Preface

Human-animal conflict, a phenomenon as old as the history of mankind and that the man had learnt to locally manage
and live with, has over the time become an issue of concern. Whereas there is an increase in instances of the carnivores
venturing into the habitations in the lookout for easy prey, reports of herbivores raiding agricultural crops are also on the
rise. Both these situations cause negative impact on man’s social, economic and cultural life as well as on the conservation
of wildlife populations posing a big challenge to the wildlife managers and researchers.

The state of Himachal Pradesh is also facing the issue of increasing human-animal conflict, with the major animal species
causing such conflict being common leopard, Asiatic black bear, rhesus macaque, nilgai, sambhar and wild pig. The State
Forest Department (Wildlife Wing) undertakes various mitigating measures to reduce such conflicts. A monkey steriliza-
tion program has been under implementation over the past about ten years under which more than 1.25 lakh monkeys
have already been sterilized putting an effective check on the potential buildup of the monkey population in the State.
The forest plantation program has been modified to include planting of wild fruit bearing species. Similarly, the Depart-
ment is in the process of developing comprehensive strategy for the management of nilgai, sambhar and wild boar in the
lower areas of the State. Estimation of populations of these ungulate species is an obvious first step and the Department
has entered into technical collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun for carrying out such estima-
tion in the State.

The present report is the result of pilot survey for estimating ungulate populations in Una district of the State on 23-24
June 2017 and to test the sampling methodology. More than 200 personnel, including forest field staff of Una Forest Di-
vision, Forest Guards from different Wildlife Divisions, Trainee Forest Guards from Forestry Training Institute (FTI),
Sundernagar and representatives of local Panchayats participated in the survey. This pilot survey afforded a very good
hands-on experience to the forest field staff to use latest survey equipment, learn about survey techniques and share expe-
rience with their colleagues from other Divisions. The efforts by this team are commended. Sh. R. K. Dogra, Divisional
Forest Officer, Una Forest Division and Sh. Rahul Sharma, the Assistant Conservator of Forests, Una Forest Division
enthusiastically owned this exercise, made logistic arrangements and keenly participated in the survey. Their contribution
is acknowledged with gratitude. The contribution of Sh. P. L. Chauhan, Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife (Hqrs.),
Sh. N. P. S. Dhaulta, Divisional Forest Officer, Wildlife (Hqrs.) and Dr. Sandeep Rattan, Assistant Director Wildlife in
planning and implementing the survey is acknowledged with gratitude. We would like to put on record sincere thanks to
Dr. V. B. Mathur and Dr. G. S. Rawat, respectively the Director and the Dean, WII, Dehradun for agreeing to provide
technical support to the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department for this important exercise. Our sincere thanks to Shri.
Salvador Lyngdoh, Scientist, WII for training the field teams, efficiently coordinating the survey, analyzing data and draft-
ing this report.

It is hoped that this report will lay the foundation for carrying out ungulate survey in the remaining parts of the State and
in developing appropriate management strategies for addressing human-animal conflict, especially in respect of ungulates
in the State.

Dr. G.S. Goraya, IFS

 Forest staff at data collection on line transect
Contact
Dr. GS Goraya, IFS
Principal Chief Conservator of Forest
(HoFF )
Forest Dept.
Govt. of Himachal Pradesh
Talland Road,
Shimla 171001
[email protected]

Salvador Lyngdoh, Scientist

Dept. of Animal Ecology &
Conservation Biology
Chandrabani 248001
Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun 248001
[email protected]

Suggested Citation : Lyngdoh, S; Rawat, GS & Goraya GS (2017)Prey Population

Photo credits:
Salvador Lyngdoh
of Una, Himachal Pradesh. Survey Report. Himachal Pradesh Forest. Dept. &
Santosh Thakur Wildlife Institute of India, 26 pp. TR No. 2017/008
 Executive Summary

A total of 587 sightings of three major prey species (n=207) and eight minor prey species (n=380) were

observed in 378 km transect. Large prey species recorded were sambar, nilgai and wild pig. Barking

deer, porcupine and hare included other prey. Primates included Hanuman langur and rhesus macaque.

Galliformes included, Khalij Pheasant, Red Jungle fowl and Indian peafowl. Overall mean prey density

(N = abundance in the study area) was 50.96 /km2 (573) in which density/km2 of sambar was estimated

to be 6.31 ± 1 (N = 32) ; nilgai was 11.42 ± 1.56 (57); wild pig was 1.49 ± 0.40 (7); barking deer was

2.24 ± 0.43 (34) ; hare was 1.24 ± 0.43 (19); porcupine was 0.05 ± 0.04 (1); langur was 3.94 ± 1.37

(59); rhesus macaque was 5.26 ± 1.66 (79); Khalij pheasant was 0.82 ± 0.25 (12); peafowl was 12.32 ±

1.59 (185) and red jungle fowl was 5.88 ± 0.88 (88).

Encounter rate along the trails for large ungulates was 0.55/km, primates was 0.07/km, pheasants was

0.74/km and other prey was 0.20/km. Overall encounter rate was 1.55 prey /km walked. Extrapolation

of abundance at district level by considering ecologically potential habitats was done and the ‘potential

number of individuals’ of animals that can occur was determined. Nilgai was between 1772.19 - 3030.79

individuals; sambar was between 1479.68 - 2757.31; wild pig was between 460.67 - 4506.48; barking

deer was between 488..19 - 1052.73; Indian hare was between 408.97 - 1027.22; langur was between

1045.58 - 4063.71; rhesus macaque was between 1477.47 - 5112.53; Khalij pheasant was between 240.55

- 774.04; peafowl was between 4999.88 - 9300 and red jungle fowl was between 2316.89 - 4166.63 indi-

viduals respectively.
Acknowledgements
This survey would not have been possible without the
support of various persons and the dedication of the
frontline staff. This was the first exercise of its kind in
the state.

We wish to express our profound gratitude to

Dr. VB Mathur, Director, WII

Sh. SK Sharma, PCCF, (Mgt.)
Sh. A Srivastava, Registrar, WII
Sh. PL Chauhan, CCF, HPFD
Sh. RK Dogra, DFO, Una
Sh. NPS Dhaulta, DFO, HQ
Sh. R Sharma, ACF, Una
Sh. R Thakur, RFO

Himachal Pradesh Forest Dept.

Director, FTI & Rangers College

Range Officers of Una Forest Division

Field staff of Una Forest Division
Wildlife Wing Staff of HPFD

Adrian Lyngdoh, JRF

Volunteers
Guest House Staff
 contents

Introduction 1

Objectives & Scope 4

Methodology 5

Results 7

Individual Estimates 9
Density Maps 15

Photographs 21

References 22

Annex I 23

Annex II 24

List of Participants
ANIMAL POPULATION ESTIMATION REPORT 2017
 Una Animal Population Estimation
1
Introduction

Wildlife management practices are incomplete without knowledge of relevant prey biomass. The strength of
wildlife management lies in information and decision support systems for timely interventions in the frame-
work of conservation. Various techniques have been developed for monitoring carnivore and ungulate popu-
lations (Burnham et al. 1980; Eberhardt 1978; Sulkawa & Liukko 2007; Laing et al. 2003). Estimating ungulate
abundance in mountainous areas especially remains a challenge (Singh & Milner- Gulland 2011). A plethora of
statistical advances in techniques, the logistical problem of surveying remote areas with constrained resources
have to be considered while sampling for ungulate abundances.
It was proposed in consideration of various limitations in the
Himalayan landscape of Himachal Pradesh a protocol that will
employ optimal logistic effort, efficient utilization of time and
resources, and lastly that will include a robust reliable data of
population estimates for most ungulate species. The current
technique which has been widely used across the country can
be implemented in the state on an experimental basis so as to
expand in future to the rest of the areas in the state. The pro-
tocol was designed to target species such as Sambar (Rusa uni-
color), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Barking deer (Muntiacus
muntjak), Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) and primate species viz. Semno-
pithecus hector and Macaca mulatta. The protocol also was able to
capture taking into consideration logistic constraints galli-
formes such as Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), Indian peafowl
(Pavo cristasus) & Khalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos).

Una is the south-western most district of the state of Hima-

chal Pradesh with a geographical area of 1540 km2. The dis-
trict is covered with 523 km2 of forests of various densities.
The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the district is from
31°-17′- 52″ to 31°-52′- 0″ north and 75°-58′- 02″ to 76°-28′-
25″ east respectively. About two thirds of the district has an
elevation between 300-600 meters and the remaining about
one third between 600-900 meters from the sea level. A few
ridge tops and peaks also have elevation more than 900 me-
ters. River Swan is the main river of the area fed only by rain-
water situated in Shivalik foothills of northwest Himalayas. Its
total length is 55 kms. The river overflows and erodes the
banks during monsoon and causes damages to property and
flora lying near the periphery of the river. Swan Catchment
Area in Una district, Himachal Pradesh

2
Una Animal Population Estimation
3
Objectives & Scope
The current protocol has been systematically designed and to give insights into the presence absence or essen-
tial prey species in the state of Himachal species. It was an initial attempt and for the first time to obtain ab-
solute and robust estimates of prey species in the state in a beat wise, range wise and district wise fashion to
enable managers to effectively use this baseline information for adequate conservation strategies. With the
adequate training of human resource, it was designed to also equip frontline staff in capacity and carrying our
regular exercises in their respective field areas for future monitoring and hence Himachal Pradesh will be one
the few progressive states that have employed such staff in a mass exercise. The generated information on
carnivore presence as well that can be related of ungulate presence and suggest possible factors for conflict
based on prey availability data.
The main objectives of the population estimation exercise were to Adequately lay straight line transects in the
district
 Build capacity of frontline staff in use of modern ungulate population estimate and survey techniques
 Estimate presence of ungulate species in the district of Una
 Estimate population of wild ungulate species namely sambar, nilgai, muntjac, wild pig, langur, rhesus ma-
caque and galliformes in the district
 Standardize a state wise protocol through this exercise for future population estimation exercise and ca-
pacity building

Line Transect: Only objects seen are recorded

The exercise was thus proposed in the following stages and days
Preparation Phase from 13 June to 20 June 2017
Execution Phase from 23 June to 25 June 2017
Analysis Phase from 1 July to 20 August 2017

4
 Una Animal Population Estimation
5
Methodology

Various phase wise execution of the exercise was

carried out and is explained in detail below:

Preparation Phase: This is the first step prior to

leading the survey. All ground personnel were
adequately trained. Initial workshops were con-
ducted in Chail and Sundernagar on the 24th Oct
to 27th Oct, 2016. A second consecutive intensive
workshop was conducted in Una on 13th June
2017 and finally a pre-field briefing and rehearsal
was conducted on 23rd June 2017. The prepara-
tion of this stage involved training, mapping and
on ground deployment of transects.

Execution Phase: The execution phase consist-

ed of a range of information that was collected
which include a) carnivore sign data b) ungulate
encounter data and c) habitat quality data. Ungu-
late encounter data was collected from the tran-
sects that have been laid using a standard proto-
Data was entered in an MS Excel worksheet with details of
col as per distance sampling methodology and
observer, date, transect ID, Beat and other information for
repeated thrice. The survey was completed using
analysis and calculation of population estimates. All these
Distance based Line Transects (Buckland et al.,
were communicated and analyzed at the Wildlife Institute
2005). Trails were also walked in the various of India using Programme DISTANCE and GIS based
beats with varying lengths to record carnivore soft wares. For prey estimation, Distance 6.0 (Thomas et
sign data. Various ungulate pellet counts were al., 2010) software was used to estimate the line transect
also performed along regular intervals of tran- data for prey density estimation. Data was further extrapo-
sects i.e every 400 m for various prey species. lated using available forest cover types as per FSI (2013).
 DISTANCE METHOD

The most common method of estimating animal densities is line

transect method (Eberhart, 1978; Anderson et al., 1979; Burnham
et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 1993; 2001). This method has been
successfully used in south east Asia to estimate the animals densi-
ties (Karanth & Sunquist 1992; Biswas & Sankar 2002; Harihar
2005; Andheria et al., 2007; Wang 2008; Ramesh 2009 & 2011).
Line transect method is practically efficient and in expensive
(Burnham 1980; Buckland et al., 1993, Karanth & Sunquist 1995;
Varman & Sukumar 1995).
Sixty-six (66) line transects were chosen to enumerate the available
prey species from June 24 to 25, 2017 covering a total effort of 368
km and 3,168 Human Hours were spent. Each transect was ap-
proximately 2 km in length and was walked repeatedly 3 times in
the morning hours (4.30 am-7.00 am) and evening hours (5:30 pm
to 8:00 pm) by three observers. Intensive study area was divided in
to beats of 66 numbers and we ensured that beat had least a single
transect. All the transects were marked with GPS coordinates and
the bearing of the transects were obtained using a compass.
For each detection, the time, species, group size, group composi-
Forest cover types considered as
tion, animal bearing, angle (with a compass), sighting distance
potential habitats
(Range finder), sex and age class of the individuals were recorded.
Species Forest Cover Distance and angle were recorded from the center of the cluster.
Nilgai OF +Scrub Density estimates obtained from transects were used to calculate
Sambar VDF + MDF
Wild Pig All the mean group and other relevant parameters. Density ranges at
Barking Deer VDF + MDF 95% CL was multiplied with available potential habitats i.e open
Hare VDF + MDF + OF forest, medium dense forest, very dense forest and scrub categories
Porcupine All
Langur All to determine ‘potential number of individuals’ of animals in the
Rhesus Macaque All landscape.
Khalij pheasant VDF + MDF
Peafowl All Note: Caution should be taken however in using these categories as they only denote ‘ potential no. of
individuals’ of a species. Potential abundance is assumed as number of individuals in an area that can
Red Jungle Fowl VDF + MDF + OF ideally occur if we negate the effects of disturbance, hunting and other harvesting pressures or landscape
heterogeneity. These are not to be treated as actual abundances of animals in the area.

6
 Una Animal Population Estimation
7
Results
A total of 587 sightings of two major prey species (n=207) and seven minor prey species (n=380) were ob-
served in 378 km transect. large prey species constituted sambar and nilgai. Wild pig, barking deer, porcupine
and hare included other prey. Primate species such as Hanuman langur and rhesus macaque. Galliformes in-
cluded, Khalij Pheasant, Red Jungle fowl, and Indian peafowl. Desirable precision level could not be achieved
in some cases due to less than 40 sightings as suggested by Burnham et al., (1980), in such cases data was
pooled for three years to get the density estimation of that species. Overall prey density was 50.96/ km 2 in
which major prey was 21.46 /km2 and minor prey was 29.50 /km2. Encounter rate along the trails was calculat-
ed for large ungulates was 0.55 /km, primates was 0.07/km, pheasants was 0.74/km and other prey was 0.20/
km. Overall encounter rate was 1.55 prey /km walked.

Table 1: Effort and Sampling Intensity of Una Ungulate Estimation Exercise

Estimates Large Ungulates Other Prey Primates Pheasants Total

Effort 378 378 378 378 378
Samples 66 66 66 66 66
Observations 207 74 28 278 587
Effective Strip Width (m) 700 245 80 241 NA
Encounter Rate 0.55 0.20 0.07 0.74 1.55

Table 2: Characteristics of Model and Goodness of fit criteria used in every estimate

The individual esti-

mates of prey have Model Selec-
Groups Goodness of fit Model Definition
tion Criteria
been estimated as
follows. Various ab- Pheasants Probability of a greater chi-square Hazard Rate key, k(y) = 1
breviations denote value, P = 0.93 - Exp(-(y/A(1))**-A(2))
DS: Group Density;
N: Observations;
CV: Co-efficient of Primates Probability of a greater chi-square Half-normal key, k(y) =
value, P = 0.87 Exp(-y**2/(2*A(1)**2))
variation;
LCL: 95% Lower
Confidence Limit; AIC
Large Probability of a greater chi-square Hazard Rate key, k(y) = 1
UCL: 95% Upper Ungulate value, P = 0.93 - Exp(-(y/A(1))**-A(2))
Confidence limit.
Various models were
Other Probability of a greater chi-square Hazard Rate key, k(y) = 1
fitted for smoothen- Prey value, P = 0.97 - Exp(-(y/A(1))**-A(2))
ing of estimates.
 Prey Abundance Estimates

Nilgai was the most abundant large prey in Una with a Density of 11.42 /km2. Among pheasants, peafowl was
the most abundant prey with a density of 12.32 /km2. Similarly, Barking Deer or Muntjac was highest density
among other prey with a density of 2.24 /km2 while Rhesus macaque was the most densely distributed primate
with a density of 5.26/ km2.
Group size indicates the cluster width in each of the species. Peafowl had a group density of 6.13 followed by
Red Jungle fowl (2.93) and Nilgai (2.78). Sambar was known to be seen in solitary or with 2-3 individuals hence
the group size was estimated to be 1.54. Porcupine was sighted only by one observer in one transect hence the
group density as well the densities are low. Peafowl was the most sighted animal during the period of the sur-
vey while porcupine was the least sighted.

Table 3: Individual Density Estimate of Prey species in Una District

N
Individual Density (Mean
DS % CV D LCL D UCL D Model
Estimates (km-2) abundance in
study area)

Nilgai 2.78 11.42 57.00 13.71 8.73 14.93

Sambar 1.54 6.31 32.00 15.93 4.62 8.62

Wild Pig 0.36 1.49 7.00 27.05 0.88 8.62

Hazard/Cosine
Barking Deer 1.69 2.24 34.00 19.58 1.53 3.29

Hare 0.94 1.24 19.00 23.56 0.78 1.96

Porcupine 0.04 0.05 1.00 100.85 0.01 0.25

Langur 0.46 3.94 59.00 34.83 2.00 7.77

Half Normal/Cosine
Rhesus Macaque 0.62 5.26 79.00 31.69 2.83 9.78

Khalij Pheasant 0.41 0.82 12.00 30.75 0.46 1.48

Peafowl 6.13 12.32 185.00 12.84 9.56 15.87 Hazard/Cosine

Red Jungle Fowl 2.93 5.88 88.00 15.11 4.43 7.97

Table 4: Pooled estimates of Density among animal groups

Density Group % CV
Pooled Estimates df LCL Density UCL Density
(km-2 ) Density Density

Pheasants 19.02 9.48 11.45 369.36 14.99 24.15

Primates 4.60 0.54 27.14 52.54 2.69 7.85

Large Ungulate 19.22 4.69 12.45 391.66 15.06 24.52

Other Prey 3.53 2.66 17.48 112.86 2.50 4.97

8
 Una Animal Population Estimation
9
Individual Estimates
Sambar (Rusa unicolor)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

SAMBAR 1.54 6.31 32.00 15.93 4.62 8.62

Sambar (Rusa unicolor) is distributed in much of southern Asia as

far north as the south-facing slopes of the Himalayas, mainland
Southeast Asia. Sambar are nocturnal or crepuscular. The males
live alone for much of the year, and the females live in small
herds of up to sixteen individuals. Indeed, in some areas, the av-
erage herd consists of only three or four individuals, typically
consisting of an adult female, her most recent young, and per-
haps a subordinate, immature female.

Nilgai (Boselaphus tragomelus)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

NILGAI 2.78 11.42 57.00 13.71 8.73 14.93

The nilgai or blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is the larg-

est Asian antelope and is endemic to the Indian subcontinent.
Nilgai are browsers as well as grazers and widely found in the
foothills of the Himalayas. The nilgai is diurnal (active mainly
during the day). The animals band together in three distinct
kinds of groups: one or two females with young calves, three
to six adult and yearling females with calves, and all-male
groups with two to 18 members.
 Wild Pig (Sus scrofa)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

WILD PIG 0.36 1.49 7 25.05 0.88 8.62

The wild boar, also known as the wild swine or Eurasian wild
pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia, North Africa, and the
Greater Sunda islands. In India the wild pig is found all
throughout the country except in the arid areas of Rajasthan and
Gujarat and the high Himalayas. The species in mainly omniv-
orous often venturing into agricultural fields for forage. Wild
pigs are active during the early morning and late afternoon and
can become nocturnal in disturbed areas.

Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

BARKING DEER 1.69 2.24 34 19.58 1.53 3.29

The Barking deer is known as such because of its load dog like bark
when alarmed. It is a widely distributed species found in the penin-
sular, Terrai as well as Northeastern states in in India. It is a solitary
animal but can be commonly sighted with one or more individuals.
The Muntjac is a crepuscular animal that is active during the dawn
and the dusk periods mostly. It is an important prey species of
many large as well as medium sized carnivores. The Muntjac is
widely hunted for its meat however it is listed as a Least Concern
species as well by the IUCN.

10
 Una Animal Population Estimation
11
Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

HARE 0.94 1.24 19.00 23.56 0.78 1.96

The Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), also known as the black-

naped hare, is a common species of hare found in the Indi-
an Subcontinent. The Indian hare is distributed throughout
India, except the high reaches of the Himalayas and man-
grove areas within the Sundarbans in the state of West Ben-
gal. However, the population in India is subjected to severe
fragmentation due to expanding agricultural fields and pres-
sure on forest in terms of fuel wood collection and some-
times illegal hunting.

Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

PORCUPINE 0.04 0.05 1.00 100.85 0.01 0.25

This species has been recorded in Turkey and the eastern

Mediterranean through southwest and central Asia
(including Afghanistan and Turkmenistan) to Pakistan, In-
dia, Nepal, China and Sri Lanka. A very widespread species
with no major threats, hence is assessed as Least Concern.
It is a myth that quills are shot to the attacker but rather it
rattles them which on contact are forced back into the at-
tacker. Mostly a nocturnal animal
 Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus hector)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

HANUMAN LANGUR 0.46 3.94 59.00 34.83 2.00 7.77

This species is found in a variety of habitats, such as moist

deciduous forest of the Siwaliks, to oak forest in higher alti-
tudes. This species occurs in Bhutan, northern India
(Uttaranachal, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal), and Nepal. It
is found in the Himalayan foothills from Rajaji National Park
(Uttaranchal) in the west to near Pankhabari (southwestern
Bhutan) in the east, and throughout in between (Brandon-
Jones 2004).

Rhesus macaque (Macaca mullata)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

RHESUS MACAQUE 0.62 5.26 79.00 31.69 2.83 9.78

A diurnal and omnivorous macaque which is commensal with

humans. It is capable of residing in various habitats from urban to
desert and even forested habitats. This species is arboreal and ter-
restrial. It resides in a range of habitats, including temperate co-
niferous, moist and dry deciduous, bamboo, and mixed forests,
mangroves, scrub, rainforest, and around human habitations and
developments, including cultivated areas, temples, and roadsides.
Capture and release of laboratory and “problem monkeys” from
rural and urban areas into natural forests is a major threat to wild
macaques.

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 Una Animal Population Estimation
13
Khalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

KHALIJ PHEASANT 0.41 0.82 12.00 30.75 0.46 1.48

This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not
approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size
criterion. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to
be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid
to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population
trend criterion. Males are rather variable depending on the sub-
species involved, but all have an at least partially glossy bluish-
black plumage, while females are overall brownish. Both sexes
have a bare red face and greyish legs.
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

RED JUNGLE FOWL 2.93 5.88 88.00 15.11 4.43 7.97

The species is native to Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; Chi

na; India; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Ma-
laysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore;
Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam. They are omnivorous and
feed on insects, seeds and fruits, including those that are cul-
tivated. Red jungle fowl regularly bathe in dust to keep just
the right balance in their plumage

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)

SPECIES DS DENSITY (KM-2) N % CV D LCL D UCL D

PEAFOWL 6.13 12.32 185.00 12.84 9.56 15.87

The Indian peacock has iridescent blue and green plumage.

The peacock "tail," known as a "train," consists not of tail quill
feathers, but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feath-
ers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans
his tail. Both sexes of all species have a crest atop the head.
The Indian peahen has a mixture of dull grey, brown, and
green in her plumage. The female also displays her plumage to
ward off female competition or signal danger to her young..
The global population size has not been quantified, but the
species is reported to be common to locally very common.

14
Una Animal Population Estimation
15
16
Una Animal Population Estimation
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18
Una Animal Population Estimation
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 Notes

20
Una Animal Population Estimation
21
 References

Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R., & Laake, J. L. (1980). Estimation of density from line transect sampling
of biological populations. Wildlife monographs, (72), 3-202.
Eberhardt, L. L. (1978). Transect methods for population studies. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1-31.
Sulkava, R. T., & Liukko, U. M. (2007, January). Use of snow-tracking methods to estimate the abundance
of otter (Lutra lutra) in Finland with evaluation of one-visit census for monitoring purposes. In Annales
Zoologici Fennici (pp. 179-188). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board.
Laing, S. E., Buckland, S. T., Burn, R. W., Lambie, D., & Amphlett, A. (2003). Dung and nest surveys: esti-
mating decay rates. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(6), 1102-1111.
Singh, N. J., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2011). Conserving a moving target: planning protection for a migrato-
ry species as its distribution changes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(1), 35-46.
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the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8(1), 21-35.
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273-287.

22
 Una Animal Population Estimation
23
Annex I: Detail of Trail & Leopard History in past 12 Months

S.no. Beat Name Trail Name Leopard Activity in past 12 Months

1 Dhiunsar DPF Dhuinsar to UPF Kharian Yes
2 Mo-Miniar Road side Tiyari to UPF Tiyar No
3 Cowki Chowki to Baduhi No
4 Amroh Baghmal to Kukhera No
5 Ban Dhanet Buhana to Matiana ( CAMP) No
6 Saili UPF Balkhalsa to UPF Chulehri No
7 Makrer UPF Makrer to Makrer No
8 Mandli UPF Dohak to UPF Ramgarh Awarala No
9 Kariara Harinagar to UPF Kothi Yes
10 Bohru UPF Lidkot to UPF Chulehri No
11 Raipur Pvt. Area Raipur to UPF Kolka No
12 Paroian DPF Thappal to UPF Paroain Yes
13 Bhadarkali R1 Pangel C-5 to Bharamshala Mahata No
14 Joh Pvt.land Joh to R1 Panjal C-19 No
15 Saloh-beri R1 pangal c-32 to R1 Panjal C-30 No
16 Dauletpur Kuha Devi to S.L Dauletpur No
17 Nangal Jarialan Chalet to Amboa Yes
18 Sangnai Jeetpur Behri to Deoli No
19 Chowar Mather to R-2 Lahra AC-4 No
20 Sidhchlahar R-II Lohara AC-10 to AC-9 Yes
21 Rampur Kuthera RII-Lohara AC-19 Yes
22 Bharwain RII-Lohara BC-3 to BC-12 No
23 Kinoo Kinoo to Kinoo Lohara No
24 Guret R-II Lohara BC-8,BC-II No
25 Badhmana Buri Sidh to Behma No
26 Prithipur Pirthipur (Pedhu ) To R-I Panjal C-9 No
27 Bangana 1UPF Masoth to UPF Mandu Yes
28 Paniala Naloot to pansai No
29 Kanura Tiyara to tureta No
30 Solasingi Jandana to Chamiari No
31 Sarkeru Jamun wali Khad to Kharohwali khad No
32 Akor de Dhar Akor de Dhar yes
33 Chauli DPF Sahari Baleha to putarea kulthu Yes
34 Bharmout Sir Bramana to Sir Rajpur No
35 Arloo Nahri to oel No
36 Piploo Chatehad to Samlara No
37 Haroli Haroli near civil hospital No
38 Badhera Damsuha Khad yes
39 panjawar Tanki balui khad from khad pool No
40 Saloh Law college to Khud Saloh No
41 Behdala Behdala near GHS Yes
42 Bangarh Bangarh No
43 Polain Tibbain to polain No
44 Pandoga M.S.C ispur to Panyal Yes
45 Lamlehari Lamlehari No
46 Kungrath Chhetran to Kungrath No
47 Dulehal heeran nagar to dulehar No
48 Palkwah Palkwah Bhaida to takkran No
49 Singan Beeton to Bat kalan No
50 Una Railway bridge raisery No
51 Basal Basal Damandni Road No
52 Nehri Choudhary ( Bhera ) to Charan ganga Khod No
53 Thathal Kistheri to iso therkalan No
54 Amb Kuther to khurd kuthera No
55 Bhera Charuruto to Haroli No
56 Badoh Danduwal to Lawaya bali Khuni No
57 Jadla Thodda dig to kakdala panga No
58 Mawa Sindhian Bara to pine Slope No
59 Gagret Bhuha bela to Aniherata bulding No
60 Jowar Nari Road acla to Parah No
61 Lambar Sail Patehar to Gangoti No
62 Kotla Jattabula to Sunethari beat No
63 Suri Kinnu tres No
64 Dar Gujran Burrji No.8 to Cheed tree No
 Annex II : Detail of Transect Walked
Transect Name km Range Beat
DPF Dhuinsar to UPF Kharian 2 Ramgarh Dhiunsar
Roadside Tiyar to UPF Tiyar 2 Ramgarh Mo-Maniar
Chowki to Baduhi 1.6 Ramgarh Chowki
Baghmal to Kukhera 1.8 Ramgarh Amroh
Buhana to Matiana ( CAMP) 1.6 Ramgarh Ban Dhanet
UPF Balkhalsa to UPF Chulehri 2.1 Ramgarh Saili
UPF Makrer to Makrer 1.8 Ramgarh Makrair
UPF Dohak to UPF Ramgarh Awarala 1.8 Ramgarh Mandli
Harinagar to UPF Kothi 2 Ramgarh Kariara
UPF Lidkot to UPF Chulrhri 1.6 Ramgarh Bohru
Pvt. Area Raipur to UPF Kolka 2.24 Ramgarh Raipur
DPF Thappal to UPF Paroian 1.6 Ramgarh Raipur
R1 Pangel C-5 to Bharamshala Mahata 2 Bharwain Bhadarkali
Pvt.Land Joh to R1 Panjal C-19 2 Bharwain Joh
R1 pangal c-32 to R1 Panjal C-30 1.5 Bharwain Saloh -Beri
Kuha Devi to S.L Dauletpur 1.8 Bharwain Dauletpur
Chalet to Amboa 1.9 Bharwain Nangal Jarialan
Jeetpur Behri to Deoli 1.7 Bharwain Sangnai
Mather to R-2 Lahra AC-4 1.5 Bharwain Chowar
R-II Lohara AC-10 to AC-9 1.5 Bharwain Sidhchlahar
RII-Lohara AC-19 1.5 Bharwain Rampur Kuthera
RII-Lohara BC-3 to BC-12 1.5 Bharwain Bharwain
Kinoo to Kinoo Lohara 1.5 Bharwain Kinoo
R-II Lohara BC-8,BC-II 1.8 Bharwain Guret
Buri Sidh to Behma 1.5 Bharwain Badhmana
Pirthipur (Pedhu ) To R-I Panjal C-9 2 Bharwain Prithipur
1UPF Masoth to UPF Mandu 2 Bangana Bangana
Naloot to pansai 2.17 Bangana Paniala
Tiyara to tureta 2.5 Bangana Kanura
Jandna to Chamiari 3 Bangana Solasingi
Jamun wali Khad to Kharohwali khad 2 Bangana Sarkeru
Akoi de Dhar 4 Bangana Akoi de Dhar
DPF Sahari Baleha to putarea kulthu 1.6 Bangana Chauli
Sir Bramana to Sir Rajpur 2 Bangana Bharmout
Nahri to oel 2 Bangana Arloo
Chatehad to Samlara 2 Bangana Piploo
Harali near civil hospital 1.6 Una Haroli
Damsuha Khad 1.6 Una Badhera
Tanki balui khad from khad pool 1.6 Una Panjawra
Law college to Khud Saloh 1.6 Una Saloh
Behdala near GHS 2.2 Una Behdala
Bangarh 2.1 Una Bangarh
Tibbain to polain 1.6 Una Polain
M.S.C ispur to Panyal 1.6 Una Pandaga
Lamlehari 1.7 Una Lamlehari
Chhetran to Kungrath 1.6 Una Kungrath
heeran nagar to dulehar 1.8 Una Dulehar
Palkwah Bhaida to takkran 1.6 Una Palkwah
Beeton to Bat kalan 1.6 Una Singa
Railway bridge raisery 2 Una Una
Jambar Main Road Bridge 2 Una Takka
Basal Damandni Road 1.8 Una Basal
Choudhary ( Bhera ) to Charan ganga Khod 1.6 Amb Nehri
Kistheri to iso therkalan 2 Amb Thathal
Kuther to khurd kuthera 2 Amb Amb
Charuruto to Haroli 2 Amb Bhara
Danduwal to Lawaya bali Khuni 2 Amb Badoh
Thodda dig to kakdala panga 2 Amb Jadla
Bara to pine Slope 2 Amb Mawa Sindhian
Bhuha bela to Aniherata bulding 2 Amb Gagret
Nari Road acla to tarah 2 Amb Jowar
Nari Road acla to Parah 2 Amb Jowar
Patehar to Gangoti 2 Amb Lambar Sail
Jattabula to Sunethari beat 2 Amb Kotla
S/L Palahar Bar 1.5 Amb Repoh
Kinnu tres 1.6 Amb Suri
Burrji No.8 to Cheed tree 2 Amb Dar gujran

24
 Una Animal Population Estimation
List of Participants in the Survey

P. L. Chauhan CCF PAN Ritesh Kumar (WLG) Ram Swaroop (PR) Ranjit Singh Fgd
NPS Dhaulta DFO( Hqr) Rakesh Kumar (WLG) Kehar Singh ( PR) Thakur Dass Fgd
Dr. Sandeep Rattan Assistant Director Harmesh Chand (Mali) Devender Singh (T) Ajay Kumar Fgd
O/o PCCF( WL) Talland Shimla Neha (WLG) Mohinder (MPW) Ajay Kumar Fgd
Sh. Sadique Mhd. (FW) Sh. Subhash Chand (T) Anju Bala Fgd.
R.K.Dogra ( DFO Una)
Sh.Ajay Kumar (Fgd) Multan Singh Fgd
Rahul Sharma ACF Una Raj Kumar (DR)
Kavita Fgd
Raj Kumar (T) Nand Kishore (T)
Rahul Sharma ACF Una Tilak Raj
Rajni (WLG) Japan Singh (PR)
Rajesh Thakur RFO Kishori Lal Fgd
Parkash Chand (DR) Puvinder Singh (WL)
Bal Krishan Fgd
Hem Raj RFO Narayan Singh (T) Rajeev Kumar (PR) Bahadur Singh FG
Rajinder Singh DR Sanjeev Singh (WL) Avtar Singh (PR) Ashok Kumar FG
Bishan Dass DR Dhanwant Singh (T) Som Nath Pawan Kumar FG
Ramesh Chand DR Pooja Thakur (T) Rakesh Kumar (PR) Munish kumar FG
Sunil Kumar (WL) Deepak (PR) Ajay Kumar FG
Pawan Kumar DR
Sunil Kumar (T) Diksha (T) Arjun Kumar FG
Satnam Singh DR Kishore FG
Bhupinder Sing (WL) Chaman Lal (T)
Santosh Kumar Thakur WL Pawn Kumar (PR ) Surjit singh FG
Vishal Tandan
Sachin Fgd Iqwal Singh (PR) Jasmer singh FG
Dalip Singh (WL)
Jagdev FG
Kapil Dev Fgd Vinod Kumar (T) Jyoti (T)
Dinesh kumar Fg
Sanjeev Kumar Fgd Sapna Thakur (T) Manmohan Sharma (T)
Pradeep singh FG
Kanchan Sharma (T) Anjali (WL)
Pardeep Kumar Fgd Vikrant FG
Deep Ram (WL) Kavita (T) Rattan Chand Fgd
Shashi Bala Fgd
Anita kumara (T) Devi Singh (WL) Sanjeev Kumar FG
Surjit Singh Fgd Kapil Sharma (T
Arun Kumar (T) Madhu Bala
Narender Patial Fgd Aanchal Kumar (T) Sachin (T) Ajit singh Rana
Shakti Singh Fgd Manoj (T) Jasmer Singh (PR) Abhishek jaswal
Usha Devi Fgd Shashi kumar Kritika Rana (T) Arun Kumar
Atul Mahender (T) Man Singh (T) Ranjeet Singh
Rohit Kumar Fgd.
Dharam pal FW Raj Kumar (WL) Sandeep
Surjit Singh Fgd. Rajesh kumar
Bhim sen (T) Surender Kumar (T)
Manjeet Singh Fgd. Gurdev Singh FG
Ranjit singh rana DR Sarita (WL)
Rampal Singh Fgd Narender Kumar
Sandeep kumar Gurmit (T)
Rakesh kumar
Anant Ram Fgd. Aanchal (T) Jatinder Kumar (T)
Udham singh FG
Sunil Kumar Fgd Gajjan Singh Neeru Sharma (T) Sanjeev Kumar
Jyoti Devi. Fgd Reena (WL) Sunny Kumar (T) Sohan Singh (FW)
Jitender Kumar (T) Surya bhagat Negi (WL) Aarti Fgd.
Abhishek Fgd
Tilak Raj FW Subh Bala (DR) Subhash (Mali)
Karam Chand Fgd
Vinod Kumar PR Gurdev singh Tarsem (FW)
Ajay Kumar Fgd Brahma Nand Kewal Singh (Fgd)
Mohd. Ali DR
Jyoti Sharma Fgd Mohd. Rafi PR Baldev singh FW Joginder Singh (FW)
Tersem Fgd Balwant singh P.R Neelma Fgd
Bakhtaber Singh FW
Sanjeev Kumar P.R Guddu (T)
Ankita Fgd Hoshiar Singh PR
Raman Kumar P.R Pawan Kumar (DR)
Jaswant Singh Goldy PR
Kuldeep Kumar (T)
Yashpal (T) Gurdial chand
Ajay Kumar Fgd Amit Kumar (Fgd)
Kamaljeet (T) Liaquit Ali,Ashish WL
Sanjeev Kuamr Kulbhushan (T)
Pankaj Kumar PR Kashmir singh P.R
Usha (WLG)
Gopal Singh Fgd Kiran chandel (T)
Balbir FW Kuldeep sing (T)
Akash Singh fgd Shampal PR Vijay Kumar (WL) Rakesh Kumar FW
Janam Singh Naresh (T) Beena Devi (WL) Sashi Bhushan FG
Gaffur (MPW) Sukhdev FW Rattan Chand FW Mahender Singh
Khudabaksh FW
Lucky Kumar PR
Sher Singh FW
Ved Ram (T)
Ranjod singh PR
Lucky (T)
Seva Dass FW
Rohit PR
Rahul Negi (T)
Darshan Lal FW
Bhupinder Singh (WLG)
Rakesh Kumar ( WLG)

DFO:- Divisional Forest Officer

ACF: - Assistant Conservator of Forest
RFO:- Range Forest Officer
DR:- Deputy Ranger
Fgd – Forest Guard
WL/WLG: - Wildlife Guard
T:- Trainee from FTI Sundarnagar
PR:- Panchayat Representative
FW:- Forest Worker
MPW:- Multi-purpose Worker