNS me us you you him/her/it them ‘The object pronoun is used « when it is the indirect object of a verb. She gives bim the egg. © after prepositions. When she returns, she takes over the egg from bim. t they/them are here? But when the preposition introduces a new clause, the subject pronoun must be used because the pronoun is now the subject of the new clause. He leaves after she returns, * when the objects of two clauses are compared. It is easier for them than us.15 CHAPTER 2_ PRONOUNS nn E XERCISE asses on page 186 ere Correct the pronoun errors in the following sentences eh necessary. 1. He helps she take care of the baby penguin. 2. She lays her egg and then leaves. 3. They feed them until they can swim. 4. It is not easy for they to survive under such conditions. 5. It is harder for him than for she. 6. He goes to the sea after she returns. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES my our your your his/her/its their ‘The possessive adjective is used * to modify a noun and show ownership. They lay their eggs about fifty miles from the coast. to refer to parts of the body. The male penguin rolls the egg on top of bis feet. * to modify a gerund. We are surprised by their nesting in such harsh conditions.RITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS 16 PART! TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND wi EXERCISE 5 Answers on page 186 th the correct pronoun. Complete the sentences wi stomach. 1. She lays cee: ¢ bottom of 2. He has a special fold of skin on th They take care of youn; 4. Itis protected from the cold by ————_ father. p the eggs On 2 es feet. nguin looks forward to coming back with food. g ina special way. 5. They kee] 6. The male pe! POSSESSIVE mine ours yours yours his/hers/its theirs The possessive pronoun is used © to replace a possessive adjective and a noun. She takes her turn, and be takes bis (his turn). PRONOUNS © after the verb to be. The egg is hers. ¢ after the preposition of when it means “one of many.” It ts a habit of theirs, a“ replace the second possessive adjective and noun when they are being compared. Their lives seem more difficult than ours.CHAPTER 2. PRONOUNS 17 —_—— "1/1 _—::—_'—'] EXERCISE & — Answers on page 186 Circle the correct pronoun. N It is an experiment of his/him. The Adélie penguins live in a cold climate, but the emperor penguins live in a harsher climate than them/theirs. . Seven nations claim that Antarctica is their/theirs. 3: 4. 5. 6. The researcher in the picture is a friend of ours/us. . His research was good but her/hers is better. . Studying penguins is a hobby of mine/my. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself themselves The reflexive pronoun is used * to emphasize the subject noun or pronoun it refers to and to emphasize the fact that the subject did the action alone. He takes care of the egg himself. Or: He himself takes care of the egg. as the object of a verb when the subject and object are the same. They stand together to protect themselves from the cold. . e the object of the preposition by when the subject did the action alone. The penguin chick is unable to get food by itself.— 18 PARTI TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS ee EXERCISED © Answer on poue 186 Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun, Penguins push along the ice using their flippers. To protect from the cold, the penguin has a layer of fat under its feathers. N The female lays her egg and walks back to the sea by During the two months the male penguin cannot feed The male penguin incubates the egg. aw op yw Since humans do not have the insulation that penguins do, we cannot protect from such temperatures without special clothing. RELATIVE PRONOUNS The relative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, which, and that. Strategy It is important to make sure that the relative pronoun agrees with the subject. Who refers to people and household animals. Whom refers to people and household animals. It is used in the object position in formal written English or with who plus a preposition in spoken English. Whose refers to people, animals, and things. It shows possession. Which refers to things, collective nouns, and animals. That refers to People, animals, and things.CHAPTER 2 PRONOUNS 19 — EXERCISE 8 = Answors on page 186 Correct relative pronoun errors where ae i following sentences. sary in the ‘There are eighteen different kinds of penguins whom live south of the equator. 2. The biologist which went to the South Pole is studying emperor penguins. Emperor penguins survive winds who blow at speeds of up to ninety- five miles an hour in winter. 4. Emperor penguins, whose nesting ground is fifty miles inland from the coast, have a special way of incubating their eggs. Emperor penguins, who are the largest among penguins, do not make nests. 6. The United St: experiments to measure the energy expe! ates has sent researchers to Antarctica which are making nded by emperor penguins. On the TOEFL® Test Pronouns are tested in the Written Expression section of the exam. Check for the following types of errors with pronouns. 1. The incorrect pronoun form or type may be used. The possessive pronoun (hers) may be used instead of the possessive adjective (her). Example: The young emperor chick stands in front of one of it parents B Cc A to be protected from the cold. D ‘The best answer is (C). The possessive form is must be used, not the object form. Example: Some penguins they live in warmer places like to make A B their n i Cc The best answer is (A), The relative pronoun that must be used instead of the subject they. holes in the ground. D