MOALF/SHEP PLUS
Japan International Cooperation Agency Agriculture and Food Authority Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
Horticultural Crops Directorate State Department for Crop Development & Agricultural Research
Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment & Promotion Project
for Local and Up-Scaling (SHEP PLUS)
“Changing Farmers’ Mindset from “Grow and Sell” to ”Grow to Sell””
CHILI PRODUCTION
Presented to the County & AFA (HCD) Staff in charge of the
SHEP PLUS Model Farmer Groups during the FT-FaDDE
Prepared by SHEP PLUS
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
1. Introduction:
1.1 Background
• Chili is a member of the Solanaceae family which includes
crops such as Potato, Tomato, Black Nightshade and Egg
Plant among others
• Chili is a plant of tropical and subtropical regions grown
for their fleshy fruits
• Fruits are consumed fresh, dried or in processed form as
a table vegetable or spice
• Chili produces pungent chemical called capsaicin
• Scoville scale is used to measure pungency with sweet
peppers being mild & Cayenne scorching
• Fruits are a rich source of Vitamin A & C, B6. Also high in
K, Mg, and Fe (AVRDC).
2
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
1.2 Common Varieties
1-1 1-2
Photo: © Maja Dumat Photo: SHEP PLUS
Source:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/blumenbiene/6133232355
https://www.southdevonchillifarm.co.uk/onli
ne-shop/chilli-seeds/long-slim-cayenne-
chilli-seeds/
“Long Cayenne” “African Bird’s Eye
Chili”
3
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
1.2 Common Varieties
“Long Cayenne”:
• Plant is tall and highly productive
• Fruits are long and slim (10cm)
• The flesh is very thin and very pungent
• A popular export variety
• Also suitable for local fresh market and drying
“African Bird’s Eye (ABE) Chili”:
• Plants are perennials that grow as shrubs (bushy)
• Fruits are small, clustered, erect, conical and
pointed (up to 3cm long)
• Immature pod color is green, mature color is
bright red or purple
• Fruits are extremely pungent (hot) 4
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
1.3 Other Varieties
• Anaheim
• Fresno
• Jalapeno
• Rocket
• Short Bullet
5
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1.3 Optimal Ecological Requirements
Altitude 0 – 1,200 metres above
sea level
Rainfall 600 – 1,200 mm of rainfall
annually
Growing 20 – 30 0C
Temperature
Soils •Various soil types that
are well drained
•pH range 6.0 – 6.5
6
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
2. G20 technologies
Make sure to support farmers carry out G20
techniques for any crop
1. Market survey 7. Incorporating crop
2. Crop planting residues
calendar 8. Basal application of
3. Soil testing compost/ manure
4. Composting 9. Recommended
5. Use of quality practices of seedling
planting materials preparation/
seedlings from
6. Recommended land registered nursery
preparation practices 7
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
2. G20 technologies
10.Recommended 16.Safe and effective
spacing use of pesticides
11.Recommended 17.Use of harvesting
fertilizer application indices
rate 18.Appropriate post
12.Supplementing harvest handling
water containers
13.Timely weeding 19.Value addition
14.Top-dressing techniques
15.IPM practices 20.Keeping farm
records 8
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.1 Raising Seedlings
3-5
Photo: SHEP PLUS
A transplanted chili seedling
9
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.1 Raising Seedlings
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q9)
• Chili can be established through the nursery
• The seed rate is about 75 g/acre
Nursery Site Selection:
• The nursery should be sited in a plot that has not
been planted with a member of Solanaceae
family for the last 3 years
• Choose a site with rich, well drained, friable
soil
• Choose an area near a water source and
protected from animals
10
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3.1 Raising Seedlings Cont’
Nursery Establishment:
• Nursery bed: 1 m width by any desired length
• Till until soil is fine
• Mix soil with 10 – 15 kg of potent manure per
square meter
• Sow the seeds 1.5 cm deep in holes at a
spacing of 15 – 20 cm apart
• Cover the bed with mulch and water thoroughly
11
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.1 Raising Seedlings Cont’
Nursery Establishment Cont’:
• Use of seedling trays is recommended,
especially for expensive hybrid seeds
• Seedling trays offer more uniform germination
and growth
Management of Nursery:
• Water once a day
• Where possible, check soil moisture before
watering
12
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.1 Raising Seedlings Cont’
Management of Nursery Cont’:
• As soon as seeds start germinating, remove
mulch and create a temporary shade above
the seedbed (about 50 %), using shade net or
grass mulch
• Monitor for disease and pests regularly and
react accordingly
• Germination is complete after 1 to 3 weeks
• Seedlings should be hardened off in the 4th
and 5th week after emergence by reducing
shade and watering frequency to 3 times per
week 13
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3.2 Transplanting
3.2.1 Appropriate Time:
• Seedlings are ready for transplanting 5 – 6 weeks
after emergence (4 – 6 leaf stage)
• Transplanting done at the beginning of the rainy
season to give seedlings a good start
• Water nursery beds before lifting the seedlings with a
ball of soil around their roots
• Plant seedlings when temperatures are low
3.2.2 Recommended Spacing
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q10):
• Spacing: 60 X 40 cm or 70 X 30 cm are
recommended depending on variety
• Plant population: 16,666-19,000 14
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3.5 Transplanting Cont’
3.2.3 Fertilizer Application Rates
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q11):
• A basic dressing of 100 kg per acre of TSP or
DAP depending on soil analysis results
• Well decomposed manure should be
incorporated at a rate of 10 tones per acre
• Both fertilizer and manure should be well
incorporated in the soil before transplanting
15
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3.4 Water Requirement
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q12)
• Plants should be provided with adequate water
which is well distributed. Crop irrigation should
be considered in areas experiencing rainfall
below 600mm/year
• During fruit development, water stress will lead
to fruit and flower abortion
16
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3.5 Top-dressing
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q14)
• Top-dressing can be done first when plants are about 15
cm, then 4 weeks later for the second time
• 1st top-dressing:
• In acidic Soils: 40 kg per acre of CAN
• In alkaline Soils: 50 kg per acre of SA (Sulphate of
Ammonia)
• Foliar feeds high in magnesium are desirable on alkaline
soils
• 2nd top-dressing: 80 kg per acre of CAN or SA
Note: Type of fertilizer and application rate will depend on
results of soil analysis
17
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3.6 Pests & Diseases Control:
(GHCP&PHHT20: Q15 & 16)
3.6.1 Major Pests
A. False Coddling Moth
B. Aphid
C. Cutworm
D. Thrips
E. Red Spider Mite
F. Root-knot Nematode
18
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3.6.1.A: False Codling Moth
3-13a 3-13b
Photos: Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org (CC BY-NC 3.0 US)
Adult and larva of false codling moth
19
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.A: False Codling Moth
Identification:
• The adult is nocturnal and attracted to light
• When full grown, the larva descends to the
ground on a silken thread and spins a tough
silken cocoon in the soil or amongst debris.
Symptoms:
• On fruits, the young larvae mines just beneath
the surface, or bores into the pith causing
premature ripening of the fruits
20
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.A: False Codling Moth
Control:
3-13
• Use of Pheromone Trap
• Sanitation, crop rotation
with non-host crops such as
beans, carrots
• Destruction of wild and
cultivated hosts
• Control of weeds
Note: use of trap crops e.g.
sorghum has shown promise
as a trap crop against the
Photo: SHEP PLUS
pest in cotton
21
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.B: Aphid
3-14
Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Aphids on a leaf
22
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3.6.1.B: Aphid
Identification:
• Aphids are soft-bodied insects that cluster in
shaded areas on the leaves, stems and
blossoms
• Winged aphids move from field to field
spreading viral diseases
Symptoms:
• Sticky honey dew
• Feeding injury in the form of curling leaf
margins, yellow spots & leaf distortion
23
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3.6.1.B: Aphid Cont’
Symptoms Cont’:
• Leaf drop if infestation is severe
• Low production and sun scald of fruit
• Stained fruits with Aphid excreta
Control:
• Introduce natural enemies, such as Ladybird Beetle, parasitic
wasps such as Aphidius transcaspinus (“APHITECH”)
• Spray with insecticides, such as Acetamiprid (PRESENTO
200 SP®), Thiacloprid 480 g/L (CALYPSO SC 480®)
24
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.C: Cutworm
3-15
Photo: By Neil Phillips from uk (Large Yellow Underwing caterpiller) [CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Phillips_-_Large_Yellow_Underwing_caterpiller_(by).jpg
Cutworm larva
25
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.C: Cutworm
Identification:
• Many species of cutworm exist
• They are grey, brown or black soft-bodied,
smooth larva of a large family of moths
• They curl-up tightly when disturbed
• They feed at night
Symptoms:
• Cutting of the stems at the base
26
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.C: Cutworm
Control:
• Remove by hands since the pest is easily found
near the damaged plant, especially at the
beginning of infestation
• Manage Weeds: early weeding destroys sites
for egg laying
• Plough the field: ploughing exposes the pest to
its predators and desiccation
27
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.D: Thrips
3-16
Source: Andrew Derksen, USDA-APHIS, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Thrips on a Chili leaf
28
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.D: Thrips
Identification:
• Extremely small, long, thin, brown/black
insects with piercing (sucking mouthparts)
• They suck sap from plants and can produce a
new generation every 2 weeks
Symptoms:
• Silver or grey-white spots with black faecal
dots
• Small warts on the underside of leaf caused by
egg deposition
• Distorted leaves that curl upward 29
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.D: Thrips Cont’
Symptoms Cont’:
• Damaged fruits appear brown or silver at areas
near the calyx
• Heavy infection causes premature wilting,
delay in leaf development and distortion of
young shoots
Control:
• Plough and harrow before transplanting to kill
pupae in the soil
• Use of pesticides such as Spinosad (Tracer 480
SC®), Thiocyclam (Evisect S®), Diazinon
(Diazate 540EW®) 30
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.E: Red Spider Mite
3-18
Photo: Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Red Spider Mite on a leaf
31
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.E: Red Spider Mite
Identification:
• Red Spider Mites are minute 8-legged reddish,
greenish or yellow moving dots on underside of
leaves
Symptoms:
• Leaves curl downwards (inverted spoon)
• A bronzed (golden brown) or russeted
appearance on leaves and fruits
• If uncontrolled, plants die
32
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.E: Red Spider Mite
Control:
• Apply pesticides such as: Diazate 540EW (a.i.
Diazinon) and neem oil formulations
• Mites rapidly develop resistance to pesticides.
To avoid development of resistance, farmers
need to:
- Use miticides such as Amitraz (Mitac 20EC®)
- Avoid preventive spraying
- Use the recommended dosage
33
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.F: Root-knot Nematode
3-20
David L. Clement, University of Maryland, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Symptom of infested roots: Galls
(swellings on roots)
34
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.F: Root-knot Nematode
Identification:
• Nematode is microscopic, eel-like roundworm
that live in the soil and feeds on roots
• They cause physical damage that interferes with
uptake of water & nutrients and allow
establishment of other diseases
Symptoms:
• Galls (swellings) on roots: injury is more severe
in Sandy Soils
• Plant stunting and leaf wilting
35
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.1.F: Root-knot Nematode
Cont’
Control:
• Practice crop rotation
• Mixed cropping with African Marigold
• Maintaining high levels of organic matter in
the soil, especially in Sandy Soils
• Use some bio products e.g.) Neem extracts
36
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2 Major Diseases &
Physiological Disorders
• The following are the major diseases and
physiological disorders of Chili in Kenya:
a. Damping-off
b. Anthracnose
c. Powdery Mildew
d. Chili Mosaic
e. Fusarium Wilt
f. Bacterial Leaf Spot
g. Phytophthora Blight
37
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.a: Damping-off
3-21
Photo: © A.A. Seif, icipe http://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Pests/Damping-diseases
“Damping-off” symptoms on seedlings
38
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.a: Damping-off
General Descriptions:
• This disease is soil borne
Symptoms:
• Seedlings killed before emergence
• Water soaking and shriveling of emerged stem
Control:
• Avoid siting seedbed on infested field
• Avoid excessive fertilization and watering to
young seedlings while still at nursery bed
• Soil drenching with Metalaxyl-M + Mancozeb
(AMIDIL 68WG®) as per label directions
39
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.b: Anthracnose
3-23
Photo: Rui map Zheng, Bugwood.org (CC BY-NC 3.0 US)
Anthracnose on a pepper fruits
40
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.b: Anthracnose
General Descriptions:
• The disease spreads rapidly during wet
weather, in high temperatures and is normally
dispersed by a splash
• The disease is seed-borne and infection is more
likely to arise from debris or old fruits
Symptoms:
• Dark, round, sunken necrotic tissues which
reach an inch in diameter
• Dark raised specks are produced in the spots
which contain spores
41
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.b: Anthracnose Cont’
Note:
• Severe losses occur during rainy weather if
timely control is not initiated
Control:
• Use clean seed
• Practice crop rotation
• Mulching to minimize water splash
• Spray fungicide during favorable environmental
conditions e.g. Propineb (Antracol WP70®)
42
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.c: Powdery Mildew
3-25
Photo: © A. A. Seif & B. Nyambo, icipe
http://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Peppers#
Powdery white growth on underside
of Chili leaves 43
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.c: Powdery Mildew
General Descriptions:
• The disease is characterized by white fungal
growth on the lower leaf surface leading to
defoliation, hence fruits are sun burned
• This problem normally occurs late in the
season and results in reduced photosynthetic
activity with a consequent yield loss
• It is a serious problem if irrigation is
mismanaged
44
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.c: Powdery Mildew Cont’
Symptoms:
• Powdery fungal growth on the underside of the
leaves
• The upper leaf surface of infected leaves may
show a yellow or brownish colour
• The edges of infected leaves eventually roll
upward, exposing the fungus discoloration
45
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.c: Powdery Mildew Cont’
Control:
• Sanitation practices (removing and destroying
infected crop debris and weed control) in and
around Chili fields
• Spray with fungicides e.g.) Sulphur (Thiovit
Jet®, COSAVET DF®, FLOSUL PLUS®, Sulfur
dusts (sulfur dusts can be used on organically
grown Chili)
46
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.d: Viral Diseases
3-26
Photo: Florida Division of Plant Industry , Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Cucumber Mosaic Virus infection
47
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.d: Chili Mosaic
General Descriptions:
• The disease is transmitted by vectors
Symptoms:
• Light green and dark green patches on the
leaves
• Distortion of leaves
• Stunted plant growth during early stages
• Yellowing, chlorotic ring spots on leaves and
fruits
48
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.d: Chili Mosaic Cont’
Control:
[CMV Origin]
• Control Aphids
[TMV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMV) Origin]
• Soil bourne Crop rotation
• Seed bourne use of clean certified seeds
[All]
• Contact extra care during field activities
• Eliminate weed hosts
• Rogue out and burn affected plants including
alternative hosts immediately 49
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.e: Fusarium Wilt
3-27
Photo: © A. A. Seif & B. Nyambo, icipe
http://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Peppers#
Chili infected with “Fusarium Wilt”
50
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.e: Fusarium Wilt
General Descriptions:
• The fungus lives indefinitely in the soil and is
spread through irrigation water
• It is very susceptible to changes in temperature
and soil moisture
• The optimum temperature for disease
development is 24°C – 27°C
• Soil moisture has the greatest influence
• The wilt does Not occur in dry soil, but it is
serious in poorly drained fields
51
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.e: Fusarium Wilt Cont’
Symptoms:
• Drooping and yellowing of lower leaves
followed by wilting of the entire plant
• Leaves on infected plants remain attached and
the vascular system of the plant is discoloured,
particularly in the lower stem and roots
Control:
• Crop rotation ensuring land is free from
Solanaceous crops for 3 years
• Improve drainage
• Use resistant varieties
52
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.f: Bacterial Leaf Spot
3-29
Photo: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US)
Leaf spot on the leaves of Chili
53
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.f: Bacterial Leaf Spot
General Descriptions:
• This disease is seed-borne
Symptoms:
• The leaves exhibit small circular or irregular
dark brown or black greasy spots
• As the spots enlarge in size, the center becomes
lighter surrounded by a dark band of tissue
• The spot coalesce to form irregular lesions
• Severely affected leaves become chlorotic and
fall off
54
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.f: Bacterial Leaf Spot
Cont’
Symptoms Cont’:
• Petioles and stems are also affected
• Stem infection leads to formation of cankerous
growth and wilting of branches
• On the fruits, the disease causes small blister-
like irregular spots which later turn brown and
develop a warty appearance
55
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.f: Bacterial Leaf Spot
Cont’
Control:
• Use of certified seed
• Avoid siting seedbed on infested field
• Avoid excessive fertilization and watering to
young seedlings while still in a nursery bed
• Crop rotation
• Spray copper based fungicides e.g. Copper
oxychloride (Amicop 50WP®, Cobox 50WP®)
56
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.g: Phytophthora Blight
3-30
Photo: By Don Ferrin, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US) -
Forestryimages.org, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17112413
Symptom of “Phytophthora Blight” on a
Chili plant
57
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.g: Phytophthora Blight
General Descriptions:
• The highly destructive disease becomes a
serious problem during periods of heavy rainfall
• It affects both young seedlings and mature
plants
Symptoms:
• Young Seedlings: typical Damping-off
symptoms
• Mature Plants: water-soaked, dark brown
lesions on the lower stems expand to girdle the
stems
58
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.g: Phytophthora Blight
Cont’
Symptoms Cont’:
• Sudden wilting of foliage
• Infected leaves develop circular or irregular,
dark green, water-soaked lesions which dry
and appear light tan
• A mass of white fungal growth may develop
inside the fruit and seeds usually turn dark
brown or black
59
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
3.6.2.g: Phytophthora Blight
Cont’
Control:
• Use only certified, disease-free seed or
transplants (seedlings)
• Produce Chili plants on raised beds to retard
initial stem infection
• Practice crop rotation, so that Chilies are
grown only every 3 to 4 years
• Application of fungicides e.g.) Copper
Oxychloride 50% metallic copper (COBOX 50
WP®, AMICOP 50WP®) may reduce disease
development 60
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
4. Harvest
4.1 Harvesting Indices (GHCP&PHHT20: Q17)
• Harvesting time is usually determined by the fruit
colour required by the market
• Maturity Period: First harvest starts 2.5 – 3
months after transplanting and continues for a
further 4 – 6 months
Harvesting:
• Mature fruits are handpicked and placed in a shade
to prevent shriveling
• Fruits should be handled with care to avoid
bruising
• Yields: 4,000 – 6,000kg per acre
61
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5. Post-Harvest Handling
Storage:
- Chili is pre-cooled to 7 – 10 ºC
- Chili can be stored for 3 weeks at
temperatures of 7 – 10 ºC and Relative
Humidity of 90 – 95 %
62
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
5. Post-Harvest Handling
Cont’
5-3
Photo: SHEP PLUS
Dried Chilies
63
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
5. Post-Harvest Handling
Cont’
Drying:
- Chilies should NOT be picked until it starts
going red
- Done in open air in raised racks and spread on
well-aerated polysacks for up to 3 to 4 days
during the hot days or by use of special enclosed
solar cabinet dryers to ensure fast and absolute
hygiene
- The moisture contents of Chili when stored
should be 10 – 15% to prevent mold growth
64
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
5. Post-Harvest Handling
Cont’
Drying Cont’: 5-5
- With lower moisture
content (< 10 %), pods
may be so brittle that they
shatter during handling.
This causes losses and
the release of dust, which
is irritating to the skin and
respiratory system Dried ABE
- A Relative Humidity of 60 Chilies
– 70 % is desirable
Photo: By No machine-readable author provided. Ali-baba assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work
assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1458529 65
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
Reference
• The proposed agrochemicals are in accordance with “Products Registered for Use on
Crops Version 1_2018”. The registered agrochemicals are subject to change. Please
refer to the latest registered agrochemicals by Pest Control Product Board.
• Long Slim Cayenne Chilli Seeds (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
https://www.southdevonchillifarm.co.uk/online-shop/chilli-seeds/long-slim-cayenne-
chilli-seeds/
• African Bird’s Eye/ African Devil - Chili Pepper Madness (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/hot-chili-pepper-
types/african-bird-s-eye-african-devil
• Oriental Agro (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.indiamart.com/orientalagro/vegetables-seedlings.html
• CHILI – HOBBYODLING AV CHILIPEPPAR! (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.shaggkvist.se/2012/11/17/bladloss-pa-chiliplantor-vid-
vinterforvaring/?lang=en
• Master gardeners of Rutherford County (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.mastergardeners-rc.org/p-spider-mites.html
• UmassAmherst Umass Extension Vegetable Program (accessed on 5 Oct 2015)
https://ag.umass.edu/fact-sheets/root-knot-nematodes-in-vegetable-crops
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
Reference
• Musashino Seed Co., Ltd.
http://www.musaseed.co.jp/sec02/thd05_2/data/cabbage_naetachikare.html
• คลินิคพืช - MarigoldThai.com
http://www.marigoldthai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=538838812
• Factsheet - Capsicum anthracnose (177) – Plantwise (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Uploads/PestNet/Capsicum_anthracnose_
(177).htm
• Pepper: Powdery Mildew Article - Vegetable MD Online (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/PepperyPowdery.htm
• TNAU Agritech Potal (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_vegetables_chilli.html
• Penn Live: Case of the wilted peppers, tomatoes (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.pennlive.com/gardening/2009/08/case_of_the_wilted_peppers_tom.html
• Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici) of Peppers in Illinois M. Babadoost
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5905645/
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
Reference
• University of Conneticut (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
https://uconnladybug.wordpress.com/tag/blossom-end-rot/
• Mace foods: Quality and Processing (accessed on 5 Oct 2016)
http://www.macefoods.com/home/quality
• Wikipedia: Piri piri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_piri
MOALF/SHEP PLUS
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ASANTE SANA
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GOZAIMASU
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