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Facial Divergence

This study examined the relationship between facial divergence and parameters of dentomaxillary discrepancy (DMD) in 90 young adult patients. Measurements were made of facial angles and the position of incisors. The curve of Spee and dental crowding were also assessed. Patients were classified as normodivergent, hypodivergent, or hyperdivergent. Results showed hypodivergent subjects had less dental crowding and a flatter curve of Spee compared to other groups. A significant positive correlation was found between facial divergence and the degree of dental crowding and curve of Spee.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
120 views11 pages

Facial Divergence

This study examined the relationship between facial divergence and parameters of dentomaxillary discrepancy (DMD) in 90 young adult patients. Measurements were made of facial angles and the position of incisors. The curve of Spee and dental crowding were also assessed. Patients were classified as normodivergent, hypodivergent, or hyperdivergent. Results showed hypodivergent subjects had less dental crowding and a flatter curve of Spee compared to other groups. A significant positive correlation was found between facial divergence and the degree of dental crowding and curve of Spee.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Relationships between facial divergence and DMD parameters

Article  in  International Orthodontics · November 2017


DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.017

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! 2017 CEO

Original Article Published by / Édité par Elsevier Masson SAS


All rights reserved / Tous droits réservés

Article original

Relationships between facial divergence


and DMD parameters
Relations entre la divergence faciale et les
parame"tres de la DDM

Abdelali Halimi*, Hicham Benyahia, Mohamed-Faouzi Azeroual, Loubna Bahije, Fatima Zaoui

Universit!e Mohammed V (UM5) of Rabat, !equipe de recherche en biotechnologie et


biomat!eriaux en milieu buccal, service d’orthop!edie dento-faciale, facult!e de m!edecine dentaire,
centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco

Available online: 6 November 2017 / Disponible en ligne : 6 novembre 2017

Summary !sume
Re !
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the rela- !
Introduction : L’objectif de ce travail est d’etudier la relation
tionship between facial divergence and the parameters of den- entre la divergence faciale et les parametres " de la DDM
tomaxillary discrepancy (DMD), in particular crowding, the notamment l’encombrement dentaire, la courbe de Spee et
curve of Spee and the position of the incisors in the sagittal la position des incisives dans le sens sagittal.
dimension.
Material and methods: A total of 90 young adult patients was !
Materiel !
et methodes !
: Nous avons selectionn e! un total
selected from among the Moroccan orthodontic population 90 patients jeunes adultes de la population orthodontique
attending the dentofacial orthopedic department and satisfying marocaine consultant au service d’ODF, repondant ! aux
the following inclusion criteria: complete permanent dentition "
criteres d’inclusion suivants : une dentition permanente
and a skeletal class I pattern with no previous orthodontic complete" et une classe I squelettique avec absence de traite-
treatment, no crossbite, no periodontal disease, no mandibular !
ment orthodontique ulterieur, d’un articule! inverse,! de maladie
asymmetry and no condylodiscal disunion. On cephalometric parodontale, d’asymetrie ! !
mandibulaire et de desunion. Nous
tracings, measurements were made of angles FMA, Go-Gn/SN, avons mesure! dans le sens vertical les angles suivants : FMA,
Occ/SN in the vertical direction, and of the values I/NA et i/NB Go-Gn/SN, Occ/SN, et dans le sens sagittal les valeurs de I/
in the sagittal direction. The curve of Spee and dental crowding NA et i/NB à partir des traces ! cephalom
! !
etriques. Ensuite,
were assessed using the one-way ANOVA test and the Bonferroni nous avons quantifie! la courbe de Spee et l’encombrement
post-hoc test. Correlation analysis was performed between diver- dentaire à partir des moulages en platre.^ Les comparaisons
gence and the different variables measured, using SPSS soft- statistiques ont et! e! realis
! ees! en utilisant le test Anova à un
ware with a 0.05 significance threshold. seul facteur et le test post-hoc de Bonferroni. Une analyse de
!
la correlation ! e! realis
a et ! ee! entre la divergence et les
!
differentes variables mesurees! en utilisant le logiciel SPSS
avec un seuil de significativite! à 0,05.
Results: Patients recruited for the study had a mean age of !
Resultats : Les patients inclus dans l’etude ! avaient un
19.8 W 0.5 and were distributed as follows: 28 normodivergent, ^
age de 19,8 W 0,5 ans et se repartissaient
! "
de la maniere
31 hypodivergent and 31 hyperdivergent, 42 females and 48 suivante : 28 normodivergents, 31 hypodivergents et 31
males. Comparison showed that hypodivergent subjects had less hyperdivergents ; 42 femmes et 48 hommes. La comparaison

* Correspondence and reprints / Correspondance et tire!s à part :


Abdelali Halimi, universit!e Mohammed V (UM5) de Rabat, !equipe de recherche en
biotechnologie et biomat!eriaux en milieu buccal, service d’orthop!edie dento-faciale,
facult!e de m!edecine dentaire, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212,
Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
e-mail address / Adresse e-mail : [email protected] (Abdelali Halimi)

698 International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707


http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.017
Relationships between facial divergence and DMD parameters
"tres de la DDM
Relations entre la divergence faciale et les parame

crowding than hypo- or normodivergent individuals a montre! que les hypodivergents ont present ! e! moins
(P < 0.05). Hypodivergent subjects had a more pronounced d’encombrement par rapport aux hyperdivergents et aux nor-
curve of Spee than the other two groups. This difference was modivergents (p < 0,05). Les hypodivergents ont present ! e!
not significant (P > 0.05). Hyperdivergent subjects presented une courbe de Spee plus marquee ! par rapport aux normodi-
more labioversion and vestibular positioning of the incisors !
vergents et aux hyperdivergents. Cette difference ! e! non
a et
compared with the hypodivergent (P < 0.05) and normodiver- significative (p > 0,05). Les hyperdivergents ont present ! e!
gent (P < 0.05) groups. Correlation analysis showed that plus de vestibuloversion et de vestibuloposition incisives par
crowding and the incisor positions in millimeters and in degrees rapport aux hypodivergents (p < 0,05) et par rapport aux nor-
were positively correlated to a moderate extent with facial !
modivergents (p < 0,05). L’analyse de correlation a montre!
divergence (r = 0.3, r = 0.5, r = 0.4; P < 0.05), while the curve que l’encombrement et les positions incisives en millimetres "
of Spee was not (P > 0.05). No correlation was found between et en degres! ont et
! e! correl
! es
! positivement et moyennement
age or sex and the DMD parameters (P > 0.05). avec la divergence faciale (r = 0,3, r = 0,5, r = 0,4 ; p < 0,05),
alors que la courbe de Spee ne l’est pas (p > 0,05). Nous
n’avons pas trouve! de correlation
! ^
entre l’age, le sexe et les
"
parametres de la DDM (p > 0,05).
! 2017 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights ! 2017 CEO. Édité par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits
reserved réservés

Key-words !s
Mots-cle
·· Statistical correlation.
Facial divergence.
·· ! lation statistique.
Corre
Divergence faciale.
·· Dentomaxillary discrepancy.
Crowding.
·· Dysharmonie dentomaxillaire.
Encombrement dentaire.
·· Curve of Spee.
Incisor repositioning.
·· Courbe de Spee.
Repositionnement incisif.

Introduction Introduction

Dentomaxillary discrepancy (DMD) combines three main fac- La dysharmonie dentomaxillaire (DDM) regroupe trois fac-
tors: crowding, incisor repositioning and the curve of Spee. teurs principaux, qui sont : l’encombrement dentaire, le repo-
sitionnement incisif et la courbe de Spee.
In adult human beings, the curve of Spee is a curve, descend- La courbe de Spee chez l’adulte humain de !crit une courbe
ing towards its center, joining the cusps of the molars, pre- à concavite ! supe !rieure, qui rejoint les pointes cuspidiennes
molars and canines [1–3]. The morphological arrangement of molaires, pre ! molaires et canines [1–3]. L’arrangement mor-
the teeth along this curve is linked to several anatomical and phologique des dents selon cette courbe est lie ! à plusieurs
functional factors: joint inclination, overjet, height of the facteurs anatomiques et fonctionnels : la pente articulaire,
molar cusp, and the quality and quantity of posterior contacts l’overjet, la hauteur de la cre ^ te cuspidienne molaire ainsi que
[3,4]. la qualite! et la quantite! des contacts poste !rieurs. . . [3,4].
Crowding is the leading motivation for orthodontic consulta- L’encombrement dentaire est le motif de consultation le plus
tion, and this major clinical sign is common to 60 to 80% of the !quent en orthodontie et 60 à 80 % de la population ortho-
fre
orthodontic patient population. Crowding corresponds to the dontique !sentent
pre ce signe clinique majeur.
difference between the available space and the required L’encombrement correspond à la diffe !rence entre l’espace
space, generally measured on plaster casts or other models disponible et l’espace ne !cessaire mesurable ge ! ne
!ralement
[5–14]. sur moulages en pla ^tre ou autres [5–14].
Incisor repositioning corresponds to the optimal position to be Le repositionnement incisif correspond à la position optimale
given to the incisor to ensure a stable esthetic and functional à donner pour l’incisive pour assurer un re !sultat the !rapeutique
therapeutic result. Alveolar protrusion corresponds to a more esthe!tique et fonctionnel stable. Le terme proalve !olie corre-
advanced position of the free incisal edge associated with spond à une position plus avance !e du bord libre incisif associe
!
more pronounced tilting of the incisal axis in the sagittal à une inclinaison plus importante de l’axe incisif dans le sens
direction as measured on lateral headfilms [15–21]. sagittal mesure !e à partir des te! le
!radiographies de profil [15–
21].
In order to study the relationship between crowding, incisor Pour e! tudier la relation entre l’encombrement, le repositionne-
repositioning, the curve of Spee and facial divergence, a ment incisif, la courbe de Spee et la divergence faciale, nous

International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707 699


Abdelali Halimi et al.

statistical analysis was performed. In practice, it has always avons mene ! une analyse statistique permettant d’e !tudier cette
been assumed that a relationship existed between these three relation. En re !alite
!, on a toujours mis en relation ces trois
parameters and facial divergence, but this study focused parame "tres et la divergence faciale, mais notre question con-
rather on the reliability and relevance of this relationship, cerne pluto^t la fiabilite
! et la pertinence de cette relation, puis-
since clinical observation reveals a variety and diversity of que la clinique offre des tableaux divers et diversifie !s mais
situations while therapeutic decisions should take into notre de!cision the !rapeutique doit tenir compte des facteurs
account the factors having the greatest impact on discrepancy qui impactent le plus la dysmorphose et proposer finalement
so as to propose the solutions best adapted to clinical des solutions ade !quates en fonction des priorite !s.
priorities.
To answer this question, three hypotheses were formulated as Pour re! pondre à cette interrogation, nous avons formule ! trois
starting points: hypothe "ses de de !part qui sont les suivantes :
— the 1st hypothesis (H1) postulates that the severity of — la 1re hypothe "se (H1) suppose que la se !ve!rite
! de l’encom-
crowding is linked to facial divergence; brement est lie !e à la divergence faciale ;
— the 2nd hypothesis (H2) stipulates that the depth of the — la 2e hypothe "se (H2) formule que la profondeur de la
curve of Spee is dependent on the facial typology; courbe de Spee est de !pendante de la typologie ;
— the 3rd hypothesis (H3) suggests that the degree of incisal — la 3e hypothe "se (H3) postule que le degre ! de la version
tipping is correlated with divergence. incisive est corre ! le
! à la divergence.
To test these three hypotheses within the context of evidence- Pour ve !rifier ces trois hypothe "ses tout en se re !fe
!rant à une
based medicine, a search of the database was carried out. It me!decine base !e sur la preuve, nous avons consulte ! la base de
revealed that few articles have dealt with the relationship donne !es sur cette question ; elle nous re ! ve
"le de !jà que peu
between the curve of Spee and facial divergence (H2). The d’articles ont traite! la question relative à la relation de la courbe
other two hypotheses (H1 and H3) have been widely studied, de Spee avec la divergence faciale (H2). Les deux autres
but in non-Caucasian populations. The research protocol for hypothe "ses (H1 et H3) ont e ! te
! largement e !tudie
!es mais dans
this study targeted relevant articles devoted to the subject by des populations non caucasiennes. Notre protocole d’e !tude a
means of the keywords “Crowding”, “Curve of Spee”, “Incisor ! la liste des articles pertinents qui s’inte
vise !ressent à cette
repositioning” and “Facial divergence”, using two official question, en utilisant les mots cle !s « Encombrement
languages, English and French. dentaire », « Courbe de Spee », « Repositionnement incisif »
et « Divergence faciale », et en se limitant à deux langues
officielles, l’anglais et le français.

Material and methods !riel et me


Mate !thodes

The methodology chosen to reach the main goal was adapted to ! pondre à notre objectif principal, nous avons choisi une
Pour re
the case-control clinical analysis used in the study. me!thodologie adapte !e à notre e !tude analytique clinique de
!moin.
type cas-te
A total of 90 young adult patients were selected from among Nous avons se !lectionne! un total de 90 patients jeunes adultes
the Moroccan orthodontic population attending the dentofa- de la population orthodontique marocaine consultant au ser-
cial orthopedic department and satisfying the following inclu- ! pondant aux crite
vice d’ODF, re "res d’inclusion suivants :
sion criteria:
— complete permanent dentition; — dentition permanente comple "te ;
— skeletal class I pattern; — classe I squelettique ;
— no previous orthodontic treatment, no uni- or bilateral — absence de traitement orthodontique ulte !rieur, d’un articule!
crossbite, no periodontal disease, no mandibular asymmetry inverse! uni- ou bilate
!ral, de maladie parodontale, d’asyme !trie
and no condylodiscal disunion. mandibulaire et de de !sunion condylome !niscale (DCM).
On the casts made from these patients, the quantity of crowd- Ensuite, nous avons mesure ! sur les moulages de ces patients
ing and the depth of the curve of Spee were then measured, la quantite! de l’encombrement et la profondeur de la courbe de
using a digital slide-rule (fig. 1)[6,8,22]. Spee en utilisant un pied à coulisse nume !rique (fig. 1)[6,8,22].
Cephalometric tracings were made from standardized lateral Apre "s avoir re
!alise
! des trace!s ce
!phalome !triques à partir des
headfilms and the following measurements were performed: ! le
te !radiographies de profil standardise !es, nous avons
mesure !:
— in the vertical dimension, the values of angles FMA, Go- — dans le sens vertical : les valeurs de l’angle FMA, l’angle
Gn/SN and Occ/SN; Go-Gn/SN et l’angle Occ/SN ;
— in the sagittal dimension, the orientation of the upper — dans le sens sagittal : l’orientation de l’incisive supe !rieure
incisor with respect to line NA (I/NA) and the orientation of par rapport à la ligne NA (I/NA) et l’orientation de l’incisive

700 International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707


Relationships between facial divergence and DMD parameters
"tres de la DDM
Relations entre la divergence faciale et les parame

[(Fig._1)TD$IG]

Fig. 1: Measurement of crowding and of the depth of the curve of Spee.


Fig. 1 : Mesure de l’encombrement et de la profondeur de la courbe de Spee.

the lower incisor with respect to line NB (i/NB) in degrees and infe!rieure par rapport à la ligne NB (i/NB) en degre ! et en
millimeters (fig. 2). millime "tre (fig. 2).
All these measurements were repeated after two weeks to Toutes ces mesures ont e !te! effectue !es deux fois à deux
guarantee the reproducibility of the analyses, both of the casts semaines d’intervalle pour assurer une reproductibilite ! des
and the headfilms. analyses re !alise!es aussi bien sur les moulages que sur les
! le
te !radiographies de profil.
Statistical comparisons were made using the one-way ANOVA Les comparaisons statistiques ont e ! te
! re!alise
!es en utilisant le
test and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Correlation analysis test Anova à un seul facteur et le test post-hoc de Bonferroni.
between the different variables measured was performed by Une analyse de la corre ! lation a e ! te
! re!alise
!e entre les
means of Pearson’s coefficient, using SPSS software (Version diffe!rentes variables mesure !es à l’aide du coefficient de
20, IBM) with a significance threshold of 0.05. Pearson en utilisant le logiciel SPSS (Version 20, IBM) avec
! à 0,05.
un seuil de significativite
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]

Fig. 2: Measurement of angle FMA, angle Go-Gn/SN, angle Occ/SN, and the orientation of the
upper and lower incisors.
Fig. 2 : Mesure de l’angle FMA, de l’angle Go-Gn/SN, de l’angle Occ/SN, de l’orientation des
!rieure et infe
incisives supe !rieure.

International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707 701


Abdelali Halimi et al.

Results !sultats
Re

The study population of 90 patients comprised 42 females Notre e !chantillon de 90 patients a e ! te


! compose ! de 42 patients
(46.6%) and 48 males (53.3%). Thirty-one were hypodiver- de sexe fe !minin (46,6 %) et 48 de sexe masculin (53,3 %) ;
gent (34.4%), 31 hyperdivergent (34.4%) and 28 normodiver- 31 hypodivergents (34,4 %), 31 hyperdivergents (34,4 %) et
gent (31.2%). Patient age was 19.8 W 6.2 years. 28 normodivergents (31,2 %). L’a ^ge des patients a e ! te
! de
19,9 W 6,2 ans.
Statistical comparisons showed that crowding differed as a La comparaison statistique a montre ! que l’encombrement a
function of facial divergence (P < 0.05). The Bonferonni ! te
e ! diffe
!rent en fonction de la divergence faciale (p < 0,05). Le
post-hoc test showed that hypodivergent subjects presented test post-hoc de Bonferonni a montre ! que les hypodivergents
less crowding than the other two groups (P < 0.05) (Table I). ont pre !sente! moins d’encombrement par rapport aux normo-
divergents et aux hyperdivergents (p < 0,05) (Tableau I).
Hypodivergent subjects had a more pronounced curve of Spee Les hypodivergents ont pre !sente! une courbe de Spee plus
than the other two groups. This difference was not significant marque !e par rapport aux normodivergents et aux hyperdiver-
(P > 0.05) (Table II). The sagittal positions of the lower inci- gents. Cette diffe !rence a e ! te
! non significative (p > 0,05)
sors (in mm and degrees) varied as a function of skeletal (Tableau II). Les positions sagittales des incisives infe !rieures
divergence (P < 0.05). Hyperdivergent subjects presented (en mm et degre !) ont e! te
! diffe
!rentes en fonction de la diver-
more labioversion and vestibular positioning of the incisors gence squelettique (p < 0,05). Les hyperdivergents ont
compared with the hypodivergent (P < 0.05) and also with pre!sente ! plus de vestibuloversion et vestibuloposition inci-
normodivergent (P < 0.05) groups (Table III). sives par rapport aux hypodivergents (p < 0,05) et aussi par
rapport aux normodivergents (p < 0,05) (Tableau III).
Correlation analysis showed that crowding was positively cor- L’analyse de corre ! lation a montre ! que l’encombrement a e ! te
!
related to a moderate extent with facial divergence (r = 0.3, corre! le
! positivement et moyennement avec la divergence
P < 0.05). i/NB in mm and in degrees were positively corre- faciale (r = 0,3 ; p < 0,05). i/NB en mm et en degre ! ont e! te
!
lated to a moderate extent with facial divergence (r = 0.5, corre! le
!s positivement et moyennement avec la divergence
r = 0.4; P < 0.05), while the curve of Spee was not faciale (r = 0,5, r = 0,4 ; p < 0,05), alors que la courbe de
(P > 0.05) (Tables IV–VI). Spee ne l’est pas (p > 0,05) (Tableaux IV–VI).
No correlation was found between age or sex and the DMD Nous n’avons pas trouve ! de corre ! lation entre l’a
^ge, le sexe et
parameters (P > 0.05) (Table VII). les parame "tres de la DDM (p > 0,05) (Tableau VII).

Table I Tableau I
Comparison of crowding in the different groups as a function of !rents groupes
Comparaison de l’encombrement entre les diffe
facial divergence. en fonction de la divergence faciale.

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent P-value/Valeur de p Significance/Significativite!


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31)
Crowding/Encombrement 1.29 W 0.82 2.54 W 2.48 3.00 W 1.91 < 0.001 S
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ! ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

Table II Tableau II
Comparison of the curve of Spee in the different groups. !rents
Comparaison de la courbe de Spee entre les diffe
groupes.

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent P-value/Valeur de p Significance/


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31) Significativite!
Curve of Spee/Courbe 1.74 W 0.77 1.32 W 0.54 1.45 W 0.96 > 0.05 NS
de Spee
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ! ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

702 International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707


Relationships between facial divergence and DMD parameters
"tres de la DDM
Relations entre la divergence faciale et les parame

Table III Tableau III


Comparison of the sagittal positions of the lower incisors (in !rieures
Comparaison des positions sagittales des incisives infe
mm and degrees) in the different groups. !) entre les diffe
(en mm et degre !rents groupes.

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent P-value/Valeur de p Significance/Significativite!


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31)
i/NB (mm) 4.56 W 1.05 6.62 W 3.32 9.73 W 3.93 < 0.001 S
i/NB (! ) 25.21 W 5.61 28.12 W 5.16 32.60 W 7.21 < 0.001 S
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ! ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

Table IV Tableau IV
Correlation between crowding and divergence. ! lation entre l’encombrement et la divergence.
Corre

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent Correlation P-value/ Significance/


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31) coefficient, r/ Valeur de p Significativite!
Coefficient
!
correlation, r
Crowding/Encombrement 1.45 W 0.96 1.32 W 0.54 1.74 W 0.77 0.3 < 0.001 S
Normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
Normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

Table V Tableau V
Correlation between the sagittal positions of the lower incisors Corre! lation entre les positions sagittales des incisives
(in mm and degrees) and divergence. !rieures (en mm et degre
infe !) et la divergence.

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent Correlation P-value/ Significance/


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31) coefficient, r/ Valeur de p !
Significativite
Coefficient
!
correlation, r
i/NB (mm) 4.56 W 1.05 6.62 W 3.32 9.73 W 3.93 0.5 < 0.001 S
i/NB (! ) 25.21 W 5.61 28.12 W 5.16 32.60 W 7.21 0.4 < 0.001 S
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ! ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

Table VI Tableau VI
Correlation between the curve of Spee and divergence. ! lation entre la courbe de Spee et la divergence.
Corre

Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent Correlation P-value/ Significance/


(n = 31) (n = 28) (n = 31) coefficient, r/ Valeur de p Significativite!
Coefficient
!
correlation, r
Curve of Spee/Courbe de Spee 1.74 W 0.77 1.32 W 0.54 1.45 W 0.96 0.1 > 0.05 NS
! ! ! !
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 et 37 ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707 703


Abdelali Halimi et al.

Table VII Tableau VII


Correlation between age, sex and DMD parameters. ! lation entre l’a
Corre ^ge, le sexe et les parame
"tres de la DDM.

Crowding, r/ Curve of Spee, r/ i/NB, r P-value/ Significance/


Encombrement, r Courbe de Spee, r Valeur de p Significativite!
Age/Âge 0.02 0.14 0.05 > 0.05 NS
Sex/Sexe 0.01 0.09 0.10 > 0.05 NS
Hypodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn less than 27 ! ; normodivergent: Go-Gn/Sn between 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent: Go-GnSn greater than 37 ! . The mean difference is significant at a 0.05 threshold.
!
Hypodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn inferieur à 27 ! ; normodivergent : Go-Gn/Sn entre 27 ! et 37 ! ; hyperdivergent : Go-GnSn superieur
! à 37 ! . La difference
! moyenne est significative au niveau 0,05.

Discussion Discussion

It was noted that hypodivergent subjects presented less crowd- Nous avons trouve ! que les hypodivergents ont pre !sente! moins
ing than normodivergent and hyperdivergent individuals d’encombrement par rapport aux normodivergents et aux
(P < 0.05). hyperdivergents (p < 0,05).
These results are in line with those of several studies which Ces re !sultats sont en accord avec plusieurs e !tudes qui ont
reported more significant crowding in hyperdivergent subjects rapporte ! un encombrement plus important chez les hyperdi-
[23–30] and longitudinal studies showing an increase in man- vergents [23–30] et des e !tudes longitudinales qui ont montre !
dibular crowding over time [28,31]. This increase was more que l’encombrement mandibulaire augmente avec le temps
pronounced during adolescence and less marked at the begin- [28,31]. Cette augmentation a e ! te
! plus importante pendant
ning of adulthood [28–30]. This phenomenon concerned both l’adolescence et plus faible au de !but de l’a ^ge adulte [28–30].
treated and non-treated subjects [31,32]. Authors relate this Ce phe !nome "ne a inte!resse! aussi bien les sujets traite !s que les
phenomenon to several factors, above all the arch form sujets non traite !s [31,32]. Les auteurs ont lie ! ce phe !nome "ne
changes that accompany facial growth and the vertical growth à plusieurs facteurs, surtout aux changements d’arcade qui
pattern that encourages a more vertical eruption of the incisors accompagnent la croissance faciale et au sche !ma de crois-
[29,31,33,34]. sance verticale qui favorise une e !ruption pluto ^t verticale des
incisives [29,31,33,34].
Other authors however found no association between hyperdi- D’autres auteurs par contre n’ont pas trouve ! d’association
vergence and crowding [35,36]. Also, long-term follow-up of entre l’hyperdivergence et l’encombrement [35,36]. Et le suivi
patients treated by orthodontics showed greater return to inci- à long terme des patients traite !s orthodontiquement a montre !
sal crowding among hyperdivergent subjects compared to la pre!sence d’une re !cidive d’encombrement incisif plus impor-
hypodivergent patients [27]. tante chez l’hyperdivergent par rapport à l’hypodivergent [27].
In our study, it appeared that hyperdivergent subjects pre- Nous avons trouve ! que les hyperdivergents ont pre !sente ! plus
sented more labioversion and vestibular positioning of the de vestibuloversion et vestibuloposition incisives par rapport
incisors compared with the hypodivergent (P < 0.05) and aux hypodivergents (p < 0,05) et par rapport aux normodiver-
normodivergent (P < 0.05) group, whereas Bj€ork [37] and gents (p < 0,05), alors que Bjo €rk [37] et Tweed [21] ont montre !
Tweed [21] showed that hyperdivergence was generally que l’hyperdivergence est accompagne ! e ge!ne!ralement d’une
accompanied by lingual tipping of the incisors, which can linguoversion des incisives, ce qui peut provoquer un encom-
provoke more severe crowding as a consequence of the reduc- brement plus important conse !quent à cette re !duction de la
tion in arch length. Halimi [38] found that hyperdivergence longueur d’arcade. Halimi [38] a trouve ! que l’hyperdivergence
was accompanied by displacement of the lower incisor in a est accompagne !e d’un de !placement de l’incisive infe !rieure
vertical direction, and that the lower anterior alveolar height dans le sens vertical, et que la hauteur alve !olaire ante !rieure
(LAAH) was positively correlated with angle FMA and ante- infe!rieure (HAAI) est positivement corre ! le
!e avec l’angle FMA
rior facial height (AFH). Azaroual confirmed that hyperdiver- et la hauteur faciale ante !rieure (HFA). Azaroual a confirme ! que
gence had a highly significant influence on the occlusal plane l’hyperdivergence influence le plan d’occlusion d’une manie "re
[39]. hautement significative [39].
In our study, it was found that hypodivergent subjects had a Nous avons trouve ! que les hypodivergents ont pre !sente! une
more pronounced curve of Spee than the other two groups. This courbe de Spee plus marque !e par rapport aux normodiver-
difference was not significant (P > 0.05). gents et aux hyperdivergents. Cette diffe !rence a e ! te
! non sig-
nificative (p > 0,05).
These results differ somewhat from those obtained by Orthlieb Ces re !sultats pre!sentent quelques diffe !rences par rapport
[40] in a study of the sagittal organization of the curve of Spee à ceux trouve !s par Orthlieb [40] en e !tudiant l’organisation

704 International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707


Relationships between facial divergence and DMD parameters
"tres de la DDM
Relations entre la divergence faciale et les parame

as a function of cranial morphology, using a geometrical appli- sagittale de la courbe de Spee en fonction de la morphologie
cation of the mandibular tangent law. This author found that craniofaciale, tout en utilisant une application ge !ome !trique de
the curve of Spee was more pronounced in hypodivergent la loi des tangentes à la mandibule. Cet auteur a trouve ! que la
subjects, whereas in our study this difference was not signif- courbe de Spee a e ! te
! plus marque !e chez les hypodivergents,
icant (P > 0.05). moins marque !e chez les hyperdivergents, alors que nous
avons trouve ! que cette diffe !rence a e ! te
! statiquement non sig-
nificative (p > 0,05).
This may be explained by the fact that the population in our Nous expliquons cela par le fait que nous avons utilise ! un
study was more homogeneous, comprising only skeletal class I !chantillon plus homoge
e "ne, puisque nous n’avons inclus dans
patients to give a total of three groups, while Orthleib worked notre e !tude que les patients pre !sentant une classe I squelet-
with a more heterogeneous population comprising all the skel- tique, ce qui fait 3 groupes au total ; alors qu’Orthlieb a utilise !
etal classes (class I, class II and class III, hypodivergent, un e!chantillon plus he ! te
!roge "ne rassemblant toutes les classes
hyperdivergent and normodivergent), making 9 groups in all. squelettiques (classe I, classe II et classe III, hypodivergent,
hyperdivergent et normodivergent), ce qui fait 9 groupes au
total.
In the same study, Orthlieb showed that the curve of Spee was Dans la me ^me e!tude, Orthlieb a montre ! que la courbe de Spee
significantly influenced by the ratio of the posterior and ante- ae ! te
! significativement influence !e par le rapport de la hauteur
rior facial heights and above all correlated positively with the de la face poste !rieure et celle de la face ante !rieure et surtout
masseter muscle, for which a positive correlation exists corre ! le
!e positivement avec le muscle masse !ter, dont l’activite
!
between electromyographic activity and vertical typology !lectromyographique a e
e ! te
! corre
! le
!e avec la typologie verticale
[41]. On the other hand he found no relationship between [41]. Par contre, il n’a pas trouve ! de relation entre la courbe de
the curve of Spee and angle ANB. Spee et l’angle ANB.
Our results agree with those of Farella [42], who analyzed the Nos re !sultats sont en accord avec l’e !tude de Farella [42], qui a
relationship between the curve of Spee and craniofacial mor- analyse ! la relation entre la courbe de Spee et la morphologie
phology, using a regression model that explained 34% of the craniofaciale en utilisant un mode "le de re !gression permettant
variations. d’expliquer 34 % des variations.
Farella found that the curve of Spee presented anatomical Farella a trouve ! que la courbe de Spee a pre !sente! des varia-
variations that depended above all: tions anatomiques qui de !pendent surtout :
— in the sagittal dimension: on angle SNB, langle ANB and — dans le sens sagittal, de l’angle SNB, de l’angle ANB et de
the distance OM (O: orthogonal projection onto the occlusal la distance OM (O : projection orthogonale sur le plan d’occlu-
plane of the condyl point; M: the most distal point of the 1st sion du point condylion ; M : le point le plus distal de la 1re mo-
molar on the occlusal plane); laire sur le plan d’occlusion) ;
— in the vertical dimension: the ratio S-Go/N-Me (S: sella — dans le sens vertical du rapport S-Go/N-Me (S : selle
turcica; Go: Gonion; N: Nasion; M: Menton). turcique ; Go : gonion ; N : nasion ; Me : menton).
The curve of Spee was not influenced by age or sex. La courbe de Spee n’e ! te
! pas e !te
! influence !e par l’a^ge et le
sexe.

Conclusion Conclusion

This study makes it possible to adopt the 1st hypothesis con- La pre !sente e !tude nous permet de retenir la 1re hypothe "se
cerning crowding (H1) and the 3rd hypothesis concerning the relative à l’encombrement (H1) et la 3e hypothe "se relative aux
positions of the lower incisors (H3) and to reject the 2nd positions des incisives infe !rieures (H3) et de rejeter la
hypothesis concerning the curve of Spee (H2). 2e hypothe "se relative à la courbe de Spee (H2).
It can thus be concluded that the curve of Spee is not corre- Ainsi, nous avons conclu que la courbe de Spee n’e !tait pas
lated with facial divergence, while crowding and incisor posi- corre! le
!e avec la divergence faciale, alors que l’encombrement
tions are positively correlated to a moderate degree with facial et les positions des incisives infe !rieures e
!taient corre
! le
!es posi-
divergence. These results have encouraged further research to tivement et moyennement avec la divergence faciale. Ces
identify other, probably decisive, factors. conside !rations nous ont pousse ! dans la recherche d’autres
facteurs probablement de !terminants.

Disclosure of interest !claration de liens d’inte


De !re
^ts

The authors declare that they have no competing interest. !clarent ne pas avoir de liens d’inte
Les auteurs de ! re
^ ts.

International Orthodontics 2017 ; 15 : 698-707 705


Abdelali Halimi et al.

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