Introduction to Bridge

Engineering

Multi-Span Highway Bridge Design Project

Phase I – Prestressed Concrete Superstructure

Phase II – Steel Superstructure

Assignments 1, 2, 3, & 4

Group 3

The University of Nebraska

Department of Civil Engineering
CE439/839 Course Project submitted to Dr. Linzell
Spring 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page Number

1. Assignment 1: Introduction and General Planning

1.1. Introduction for Assignment 1 4

1.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 1 4

1.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 1 5

1.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 1 5

1.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 1

1.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 1

11

2. Assignment 2: Preliminary and Final Project Analysis for Live and Dead Loads

2.1. Introduction for Assignment 2 14

2.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 2 14

2.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 2 16

2.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 2 17

2.5A. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 2 - Prestressed Girder Bridge 18

2.5B. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 2 - Steel Girder Bridge 20

2.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 2

21
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3. Assignment 3: Deck Design and Preliminary Superstructure Design

3.1. Introduction for Assignment 3 23

3.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 3 23

3.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 3 23

3.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 3 24

3.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 3

24

3.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 3

29

4A. Assignment 4A: Final Superstructure Design - Prestressed Girder Bridge

4A.1. Introduction for Assignment 4A 31

4A.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 4A 31

4A.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 4A 32

4A.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 4A 32

4A.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 4A 33

4A.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 4A 47

4B. Assignment 4B: Final Superstructure Design - Steel Girder Bridge

4B.1. Introduction for Assignment 4B 49

4B.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 4B 49

4B.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 4B 50

4B.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 4B 50

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4B.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 4B 51

4B.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 4B 63

5. Assignment 5: Quantities and Cost Estimates, Option Comparisons and

Recommendations

5.1. Introduction for Assignment 5 65

5.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 5 65

5.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 5 65

5.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 5 66

5.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 5

67

5.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 5

69

6. Appendices

6.1. Appendix 1: Assignment 1 71

6.2A. Appendix 2: Assignment 2 79

6.3. Appendix 3: Assignment 3 148

6.4A. Appendix 4A: Assignment 4A - Prestressed Girder Bridge 174

6.4B. Appendix 4B: Assignment 4B - Steel Girder Bridge 246

6.6. Appendix 6: Project Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details

296
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1. Assignment 1: Introduction and General Planning

1.1. Introduction for Assignment 1

The bridge design project consists of the planning and design for two proposals for a

replacement bridge in Nebraska. The first proposal is a continuous span, composite,

prestressed concrete girder bridge and the second is a continuous, composite, steel girder

bridge. Both proposals are designed with the same site conditions. The elevation of the site and

the typical roadway section is shown in Figure 1.1. The total length of the proposed bridges is

350 feet which is divided between three spans. Both proposals contain five traffic lanes. The

bridges will be designed for the HL-93 loading which contains vehicle HS20 or Tandem and the

lane load.

Figure 1.1 - Site Elevation, Typical Roadway Section

1.2. Project Statement for Assignment 1

The purpose of the first assignment is to develop preliminary bridge elevations, plans, and

dimensions for both proposals. First, the elevation of the bridge is checked to ensure there is

adequate area beneath the bridge for the safe passage of a design flood. Second, preliminary
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span lengths, girder spacings, deck depths, and layouts are found and detailed using pertinent

AASHTO Articles. Finally, a comparison between the prestressed concrete girder bridge and the

steel girder bridge is discussed.

1.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 1

In order to complete the goals described in the problem statement, this assignment meets the

following objectives:

1. Determine the required free area under the bridge superstructure using Talbot’s formula,

and compare this to the approximate available area beneath the bridge superstructure of

both bridge designs and suggest possible road elevation, abutment location, or pier location

revisions.

2. Estimate the dead load of the superstructure for the prestressed concrete girder design and

the steel girder design including a 2.5” asphalt wearing surface, concrete deck, parapet,

diaphragms, and girders.

3. Submit scaled plan, elevation, and cross-section drawings for the prestressed concrete

girder and the steel girder superstructures. Preliminarily size members for drawings based

on relevant AASHTO articles and other research.

4. Provide a comparison of the two alternate structures. Based on this initial analysis, suggest

which superstructure material could be preferred for the project and why.

1.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 1

The 100-year extreme flood requires a cross-sectional area (Areq) below the bridge that is large

enough for the safe passage of floodwaters. The required cross-sectional area (Areq) is

calculated using Talbot’s formula:

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Where ‘C = 0.307’ is a coefficient related to the character of the area drained, and ‘M = 400,000

acres’, is the area drained.

With the provided bottom bed elevation of 1315.10 feet, finish elevation of 1340.08 feet, and

embankment slopes of 2H:1V, the available cross-sectional area (Aav) is 5331 square feet and

5626 square feet for the prestressed concrete girder bridge and steel girder bridge respectively.

See Appendix 1 for calculations. Since the available area is greater than the required area, the

provided bridge elevation is adequate for extreme flood passage beneath the bridge and is not

modified for either bridge.

1.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 1

1.5.1. Dead Load Estimation

1.5.1.1. Calculating Prestressed Bridge Dead Loads

AASHTO specifications divide dead loads into DC1, DC2 and DW. The self-weight of concrete

deck, steel girders, and stay-in-place forms are included in DC1 . While any dead loads acting on

the bridge after the concrete cures, is defined as DC2. Finally, the wearing surface weight is

defined as DW.

The estimated exterior girder dead loads are around 2.13, 0.10 and 0.23 kips per foot per girder,

for DC1, DC2 and DW, respectively. See Appendix 1 for the calculations.
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Table 1.1 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Dead Load Summary

1.5.1.2. Calculating Steel Bridge Dead Loads

AASHTO specifications divide dead loads into DC1, DC2 and DW. The self-weight of concrete

deck, steel girders, and stay-in-place forms are included in DC1 . While any dead loads acting on

the bridge after the concrete cures, is defined as DC2. Finally, the wearing surface weight is

defined as DW.

The estimated exterior girder dead loads are around 1.72, 0.14 and 0.30 kips per foot per girder,

for DC1, DC2 and DW, respectively. See Appendix 1 for calculations.

.
Table 1.2 - Steel Girder Bridge Dead Load Summary

1.5.2. Proposed Plans

This section details the preliminary plans, elevations and cross-sections of the proposed

prestressed concrete and steel bridges. AASHTO Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 below shows the minimum

depths required for the different types of bridge superstructures. The bridges designed in this

project were preliminarily sized to follow these requirements.

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Table 1.3 - Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Superstructures

1.5.2.1. Phase I Concrete Girder Bridge

The proposed bridge is a highway bridge with five traffic lanes. The total length of the proposed

bridge is 349’ divided between three spans with lengths of 109’, 131’, and 109’. The bridge

consists of three precast AASHTO Type V girders which are assumed to be simply supported

for non-composite action and continuously supported for composite action. The bridge

elevation is shown in Figure 1.2. The bridge will be designed for HL-93 loading which considers

the vehicle HS20 or tandem loading and the lane load.

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Figure 1.2 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Elevation

The superstructure of these bridges consists of eight I-shaped precast prestressed concrete

girders, a concrete deck, and internal cast-in-place diaphragms. The internal cast-in-place

diaphragms are provided in order to ensure that any applied load will be distributed to all eight

girders. These internal cast-in-place diaphragms are spaced at equally with 3 per span.

The precast concrete girders are transversely spaced at 8’-2”. The total deck width is 63’-0”

which contains five 12’-0” wide traffic lanes in addition to two edge barriers with a width of 1’-6”,

as shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Cross Section

AASHTO Type V is chosen as the bridge section for this proposal. The AASHTO Type V section

has a total depth of 63”, and a web thickness of 8”. The upper flange is 42” wide, and the

thickness varies from 5” to 12”. The lower flange is 28” wide and has a variable thickness from
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8” to 18”. Finally, the concrete deck is assumed to be 8” thick. The calculations showing the

procedure to estimate these dimensions is shown in Appendix 1. Drawings are shown in

Appendix 6.

1.5.2.2. Phase II - Steel Bridge

The proposed bridge is a highway bridge with five traffic lanes. The total length of the proposed

bridge is 349’ divided between three spans with lengths of 113’, 123’, and 113’. The bridge

consists of three spans of continuous steel composite plate girders. The bridge elevation is

shown in Figure 1.4. The bridge will be designed for HL-93 loading which considers the vehicle

HS20 or tandem loading and the lane load.

Figure 1.4 - Steel Girder Bridge Elevation

The superstructure of this bridge consists of six built-up plate girders, a concrete deck, and

internal cross frames. Due to transportation concerns, field splices are proposed to divide the

total bridge length into five segments. The lengths of these segments are as follows: two

exterior segments of 79’-6”, one interior segment of 70’-0”, and two segments above the interior

supports of 60’-0”. Internal cross frames are provided in order to stabilize the plate girders

during construction, and they are spaced between 17’-9” and 19’-6”.
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The steel plate girders are transversely spaced at 11’-2”. The total deck width is 63’-0” which

contains five 12’-0” wide traffic lanes in addition to two edge barriers with a width of 1’-6”, as

shown in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5 - Steel Girder Bridge Cross Section

The total depth of the plate girders is 50” with a web depth of 48” and a web thickness of 0.5”.

The upper flange is 15” wide and 0.75” thick, while the lower flange is 25” wide and 1.25” thick.

Finally, the concrete deck is assumed to be 10” thick. The calculations showing the procedure

to estimate these dimensions is shown in Appendix 1. Drawings are shown in Appendix 6.

1.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 1

The objectives and results of the preceding discussion are summarized below.

1. The cross sectional area beneath the superstructures of both the prestressed

concrete girder bridge and the steel girder bridge were found to be adequate for the

passage of an extreme flood with no major revisions from the given site conditions

required.

2. The dead loads for the prestressed concrete girder bridge and steel girder bridge

were found based on assumptions of the girder sizes, deck thickness, wearing surface

thickness, and barrier sizes. The summaries of the findings are shown above in their

respective sections.
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3. Drawings of the plans, elevations, and sections of the prestressed concrete girder

bridge and steel girder bridge including the topography with the required fill and

wingwalls are shown in Appendix 6.

4. A comparison between the prestressed concrete girder bridge and steel girder bridge

is shown below.

1.6.1. Service Life

To compare the two specific types of bridges, factors such as service life, cost, and load

capacity are essential to determine the best option. According to the study of Brandon Boatman

(2010), from the Michigan Department of Transportation Bridge Operations Unit:

The service life of a steel beam is estimated to be 47 years.

The service life of a prestressed I-beam is estimated to be 52 years.

1.6.2. Dead Load

Comparing the two estimated dead loads, the steel girder bridge has a smaller dead load for

structural components and nonstructural attachments (DC1) which is equal to 1.72 kips per foot.

For the prestressed concrete girder bridge, this value is equal to 2.14 kips per foot.

1.6.3. Preliminary Cost Estimate

Through class discussion and subsequent research, it was found that prestressed concrete

girder bridges in Nebraska tend to be the most economical and widely used design for highway

bridges of similar span and site conditions.

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1.6.4. Bridge Type Recommendation

After the comparison between the two designs, the design team would recommend the

prestressed concrete girder bridge design because of the longer service life and the lower

preliminary estimated cost.

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2. Assignment 2: Preliminary and Final Project for Live and Dead Loads

2.1. Introduction for Assignment 2

The following design project report proposes two bridge design options (a continuous composite

prestressed concrete girder bridge and a continuous composite steel girder bridge) for a given

site elevation and roadway section. From the Assignment 1, the general layout and estimated

dead loads for both bridges were determined. These values were used for Assignment 2 and

Assignment 3.

2.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 2

For Assignment 2, both the Dead and Live Loads will be estimated for a three-span bridge with

total length of 349’ ft to determine the interior girder moment and shear envelopes for the

prestressed concrete and for the steel superstructures using the following load cases:

1) Unfactored moment and shear:

● HS20 truck girder moment envelope and girder shear envelope, including

impact.

● Moment and shear envelopes between points of dead load contraflexure

based on 90% of two HS20 trucks at 50’0” headway.

● Design tandem girder moment envelope and girder shear envelope,

including impact.

● HS20 design lane load girder moment envelope and girder shear

envelope with the lane loading strategically placed for continuous spans.
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● Dead load girder moment envelope and girder shear envelope. This will

be preliminary until the final superstructure has been designed and the

exact dead load is determined.

2) Total, factored design girder moment envelope and girder shear envelope (for

STR I, SVC I, SVC II, SVC III combinations only). This will be preliminary until

the final superstructure has been designed and the exact dead load is

determined. (Tables 3.4.1-1 and 3.4.1-2, AASHTO)

● Strength I : 1.25 DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75 (LL+IM)

a) 1.25 DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75(HS20 + IM + Lane full)

b) 1.25 DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75(Tandem + IM + Lane full)

c) 1.25 DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75 (90% of two HS20 trucks + 90% Lane load full)

● Service I: 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.0 (LL+IM)

a) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.0 (HS20 + IM + Lane full)

b) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.0 (Tandem + IM + Lane full)

c) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.0 (90% of two HS20 trucks + 90% Lane load full)

● Service II : 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.3 (LL+IM)

a) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.3 (HS20 + IM + Lane full)

b) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.3 (Tandem + IM + Lane full)

c) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 1.3 (90% of two HS20 trucks + 90% Lane load full)

● Service III: 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 0.8 (LL+IM)

a) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 0.8 (HS20 + IM + Lane full)

b) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 0.8 (Tandem + IM + Lane full)

c) 1.0 DC + 1.0 DW + 0.8 (90% of two HS20 trucks + 90% Lane load full)
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2.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 2

The objective is to tabulate and plot the interior girder moment envelopes and shear envelopes

for both prestressed concrete girder bridge and a steel girder bridge. To obtain the analysis

results for shear and moment envelopes, the following objectives are required for this

assignment.

● Influence lines for redundant reactions of generalized three continuous span

structure are to be generated by using force method.

● Influence lines for shear and moment at any point in the three continuous span

beam structure.

● HL 93 design load (HS20 Truck, design Tandem and lane load) are to be moved

across shear and moment IL´s in both directions with axle load placements at the

extreme values of IL ordinated to obtain the desired extreme force effects.

● The extreme force effects obtained at least at 1/10th span points are to be

plotted against span points to obtain the envelopes of extreme effects.

● The process is to be automated using SAP software to calculate all internal

forces.

● Shear and moment envelopes of dead load of structural components and dead

load of wearing surface are to be automated using excel programmed sheets.

● Extreme effect envelopes for individual loads (HS20 truck, tandem, lane load and

dead loads) are to be combined using load combinations for Strength I, Service II

and Service III as described above in section 2.2.

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2.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 2

This project will be performed using previously estimated loads as well as the previously

determined locations for piers and abutments. First, a series of unfactored trucks loads and self

weight loads will be used to develop various moment and shear envelopes. Combining these

component envelopes, a single factored envelope will be developed for preliminary use until the

final superstructure is designed.

Assumptions:

● It will be assumed that the interior girder shear and moment distribution factor is

1.0, this distribution factor will be applied to both the negative and positive

moments and shear values.

Considerations:

● Trucks as being able to travel both from left to right and from right to left across

the superstructure.

Dead Loads: Three load cases are defined as DC1, DC2 and DW which presents dead loads.

These cases refers to the Dead Load of structural components and nonstructural attachments

(DC) and Dead Load of wearing surfaces and utilities (DW), where both are analyzed using

static load strategy, and they are loaded so that they occupy the three spans.
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Assuming a normal weight concrete as 145 pcf for Fc<5 Ksi (Table 3.5.1.1 of AASHTO LFRD

2012) and the cross area according the previous drawings the three components of Dead Load

(permanent load acting on the noncomposite section, permanent load acting on the long-term

composite section, and wearing surface load).

It was assumed that no loads provenient from earth, water are acting over the structure as dead

loads.

Moving Loads: Using the computer software SAP to calculate all internal forces, then using

Excel to formulate a worksheet and calculate the maximum/minimum values for Moment/Shear.

A uniform lane load of 0.64 kip/ft is distributed along the bridge in different cases to achieve the

maximum shear and moment values.

Two moving load cases are defined as HS20-L and HS20-R which presents the design load

truck HS20 travelling to the right and to the left of the bridge. The image below represents the

HS20 truck, where the distance “v” was adopted as 14ft.

Figure 2.1 - HS20 Truck representation

2.5A. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 2 - Prestressed Girder Bridge

Using the generalized excel sheet created, the shear and moment envelopes are calculated and

plotted for a three-span (109ft, 131ft and 109ft) continuous girders. The tabulated values of the
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moment and shear envelopes are given in the tables below. The corresponding moment and

shear envelopes plots, as well as the calculations, are in Appendix 2. The influence lines plots

at 1/10th span points and the corresponding load positions are shown in Appendix.

Table 2.1 - Prestressed Bridge Dead Loads

Table 2.2 - Prestressed Bridge Moving Loads (HS20)

Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1927.48 -1999.39

Shear (kip) 100.20 -100.20

Table 2.3 - Prestressed Bridge (2 x HS20) Moving Loads

Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1738.80 -1993.32

Shear (kip) 116.32 -116.32

Table 2.4 - Prestressed Bridge Tandem Moving Loads

Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1516.57 -1426.75

Shear (kip) 72.64 -72.64

Table 2.5 - Prestressed Bridge Lane Moving Loads

Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 784.23 -1054.93

Shear (kip) 46.45 -46.45

Table 2.6 - Prestressed Bridge Envelope Diagrams

Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum
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Moment (kip-ft) 2704.30 -3054.33

Shear (kip) 158.13 -158.13

Table 2.7 - Prestressed Bridge Load Combination
Prestressed Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 10659.20 -6296.37

Shear (kip) 494.10 -494.10

2.5B. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 2 - Steel Girder Bridge

Using the generalized excel sheet created, the shear and moment envelopes are calculated and

plotted for a three-span (109ft, 131ft and 109ft) continuous girders. The tabulated values of the

moment and shear envelopes are given in the tables below. The corresponding moment and

shear envelopes plots, as well as the calculations, are in Appendix 2. The influence lines plots

at 1/10th span points and the corresponding load positions are shown in Appendix.

Table 2.8 - Steel Bridge Dead Loads

Table 2.9 - Steel Bridge Moving Loads (HS20)

Steel Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1885.71 -1030.90

Shear (kip) 90.90 -90.90

Table 2.10 - Steel Bridge (2 x HS20) Moving Loads

Steel Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1705.29 -1714.57

Shear (kip) 106.03 -106.03

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Table 2.11 - Steel Bridge Tandem Moving Loads

Steel Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1485.63 -737.87

Shear (kip) 65.84 -65.84

Table 2.12 - Steel Bridge Lane Moving Loads

Steel Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 1690.33 -2401.27

Shear (kip) 119.00 -119.00

Table 2.13 - Steel Bridge Envelope Diagrams

Steel bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 2711.19 -2637.03

Shear (kip) 146.74 -146.74

Table 2.14 - Steel Bridge Load Combination

Steel Bridge Maximum Minimum

Moment (kip-ft) 7394.89 -8379.80

Shear (kip) 443.37 -443.37

2.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 2

The moment and shear envelopes were plotted for both structures (prestressed concrete and

steel bridges), as seen in Appendix 2, using the values for dead and live (moving) load.

Calculations were done with unfactored HS20 truck girder moment envelope and girder shear

envelope, including impact. Based on 90% of two HS20 trucks at a 50’ headway, the unfactored

moment and shear envelopes were calculated between points of dead load contraflexure. For
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the girder moment and shear envelope was used unfactored HS20 design lane load. Finally it

were found the factored design girder moment and shear envelopes for STR I, SVC I, SVC II

and SVC III.

It is important to notice that the maximum moment, maximum shear and minimum shear

are found for the prestressed concrete load combination (10.659,20 k-ft ; 494,10 k ; -494,0 k) as

shown on table 2.5A.2, and the minimum moment is found for the steel girder load combination

(-8.379,80 k) as shown on table 2.5B.7

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3. Assignment 3: Deck Design and Preliminary Superstructure Design

3.1. Introduction for Assignment 3

In this assignment, the reinforced concrete deck for both the prestressed concrete bridge and

steel girder bridge will be analyzed and designed using an optimized girder spacing. The final

thickness of the concrete deck for the prestressed concrete girder bridge is 8”, while the final

thickness of the concrete deck for the steel girder bridge is 10”. The concrete compressive

strength for both bridges is 4,000 psi ,and the steel reinforcement yield strength is 60,000 psi.

The deck is required to contain a ½” non-structural, concrete wearing surface and a 2 ½”

asphalt wearing surface.

3.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 3

For Assignment 3, the objective is to propose the girders’ sizes and spacings as well as the

thickness and reinforcement for the overlaying deck for both the prestressed concrete girder

and the steel girder bridges. The reinforced concrete decks are designed for AASHTO HS20

loadings and detailing requirements. Finally, a refined size and shape of the girders for both

bridges is provided in the drawings in Appendix 6.

3.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 3

Using the bridge dimensions determined in Assignment 1 and preliminary analysis information

from Assignment 2, the following will be discussed:

1. Determine the preliminary girder number and spacing that will result in the most efficient

prestressed concrete and steel superstructures. This will include consideration of the
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influence girder spacing has on the magnitude of the AASHTO approximate girder

distribution factors, concrete deck thickness required, and volume of steel reinforcing.

2. Execute the concrete deck final design using AASHTO HS20 loading and provide scaled plan

and section drawings presenting all deck reinforcing details.

3. Provide a refined size and shape estimate of the main concrete and steel members for the

purpose of dead load refinement only.

3.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 3

The reinforced concrete deck for both the prestressed concrete bridge and steel girder bridge

will be analyzed using the method outlined in AASHTO Article 4.6.2.1 and designed using the

Traditional Method outlined in AASHTO Article 9.7.3. The dead and live load moment

envelopes are found using SAP2000, summed and graphed in Excel, and the final design was

completed by hand as shown in Appendix 3.

3.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 3

3.5.1. Optimization of the Girder Spacing

The original prestressed concrete and steel girder designs called for 8 and 6 girders

respectively. The overhangs were originally sized with the intent to match the exterior moment

distribution factors with the interior moment distribution factors. However, it is an objective of

this assignment to optimize the girder spacing and deck thickness through consideration of

approximate girder distribution factors, concrete deck thickness, and steel reinforcement. The

procedure for both bridge designs was similar. It is important to note that all calculations are

approximate and are repeated with refined numbers for the final design calculations The

original design was compared to designs with one more and one less girder, but still spaced
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evenly across the bridge width. The reinforced concrete deck thickness did not change as it

was above the minimum required value of 6.5” per AASHTO Table 2.5.2.6.3-1. The interior

moment distribution factor was calculated for the maximum positive interior condition and used

the constant values specified in AASHTO Table 4.6.2.2.1-2 for simplicity. The factored negative

moment includes the estimated dead loads specified later in this assignment and live loads from

AASHTO Appendix A4 and were combined with the Strength I load combination factors. Since

the negative moment typically requires the more reinforcement than the positive moment

because of the different reinforcement clear depths, it is only condition that is investigated. The

summaries for the findings of the girder spacing optimization studies are shown below for both

bridges. Hand calculations for the tables below are shown in Appendix 3.

Table 3.1 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge - Girder Spacing Optimization Summary

There were very small differences between all prestressed concrete girder designs. Typically

the most efficient design would utilize the fewest number of girders, however the design team

was already directed to use a design with eight girders in feedback from Assignment 1. The

design with eight girders is selected for further design.

Table 3.2 - Steel Girder Bridge - Girder Spacing Optimization Summary

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The steel girder spacing optimization study showed more significant differences. Due to the

large moments that are generated and to the subsequently large amounts of steel reinforcement

in the deck in the design with five girders, the design with six girders is selected for further

design.

3.5.2. Moment Envelope Construction

The moment envelopes for the reinforced concrete deck for both bridges are created using the

previously estimated dead loads and HS20 truck configurations for the live loads. The

envelopes are calculated using SAP2000 and verified by hand calculation methods at various

locations. The sections below discuss the calculation of the moment envelopes in more detail.

3.5.2.1. Dead Load Moment Envelopes Calculation

Both the steel and prestressed deck is designed as a continuous reinforced concrete member

with a width of 1’ and subjected to the dead load cases of DC1, DC2, and DW and the live load

case of HS20. The DC1 load case is the weight of the structure before the concrete in the deck

cures and acts compositely with the girders. The load is applied to the deck as a uniform load

across the deck, and the deck is assumed to act continuously over the supports. The DC2 load

case is the additional weight of the structure that is added after the concrete in the deck cures,

and in this case is just the weight of barriers. The weight of the barriers is applied as a point

load at the edges of the deck. The DW load case is the weight of the wearing surface, 2.5” of

asphalt, and is applied as a uniform load in a similar manner as DC1. See Appendix 3 for

calculations. The dead loads applied to both bridges are shown below.
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Table 3.3 - Prestressed Bridge Dead Loads Table 3.4 - Steel Bridge Dead

Loads

Envelopes were created for each of these load cases using SAP2000, and the results are

shown in Appendix 3.

3.5.2.2. Live Load Moment Envelope Calculation

The calculation of the of live load moment envelopes for the prestressed concrete girder bridge

and the steel girder bridge is a similar process with the only differences being the number of

girders and the thickness of the concrete deck. The live load moment envelopes were

calculated using SAP2000 with five variations of HS20 loadings in order to find the maximum

positive and negative moments experienced by the reinforced concrete bridge deck. The five

variations transversely move across the deck and include a single HS20 truck, two HS20 trucks

spaced at 4’ and at the spacing of the prestressed concrete girders or steel girders, and three

trucks spaced at 4’ and at the spacing of the prestressed concrete girder or steel girders. The 4’

spacing is intended to produce maximum negative moments over the supports, while the girder

spacing between trucks is intended to produce maximum positive moments in the center of the

spans. The five HS20 variations are also multiplied by multiple presence factors depending on

the number of trucks. It was found through design checks that up to three HS20 trucks would

produce the maximum load effects because of the influence lines and multiple presence factors,
 29

so only the five HS20 load cases were created. For an example, the variation utilizing two

HS20 trucks spaced at 4’ on the prestressed concrete bridge is shown below. Other diagrams

are shown in Appendix 3.

Figure 3.1 - Typical HS20 Moving Load Configuration

With these five variations of HS20 loading, the total live load moment envelopes are found and

are multiplied by a dynamic allowance of 1.33. The live load moment envelope for the

prestressed concrete bridge is shown below. The calculations are shown in Appendix 3.

Figure 3.2 - Typical Factored Live Load Moment Envelope

3.5.3. Reinforced Concrete Deck Design

The reinforced concrete deck is designed with the Service I load combination for crack control

and the Strength I load combination for flexural strength utilizing the previously calculated load

cases. The reinforcement across the deck is sized for the single maximum negative and

positive moments experienced by the deck as recommended by AASHTO Article 4.6.2.1.1. The

design for both the prestressed concrete bridge and the steel girder is similar except that the

prestressed concrete bridge has an 8” thick concrete deck while the steel girder bridge has a
 30

10” thick concrete deck due to the larger girder spacings. In order to convert the HS20 loading

into an equivalent 1’ strip, the applicable equations from AASHTO Table 4.3.2.1.3-1 were used.

The reinforcement was sized and spaced per detailing requirements from AASHTO Article 5.10.

For both bridges, calculations are shown in Appendix 3, and the final reinforcement designs are

shown in Appendix 6.

3.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 3

This section summarizes the final results of the preceding discussion.

1. The girder spacings for both bridges were optimized by calculating the deck thickness,

approximate interior moment and shear distribution factors, approximate maximum

negative moment, and the required negative moment reinforcement for several girder

spacings. There were minimal differences between the prestressed concrete girder

designs with the seven and eight girders, but the design with eight girders was

selected to proceed with design from feedback in Assignment 1. The steel girder

spacing optimization summary showed more significant differences. The design with

six girders was selected because it generated a more reasonable maximum negative

moment in the reinforced concrete deck than the design with five girders, and it

clearly had fewer girders than the design with seven girders for a more optimal

design.

2. The concrete deck was analyzed with the previous estimated dead loads and five variations

of the AASHTO HS20 loading and using SAP2000 to create the load case envelopes.

These load case envelopes were combined for the Strength I load combination in

order to find the maximum negative and positive moments experienced by the deck
 31

and were combined for the Service I load combination to check the reinforcement

design for crack control. The final designs of the reinforcement are located with the

drawings in Appendix 6.

3. The prestressed concrete bridge utilizes (8) AASHTO Type V concrete girder lines in a

three span condition with spans of 109’, 131’, and 109’ respectively. The reinforced

concrete deck is 8”. At this point in the project, these preliminary sizes appear to be

adequate.

4. The steel girder bridge utilizes (6) steel plate girders in a three span condition with spans of

113’, 123’, and 113’, and plate girder depths of approximately 50”. The reinforced

concrete deck is 10”. At this point in the project, these preliminary sizes appear to be

adequate.
 32

4A. Assignment 4A: Final Superstructure Design - Prestressed Girder Bridge

4A.1. Introduction for Assignment 4A

In this section of the design project, the final superstructure design for the prestressed concrete

girder bridge is shown. First, the preliminary deck and girder depth is checked to ensure that

there is adequate area beneath the superstructure for a design flood. The final moment and

shear girder distribution factors are calculated utilizing methods and assumptions from

Assignment 2, and with the final deck thickness and girder size, the final girder moment and

shear envelopes are recreated. With the moment envelopes, the final size and spacing of

interior girder reinforcement and prestressing strands can be calculated including the steel

reinforcement in the deck over the support to ensure continuous composite action. Finally, the

interior girder can be checked for its shear capacity and the #4 stirrups can be spaced as

required.

4A.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 4A

The first objective for this assignment is met by checking the cross sectional area beneath the

superstructure for a 100 year design flood to confirm the final design layout. The prestressed

interior girder moment distribution factors are recalculated with the final design, and the moment

and shear envelopes are reconstructed according to the provisions in the AASHTO 2012

specification for Strength I, Service I, and Service III. With these envelopes, a final design of a

prestressed concrete girder is calculated utilizing a Mathcad Worksheet and checked with hand

calculations. The concrete used for the design of the prestressed concrete girder has an initial

compressive strength of 6,000 pounds per square inch and a final compressive strength of

8,000 pounds per square inch. The concrete used for the design of the reinforced concrete
 33

deck has a compressive strength of 4,000 pounds per square inch. The steel reinforcement

used in the deck is ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel bars with a yield strength of 60,000 pounds per

square inch. The prestressing tendons are 0.6ӯ Grade 270 low relaxation strands with an

ultimate strength of 270,000 pounds per square inch.

4A.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 4A

In order to complete the goals described in the problem statement, this assignment meets the

following objectives:

1. Based on the final deck thickness and preliminary girder design of the superstructure, confirm

that the pier and abutment locations are adequate to pass the extreme flood calculated in

Assignment 1.

2. Determine the final moment and shear girder distribution factors, revise the deck and girder

dead loads, and reconstruct the girder moment and shear envelopes.

3. Compute the size and spacing of all interior girder reinforcement and prestressing strands

through the calculation of losses, stress limitations for service and strength limit states, and

flexural resistance for the strength limit state.

4. Determine the amount of reinforcement required to transfer tensile forces through the deck

for continuous composite action in the negative moment region.

5. Confirm interior girder shear strength and space stirrups.

4A.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 4A

The force effect envelopes are calculated using AASHTO 2012 specifications. The final

prestressed girder design discussed below will loosely follow the procedure listed in AASHTO
 34

Appendix A5. The final design of the prestressed girder was aided by the development of a

Mathcad Worksheet that is shown in Appendix 4A.

4A.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 4A

4A.5.1. Design Flood Area

The final substructure elevation has not changed since the preliminary design, so the previous

calculation is adequate. However to summarize the previous findings, the 100-year extreme

flood requires a cross-sectional area (Areq) below the bridge that is large enough for the safe

passage of floodwaters. The required cross-sectional area (Areq) is calculated using Talbot’s

formula:

Where ‘C = 0.307’ is a coefficient related to the character of the area drained, and ‘M =

400,000 acres’, is the area drained.

With the provided bottom bed elevation of 1315.10 feet, finish elevation of 1340.08 feet, and

embankment slopes of 2H:1V, the available cross-sectional area (Aav) is 5331 square feet. See

Appendix 1 for calculations. Since the available area is greater than the required area, the

provided bridge elevation is adequate for extreme flood passage beneath the bridge.

4A.5.2. Reconstruction of Interior Girder Moment and Shear Envelopes

The final girder moment and shear envelopes are dependent on the final design of the bridge. If

the final design of the bridge calls for a thicker deck or a larger girder, the live load distribution

factors, the dead load, and the load effect envelopes must be recalculated with the higher dead
 35

load. If the new load effect envelopes require further redesign, the process iterates again. The

final iteration of the interior girder design is shown below.

4A.5.2.1. Live Load Distribution Factor Recalculation

The live load distribution factors are calculated for the moment and shear forces. The full written

calculations and hand calculations are shown in the appropriate appendix. The moment

distribution factors are calculated three times for different conditions: positive moment in the

exterior spans, positive moment in the interior spans, and negative moment over the support

using equations from AASHTO Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1. The longitudinal stiffness parameter is

recalculated using the final design:

The span length, deck thickness, girder spacing, girder number, and longitudinal stiffness

parameter are within the “Range of Applicability”, so the moment distribution factors for the

conditions are found as the maximum the two equations below.

 36

The final values for the three conditions are shown below.

Table 4A.1 - Interior Moment Distribution Factors

The shear distribution factor is calculated as the maximum of the equations from AASHTO

Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1.

The final value for the condition is shown below.

Table 4A.2 - Interior Shear Distribution Factors

The live load moment envelopes found from the HL93 with the dynamic load allowance in

Assignment 2 are multiplied by the distribution factors corresponding to their location along the

beam span. The exterior span positive moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g =

0.707 lanes), while the interior span positive moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g

= 0.673 lanes). The support region negative moments are multiplied by (g = 0.689 lanes). The

support region is defined as the distance between points of contra-flexure under a uniform load
 37

on all spans. The shear distribution factor used for all spans is (g = 0.826). The figure below

illustrates the locations where the load distribution factors were used for the bending moments

and shear forces, respectively.

Figure 4A.1 - Moment and Shear Distribution Factor Application Areas

4A.5.2.2. Dead Load Recalculation

The final girder size, deck thickness, wearing surface, and estimate of the other structural

components and nonstructural attachments have not changed since Assignment 2, however a

summary of the dead loads is provided below.

Table 4A.3 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Dead Load Summary

DC1 is the weight of the structural components acting on the girder before the deck cures. The

load effects are calculated assuming that the girders are simply supported on the piers. DC2 is

the weight of the structural components and nonstructural attachments acting on the girder after

the deck cures, and the load effects are calculated assuming that the girders act continuously

over the entire span. DW is the weight of the wearing surface, and the load effects are

calculated assuming the girders are continuous.

 38

4A.5.2.3. Shear and Moment Envelope Construction

The shear and moment envelopes for the load combinations Strength I, Service I, and Service

III are calculated per AASHTO 2012 for use in the design of the prestressed concrete girder.

For an example, the load combination for Strength I is shown below.

The shear and moment envelopes are the sum of the dead and live load effects multiplied by

the applicable load effect factor. The envelopes are calculated using Microsoft Excel, and the

Strength I envelopes are shown below for an example. The other envelopes are located in

Appendix 4A.

Figure 4A.2 - Interior Prestressed Concrete Girder STR I Shear Envelope

 39

Figure 4A.3 - Interior Prestressed Concrete Girder STR I Moment Envelope

4A.5.3. Design of the Reinforcement for the Interior Prestressed Girder

The design of prestressed concrete girders is a highly iterative process dependent on the shape

of the girder, placement and area of prestressing strands, and placement and area of mild

reinforcement. This process lends itself well to computer software design methods, and as a

result, the team created a Mathcad Worksheet to help with the iterative design calculations. The

design utilizes an AASHTO Type V Girder with both straight and harped 0.6ӯ Grade 270 low

relaxation tendons prestressed to a value of 75% of their maximum tensile strength. The

concrete has an initial compressive strength of 6,000 psi and a final compressive strength of

8,000 psi. Two sections of the final design of interior prestressed girder are shown below for

reference. The more detailed prestressed concrete girder plans and elevations are shown in
 40

the drawings in Appendix 6. The prestressed concrete girders will be designed for the service

and strength limit states.

Figure 4A.4 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Sections with Tendon Locations

4A.5.3.1. Calculation of Prestress Losses

The estimation of prestress losses is a complex process that is dependent on several factors

including the mix design, curing procedure, concrete strength, and strand relaxation properties.

AASHTO Article 5.9.5 provides a reasonable method to approximate these losses. The total

prestress loss in a pretensioned member is a sum of the losses due to elastic shortening at the

time of transfer and the losses due to long-term shrinkage and creep of concrete, and relaxation

of the steel.
 41

The aforementioned Mathcad Worksheet takes these losses into effect by first directly

calculating the prestress loss due to elastic shortening using AASHTO Equation C5.9.5.2.3a-1.

The time dependent losses are calculated using the method detailed in AASHTO Article 5.9.5.3

Approximate Estimate of Time-Dependent Losses since the prestressed girder used in this

project is made of normal-weight concrete, moist-cured, prestressed by strands with low

relaxation properties, and exposed to average temperatures and conditions. Sample hand

calculations are provided in Appendix 4A.

Prestress loss due to elastic shortening:

Prestress loss due to creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete, and relaxation of steel:

4A.5.3.2. Allowable Stress Checks

The section properties are calculated for the AASHTO Type V beam section with the selected

slab thickness and slab effective width to find the section modulus at the bottom of the girder,

the top of the girder, and the top of the deck. Since the behavior is elastic, the applied moments

are divided by the section moduli to calculate the stresses experienced by the prestressed

girder at the different locations on the section.

 42

The maximum compressive and tensile stresses that can be experienced by the concrete in the

prestressed concrete girder at prestress transfer and at service limit states are given in

AASHTO Article 5.9.4, and the values used for this project are shown below. The girder self

weight and prestressing forces are used to find the temporary stresses before losses. Load

combination Service I is used to check the compressive stresses experienced by the concrete

after losses, and load combination Service III is used to check the tensile stresses because it

applies a load factor of 0.8 instead of 1.0 onto the live load effects. The term “before losses”

indicates that the long-term losses are not yet applied to reduce the prestressing force.

Table 4A.4 - Stress Limits for Concrete in Prestressed Concrete Girders

The maximum tensile stresses that can be experienced by the prestressing tendons is given by

AASHTO article 5.9.3, and the values used for this project are shown below.

Table 4A.5 - Stress Limits for Tendons in Prestressed Concrete Girders

The Mathcad Worksheet calculates the top and bottom stresses experienced by the prestressed

girder at every tenth location (and on both sides of supports) along the beam span and graphs

the results for the stresses at transfer before losses, at permanent loads after losses, and at

Service I and III load combinations. The stresses are then checked to ensure they are below
 43

the appropriate limit. An example graph showing the stresses at transfer is shown below. More

are located in Appendix 4A with a sample hand calculation.

Figure 4A.5 - Mathcad Output Graph - Transfer Stresses at Top and Bottom of Prestressed Concrete
Girder

4A.5.3.3. Flexural Design

The positive flexural capacity of a prestressed concrete girder is calculated by AASHTO

Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1 shown below. The prestressed concrete girder designed in this project

does not include longitudinal non-prestressed reinforcement. The deck is considered to

compositely act with the girder to improve the flexural resistance of the member. For both the

109’ and 131’ girders, the depth of the compression block remains in the deck. The strength

reduction factor for flexure of tension-controlled prestressed members is equal to 1.0 by

AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2.

 44

The positive flexural capacity is going to change over the length of the member because the

draped strands move the center of gravity of the prestressing strands, and this effect is

calculated and graphed in the Mathcad Worksheet shown in Appendix 4A.

The positive flexural capacity is compared to the maximum positive moment envelopes for load

combination Strength I to check for adequacy.

The negative flexural resistance is going to be calculated assuming the additional steel in the

reinforced concrete deck will carry the tensile stresses, and this will be discussed in the next

section.

4A.5.4. Design of the Continuity Reinforcement

The reinforced concrete deck forces the non-continuous prestressed girders to act continuously

over the supports. This continuous action causes negative moments to develop over the

supports that is resisted by the Grade 60 steel bar reinforcement located in the deck. The

flexural capacity is calculated using the AASHTO Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1 shown above and is

checked for adequacy with the maximum negative moment envelope from the Strength I load

combination. The continuity steel reinforcement will replace the previously designed deck

reinforcement over the supports. The reinforcing steel is designed to meet minimum
 45

reinforcement requirements in AASHTO Article 5.7.3.3.2. An elevation is shown below, and

plans are shown in Appendix 6. Hand calculations are shown in Appendix 4A.

Figure 4A.6 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Continuity Elevation

4A.5.5. Design the Shear Reinforcement for the Interior Prestressed Girder

The shear resistance of the prestressed girder will follow the simplified procedure outlined

AASHTO Article 5.8.3.4.3. The total shear capacity of the section is the sum of the concrete

shear capacity, reinforcing steel shear capacity, and the prestressing shear capacity. The

prestressing shear capacity is equal to zero when the procedure in Article 5.8.3.4.3 is used as it

is considered in the concrete shear capacity equations. The concrete capacity is equal to the

minimum of the flexural-shear cracking strength and web-shear cracking strength.

 46

Flexural-shear cracking strength equation:

Web-shear cracking strength equation:

Both strengths were calculated using Mathcad, and the capacities were graphed at every tenth

location, and a sample output was checked by hand.

Figure 4A.7 - Mathcad Output Graph - Flexural-Shear and Web-Shear Cracking Strengths
 47

The required shear capacity of the steel reinforcement is found as the difference between the

factored shear and the concrete capacity. The steel reinforcement shear capacity is calculated

using AASHTO Equation 5.8.3.3-4 shown below.

Depending on whether the flexural-shear strength or the web-shear strength controls, the value

of the cotangent varies as shown below.

The strength reduction factor for shear design is equal to 0.9 per AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2.

The prestressed girder design will utilize #4 stirrups spaced as shown in the drawings in

Appendix 6. The design was checked to be in accordance of AASHTO Articles 5.8.2.5 and

5.8.2.7 for minimum transverse reinforcement and maximum spacing of transverse

reinforcement.
 48

4A.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 4A

This section summarizes the final results of the preceding discussion.

1. The cross sectional area beneath the superstructure was checked to confirm that it is

of a size to allow the passage of an extreme flood. The base elevation of 1315.10 and

the finish elevation of 1340.08 will provide enough cross sectional area. No changes

were needed.

2. The dead loads were unchanged from the previous assignments, however the

summary was provided. The moment and shear girder distribution factors were

recalculated based on the final design of the prestressed concrete girder and were

applied to the previously calculated HL93 loading with the dynamic allowance. Final

shear and moment envelopes were created in Excel for the Strength I, Service I, and

Service III load combinations for use in the design of the prestressed concrete girder.

3. The design of the prestressed concrete girder was aided by a Mathcad Worksheet,

and sample calculations were confirmed by hand. The final design for an interior

prestressed girder line utilized 3 AASHTO Type V girders. The two exterior beams are

both 109’ long, and the interior span is 131’. Both designs use straight and harped

pretensioned strands. The exterior girders use 24 straight strands, and 8 harped. The

interior girder uses 34 straight strands and 10 harped. The elevations and sections of

both girders are shown in Appendix 6. The girder designs pass allowable stress checks

for both at transfer before losses and at service limit states after losses. The girder

designs also exceed the required flexural capacity required by Strength I load

combination.

4. In order for the girders to act continuously over the supports, the steel reinforcement

in the deck is needed to transfer the tensile forces. The reinforcement in the deck for
 49

continuity replaces the typical deck steel at those locations and is design as (14) #7 bars

spaced at 4” on center each face (28 total), parallel to the flow of traffic, and extending

for 35’ each side of the support. This design was found to be adequate for to resist the

maximum negative moment produced by the Strength I load combination and meets the

detailing requirements for reinforcement in the deck.

5. The design of the prestressed girder was aided by a Mathcad Worksheet and sample

calculations were confirmed by hand. The method used to calculate the shear capacity of the

girder is outlined in AASHTO Article 5.8.3.4.3. The final design utilizes #4 stirrups spaced as

required from 14” to 24” along the girder span. This design was found to be adequate to resist

the maximum shear found from the Strength I load combination and meets all detailing

requirements described in AASHTO Article 5.8.2.

 50

4B. Assignment 4B: Final Superstructure Design - Steel Girder Bridge

4B.1. Introduction for Assignment 4B

In this section, the final design of the interior steel girders for the strength limit state in flexure is

detailed. This includes the recalculation of the moment envelopes using refined dead loads and

distribution factors for the live loads. The steel girder bridge consists of 6 steel plate girders of a

constant depth with a composite concrete deck spanning continuously over 3 spans of 113’,

123’, and 113’. The girders are braced by cross frames spaced at a maximum of 25’ to

discretely brace the top flange during construction and the bottom flange throughout the life of

the bridge. In order to aid in the constructability and transportation of the girders, the girders are

spliced into 5 members with a maximum length of 88’. The design of the interior girders is

limited to the strength limit state in flexure.

4B.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 4B

The final design of the steel girder bridge is checked for adequacy in the event of an extreme

flood. The moment and shear envelopes are recalculated using refined dead loads and

distribution factors. The final design of the interior girders utilizes plate steel with a yield

strength of 50,000 pounds per square inch. The concrete for the deck has a compressive

strength of 4,000 pounds per square inch and is designed to compositely act with the steel

girders, through the use of shear studs, to increase the positive moment capacity of the

members. The steel girder has two different cross sections: the heavier cross section is used

over the supports, where the composite action of the deck is ignored, to resist the large negative

moments experienced by the girders.

 51

4B.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 4B

In order to complete the goals described in the problem statement, this assignment meets the

following objectives:

1. Based on the final deck thickness and preliminary girder design of the superstructure, confirm

that the pier and abutment locations are adequate to pass the extreme flood calculated in

Assignment 1.

2. Determine the final moment and shear girder distribution factors, revise the deck and girder

dead loads, and reconstruct the girder moment and shear envelopes.

3. Use the factored moment envelopes to determine the steel plate girder sizes and dimensions

for the strength limit state for both negative and positive flexure and locate the cross-frames.

4. Locate splices for the superstructure interior girders by limiting the girder length based on

availability and/or transportation requirements.

5. Verify compactness for positive and negative moment regions.

4B.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 4B

The force effect envelopes are calculated using AASHTO 2012 specifications and follows a

similar process that was described in Assignment 4A. The final steel girder design discussed

below will loosely follow the flowcharts in AASHTO Appendix C6.4. The final design of the steel

girder was aided by the development of a Mathcad Worksheet that is shown with hand

calculations in Appendix 4B. The interior girder is only designed for flexure in constructability

and the strength limit state.

 52

4B.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 4B

4B.5.1. Design Flood Area

The final substructure elevation has generally not changed since the preliminary design, so the

previous calculation is adequate. However to summarize the previous findings, the 100-year

extreme flood requires a cross-sectional area (Areq) below the bridge that is large enough for

the safe passage of floodwaters. The required cross-sectional area (Areq) is calculated using

Talbot’s formula:

Where ‘C = 0.307’ is a coefficient related to the character of the area drained, and ‘M =

400,000 acres’, is the area drained.

With the provided bottom bed elevation of 1315.10 feet, finish elevation of 1340.08 feet, and

embankment slopes of 2H:1V, the available cross-sectional area (Aav) is 5626 square feet. See

Appendix 1 for calculations. Since the available area is greater than the required area, the

provided bridge elevation is adequate for extreme flood passage beneath the bridge.

4B.5.2. Reconstruction of Interior Girder Moment and Shear Envelopes

The final girder moment and shear envelopes are dependent on the final design of the bridge. If

the final design of the bridge calls for a thicker deck or a larger girder, the live load distribution

factors, the dead load, and the load effect envelopes must be recalculated with the higher dead

load. If the new load effect envelopes require further redesign, the process iterates again. The

final iteration of the interior girder design is shown below.

 53

4B.5.2.1. Live Load Distribution Factor Recalculation

The live load distribution factors are calculated for the moment and shear forces. The full written

calculations and hand calculations are shown in the appropriate appendix. The moment

distribution factors are calculated three times for different conditions: positive moment in the

exterior spans, positive moment in the interior spans, and negative moment over the support

using equations from AASHTO Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1. The longitudinal stiffness parameter is

recalculated using the final design by finding the average stiffness of the two girder sections

when weighted by their respective lengths.

The span length, deck thickness, girder spacing, girder number, and longitudinal stiffness

parameter are within the “Range of Applicability”, so the moment distribution factors for the

conditions are found as the maximum the two equations below.

The final values for the three conditions are shown below.

Table 4B.1 - Interior Moment Distribution Factors

 54

The shear distribution factor is calculated as the maximum of the equations from AASHTO

Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1.

The final value for the condition is shown below.

Table 4B.2 - Interior Shear Distribution Factors

The live load moment envelopes found from the HL93 with the dynamic load allowance in

Assignment 2 are multiplied by the distribution factors corresponding to their location along the

beam span. The exterior span positive moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g =

0.759 lanes), while the interior span positive moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g

= 0.741 lanes). The support region negative moments are multiplied by (g = 0.750 lanes). The

support region is defined as the distance between points of contra-flexure under a uniform load

on all spans. The shear distribution factor used for all spans is (g = 1.029). The figure below

illustrates the locations where the load distribution factors were used for the bending moments

and shear forces, respectively.

 55

Figure 4B.1 - Moment and Shear Distribution Factor Application Areas

4B.5.2.2. Dead Load Recalculation

The final girder size, deck thickness, wearing surface, and estimate of the other structural

components and nonstructural attachments have not significantly changed since Assignment 2,

however a summary of the dead loads is provided below.

Table 4B.3 - Steel Girder Dead Load Summary

DC1 is the weight of the structural components acting on the girder before the deck cures. DC2

is the weight of the structural components and nonstructural attachments acting on the girder

after the deck cures. DW is the weight of the wearing surface. For all three load cases, the

load effects are calculated assuming the girders are continuous.

4B.5.2.3. Shear and Moment Envelope Construction

The shear and moment envelopes for the load combinations Strength I and Service II are

calculated per AASHTO 2012 for use in the design of the steel girder. The load combinations

for Strength I and Service II are shown below.

 56

The shear and moment envelopes are the sum of the dead and live load effects multiplied by

the applicable load effect factor. The envelopes are calculated using Microsoft Excel, and the

Strength I envelopes are shown below for an example. The other envelopes are located in

Appendix 4B.

Figure 4B.2 - Interior Steel Girder STR I Shear Envelope

 57

Figure 4B.3 - Interior Steel Girder STR I Moment Envelope

4B.5.3. Flexural Design of Interior Steel Girder

The flexural design of the interior steel girder is accordance with AASHTO Article 6.10 and

utilizes the previously calculated shear and moment envelopes for both Strength I and Service II

load combinations. The flexural design is limited to the constructability and strength limit states

per class requirements. The interior steel girder is not designed for shear. The iterative design

calculations were aided by the creation of a Mathcad Worksheet which was confirmed by the

hand calculations in Appendix 4B. The Mathcad Worksheet allowed for quick design iterations

to find plate girder sizes that would produce the required capacity.

4B.5.3.1. Cross Section Proportion Limits

The two interior plate girder sections meet the proportional limits outlined in AASHTO Article

6.10.2, and the cross sections and their usage locations are shown below. The proportional
 58

limits also helped to preliminarily size the plate girder web and flanges. Due to the large

negative moments and lack of composite action over the supports, the plates for the girder

sections over the supports are increased in size to increase the moment capacity.

Figure 4B.4 - Interior Steel Girder Cross Sections

Figure 4B.5 - Interior Steel Girder Cross Section Locations

4B.5.3.2. constructability

The interior plate girder was designed to provide adequate strength for construction loads using

factors defined in AASHTO 3.4.2. The girder was checked using equations from AASHTO

6.10.3.2 as a noncomposite section to ensure that stresses in the steel girders did not exceed

the compression or tension limits for flexure provided below along the length of the girders
 59

Compressive stress limits for discretely braced flanges:

Tensile stress limits for discretely braced flanges:

The stresses in the flanges are found by dividing the moments induced by the construction load

combination by the appropriate non composite section modulus. All three compressive stress

limits are calculated and plotted along the length of the beam to check for adequacy and is

shown below. A similar plot is created for the tensile stress limits and is shown in Appendix 4B

with the sample hand calculations.

 60

Figure 4B.6 - Steel Girder constructability Compressive Stress Comparison

4B.5.3.3. Flexural Strength Limit State

The interior steel girder is designed to resist the moments induced by the Strength I load

combination as a composite section at the midspan to resist positive flexure and as a

noncomposite section at the supports to resist negative flexure. AASHTO Appendix A6 is not

utilized for this design.

 61

4B.5.3.3.1. Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

The steel girder as a composite section in positive flexure is designed using the equations

outlined in AASHTO Article 6.10.7.1 because the cross section meets the requirements to be

compact as described in AASHTO Article 6.10.6.2.2:

The depth of the plastic neutral axis is found to be in the deck, therefore the web of the steel

girder is never in compression.

To be adequate for positive flexure, the section must satisfy AASHTO Equation 6.10.7.1.1-1:

With the nominal moment capacity found using equations from AASHTO Article 6.10.7.1.2:
 62

And limited by AASHTO Equation 6.10.7.1.2-3 when the girders are continuous:

The plastic moment capacity is found using the applicable equations from AASHTO Table D6.1-

1, and the yield moment capacity is found as the minimum applied moment required to force

either the top or bottom flange of the composite steel section to yield. The process to calculate

both moment capacities are shown in Appendix 4B.

The final moment capacity is compared to the positive moment produced by the Strength I load

combination and is shown on the graph below.

Figure 4B.7 - Steel Girder Positive Moment Comparison

 63

4B.5.3.3.2. Noncomposite Sections in Negative Flexure

The noncomposite sections in negative flexure for the steel girder over the supports are

designed utilizing the equations from AASHTO Article 6.10.8. The compressive flange is

discretely braced at a maximum of 24.5’ from cross frames while the tension flange is

continuously braced by the concrete deck.

To be adequate for negative flexure, the discretely braced compression flange must satisfy

AASHTO Equation 6.10.8.1.1-1:

To be adequate for negative flexure, the continuously braced tension flange must satisfy

AASHTO Equation 6.10.8.1.3-1:

The nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange is found using the equations from

AASHTO Article 6.10.8.2. The equations utilize slenderness ratios to check for flange local

buckling and utilize beam unbraced limits to check for lateral torsional buckling of the cross

section. The minimum of the local buckling and lateral torsional buckling capacities is the

nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange.

Since the tension flange is continuously braced, the nominal flexural resistance is the yield

strength of the tension flange multiplied by the hybrid factor and applicable resistance factor

from AASHTO Article 6.5.4.2.

 64

The compressive or tensile flange stress in both flanges is calculated as the summation of the

factored moments divided by their applicable section modulus. The precomposite dead load

moment is divided by a noncomposite section modulus, the post composite dead load moment

is divided by a long term composite section modulus considering a modular ratio of “3n”, and the

live load moment is divided by a short term composite section modulus considering the typical

modular ratio of “n”.

It is important to note that AASHTO Appendix A6 was not utilized for this design, so the section

was not required to be checked for compactness over the supports. However to meet the

requirements of the class project, the noncomposite cross section was checked for

compactness using AASHTO 6.10.6.2.3, and the web was found to be nonslender.

The Mathcad Worksheet and the sample hand calculations are shown in Appendix 4B.

4B.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 4B

This section summarizes the final results of the preceding discussion.

1. The cross sectional area beneath the superstructure was checked to confirm that it is

of a size to allow the passage of an extreme flood. The base elevation of 1315.10 and

the finish elevation of 1340.08 will provide enough cross sectional area. No changes

were needed.

2. The dead loads were unchanged from the previous assignments, however the

summary was provided. The moment and shear girder distribution factors were

recalculated based on the final design of the steel girder and were applied to the

previously calculated HL93 loading with the dynamic allowance. Final shear and
 65

moment envelopes were created in Excel for the Strength I and Service II load

combinations for use in the design of the steel girder.

3. The design of the steel girder was aided by a Mathcad Worksheet, and sample

calculations were confirmed by hand. The final design for an interior steel girder line

utilized five plate girder sections spliced together with two different plate girder cross

sections. The detailed plate girder dimensions, lengths, and section locations are shown

in the drawings in Appendix 6. See Figures 4B.4 and 4B.5 for a summary located in this

section. The steel plate girder cross section utilized over the support was designed to

neglect the composite action from the deck and to fully resist the negative moment. The

height and thickness of the plates used for the web for both cross sections is the same

to aid in the constructability of the splices. The cross frames have been located at a

maximum spacing of 25’ and at the supports. The plan view of the steel girder bridge in

Appendix 6 shows the location of the cross frames.

4. The splices for the steel girders have been located with the intent to limit lengths

based on transportation requirements and to allow for a heavier steel plate girder cross

section to be spliced over the supports. The heavier cross sections extend for 25’ past

the support in both directions.

5. Both steel girder cross sections have been checked for compactness for their

respective conditions. It was found that the composite midspan cross section in positive

flexure is compact per AASHTO Article 6.10.6.2.2, and the noncomposite support cross

section in negative flexure has a noncompact web per AASHTO Article 6.10.6.2.3.
 66

5. Assignment 5: Quantities and Cost Estimates, Option Comparisons, and

Recommendations

5.1. Introduction for Assignment 5

The final aspect of this project compares the two bridge superstructure design options and

makes a final recommendation. Both bridges have the same overall span length, but have

different interior span lengths, numbers of girders, and, clearly, different superstructure designs.

The comparison includes quantity and cost estimates and an overall option comparison

between the prestressed concrete girder design and the steel girder design. With the steel

girder design being simplistic due to time constraints, it is difficult to make an accurate

comparison between the two designs. However, a recommendation will be provided.

5.2. Problem Statement for Assignment 5

The goal of Assignment 5 is to estimate the costs for the superstructures for both bridge designs

using the given costs from the assignment sheet. The final cost estimates, in conjunction with

other design criteria, is to be used to compare the designs and make a final recommendation on

which type of superstructure construction should be used for this project.

5.3. Objectives and Requirements for Assignment 5

In order to complete the goals described in the problem statement, this assignment meets the

following objectives:

1. Present quantity and cost estimates for the superstructures of both bridge designs using the

provided unit costs. Exclude the costs of the substructure for the preliminary cost estimate.

2. Compare the the two bridge designs using the quantity and cost estimates and other design

criteria.
 67

3. Make a recommendation for the final bridge design to be used at the described location.

5.4. Engineering Evaluation for Assignment 5

The estimated quantities and costs are tabulated using Microsoft Excel. The unit costs are

provided in the given assignment requirements. The supporting substructure is excluded from

the cost estimates, however, an estimated weight is calculated to be used in the comparison

between the bridge designs. It can be reasonably assumed that a higher estimated weight will

result in a higher cost of the substructure.

5.5. Detailed Discussion for Assignment 5

5.5.1. Quantity and Cost Estimate of the Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge

The quantity and cost estimate for the prestressed concrete girder bridge superstructure is

shown in the table below.

 68

Table 5.1 - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Cost Estimate

5.5.2. Quantity and Cost Estimate of the Steel Girder Bridge

The quantity and cost estimate for the steel girder bridge superstructure is shown in the table

below. It is important to note that the steel girders have only been designed for constructability

and the strength limit state in flexure and may not accurately reflect the final steel girder bridge

design.
 69

Table 5.2 - Steel Girder Bridge Cost Estimate

5.5.3. Estimated Weight

Using the previously calculated quantities, a total weight for both superstructures can be

calculated and compared. The table below shows the estimated weights of both

superstructures.
 70

Table 5.3 - Estimated Superstructure Weights

5.6. Summary and Conclusions for Assignment 5

This section summarizes the final results of the preceding discussion.

1. The estimated costs of the superstructures for the prestressed concrete girder bridge and

steel girder bridge were calculated using the given unit costs. The prestressed concrete

girder bridge superstructure has an estimated cost of $85 per square foot while the steel

girder bridge has a similar cost of $87 per square foot of bridge surface area. The overall

span length and bridge width are equal for both bridge designs.

2. Some important things to note about the bridge designs before a comparison between the

designs can be drawn.

a. It was found in Assignment 3 that a prestressed concrete girder bridge design

using seven girders would likely be more efficient than a design using eight

girders. However, a design using eight girders was performed due to a

requirement from a previous submission. A design with seven girders likely

could reduce the cost and weight of the prestressed concrete bridge by a

significant amount.

b. The steel girder design is not fully complete. This could increase the cost and

weight of the steel bridge by an unknown amount.

 71

In comparing the current cost and weight estimates of the two bridge designs, the

prestressed concrete girder bridge has a slightly lower estimated cost per square foot of

superstructure even without the likely reduction in cost from using fewer girders. But due to

the larger weight of the prestressed concrete superstructure, it can be speculated that the

overall cost of the structure is slightly lower using the steel girder bridge design.

steel girder bridge would likely have the lowest overall initial cost due to the 40% reduction

in weight since the costs of the superstructures are very similar. The reduction in weight

may allow for a smaller, less expensive substructure and foundation.

Both bridge designs have the same overall span lengths, finish elevation, number of spans,

and bridge width, so there is minimal difference in cost or performance from the overall

bridge conditions.

In looking at ease of maintenance, concrete structures are typically easier and less

expensive to maintain over the lifespan of the bridge as steel structures require

maintenance painting.

3. In consideration of the previous discussion, the team would recommend the prestressed

concrete girder bridge design due to the slightly lower estimated superstructure cost per

square foot and the lower costs associated with maintenance over the lifespan of the bridge.

Additionally, it is speculated that with the previously discussed redesign of the prestressed

concrete girder bridge and a more complete design of the steel girder bridge, the
 72

prestressed concrete girder bridge design would become the significantly lower cost design

option.
 73

6. Appendices

6.1. Appendix 1: Assignment 1

Appendix 1.1: Available area for design flood

Appendix 1.2: Prestressed bridge dead load calculations

Appendix 1.3: Steel bridge dead load calculations

Appendix 1.4: Prestressed bridge preliminary dimensions

Appendix 1.5: Steel bridge preliminary dimensions

 74

6.2. Appendix 2: Assignment 2

Appendix 2.1: Girder influence line and shear/moment envelope calculations

1. Influence Lines hand calculations for Steel Bridge:

1.1. Determine flexibility method equations:

- Because of the girder symmetry about point (D), Cy and Ey influence line values are the

same.

- The different point’s deflections will be calculated for the half of the girder only.

- Supports (C) and (E) will be removed to evaluate the force method equations.

1
 
 - Using the previous figures gives the following equations

∗ ∗ 0.0 → 1

∗ ∗ 0.0 → 2

- From symmetry: and

. ∗ ∗ .
.
∗ ∗

. ∗ ∗
2 2 ∗ 349 ∗ 236 236 113
∗ ∗

.
.

- Substituting in Equations (1) and (2)

. .
∗ ∗ 0.0

. .
∗ ∗

679257.1385
∗ ∗ → 3
587002.0282 587002.0282

. .
∗ ∗ 0.0 → 5

- Substituting in Equations (3) into (5)

. . .
∗ ∗ ∗ 0.0
. . ∗

. .
∗ ∗ 0.0
.

679257.1385
∗ ∗ → 6
199009.3279 587002.0282

2
 
 1.2. Calculating deflections at (C) due to load at (X):

- For Span-1 the deflection is given by the equation:

- For Span-2 and Span-3 the deflection is given by the equation:

- Calculating Example deflections at point (C) :

∗ ∗ . .
349 236 56.5 .
∗ ∗

∗ ∗ . .
2 ∗ 349 ∗ 174.5 174.5 113 .
∗ ∗

∗ ∗ . .
2 ∗ 349 ∗ 292.5 292.5 113 .
∗ ∗

1.3. Calculating deflections at (E) due to load at (X):

- Due to symmetry the following values can be interpreted:

.
.

.
.

.
.

1.4. Example calculations for I.L. Cy:

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

. @ 0.708 /

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

3
 
 . @ 0.584 /

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

. @ 0.137 /

1.5. Example calculations for I.L. Ey:

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

. @ 0.137 /

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

. @ 0.584 /

. . . ∗ .
. @ ∗ ∗
. . .

. @ 0.708 /

1.6. Example calculations for I.L. Ay:

- Summation moments about (G) = 0.0 gives:

∗ 349 ∗ 236 ∗ 113 1.0 ∗ 349 x 0.0

∗ ∗

4
 
 . . ∗ . ∗
. @ 0.404 /

. . ∗ . ∗
. @ 0.084 /

. . ∗ . ∗
. @ 0.025 /

1.7. Example calculations for I.L. (VB and MB):

- Shear at point B, VB:

For Part (AB)

1.0 0.0

1.0

For Part (BG)

0.0

5
 
 Example Calculations

. @ 1.0 0.404 1.0 0.596 /

. @ 0.404 /

. @ 0.084 /

. @ 0.025 /

- Moment at point B, MB:

For Part (AB)

∗ 56.5 1.0 ∗ 56.5 x 0.0

56.5 ∗ 56.5 x

For Part (BG)

∗ 56.5 0.0

56.5 ∗

Example Calculations

. @ 56.5 ∗ 56.5 x 0.404 ∗ 56.5 1∗0 22.826 /

6
 
 . @ 56.5 ∗ 0.084 ∗ 56.5 4.746 /

. @ 56.5 ∗ 0.025 ∗ 56.5 1.413 /

1.8. Example calculations for I.L. (VD and MD):

- Shear at point D, VD:

For Part (AD)

1.0 0.0

1.0

For Part (DG)

0.0

Example Calculations

. @ 1.0 0.404 0.708 1.0 0.112 /

. @ 1.0 0.084 0.584 1.0 0.50 /

7
 
 . @ 0.084 0.584 0.50 /

. @ 0.025 0.137 0.112 /

- Moment at point D, MD:

For Part (AD)

∗ 174.5 ∗ 61.5 1.0 ∗ 174.5 x 0.0

∗ 174.5 ∗ 61.5 174.5 x

For Part (DG)

∗ 174.5 ∗ 61.5 0.0

∗ 174.5 ∗ 61.5

Example Calculations

. @ 0.404 ∗ 174.5 0.708 ∗ 61.5 174.5 56.5 4.0 /

. @ 0.084 ∗ 174.5 0.584 ∗ 61.5 21.26 /

. @ 0.025 ∗ 174.5 0.137 ∗ 61.5 4.0 /

8
 
 
Deflections/EI Joint Reactions Influence Lines Influence Lines Areas
Point Loc.
fC fE Cy Ey AY VB MB VD MD Cy VB MB VD MD
A=1.0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.1 11.3 -84024.97 -66408.75 0.15 -0.04 0.87 -0.13 4.21 0.03 -1.06 0.88 -0.71 23.81 0.17 -6.00
1.2 22.6 -167074.23 -132350.31 0.31 -0.07 0.75 -0.25 8.51 0.06 -2.06 2.61 -2.12 71.91 0.49 -17.64
1.3 33.9 -248172.06 -197357.50 0.45 -0.10 0.63 -0.37 12.99 0.08 -2.93 4.28 -3.50 121.49 0.78 -28.19
1.4 45.2 -326342.76 -260963.14 0.59 -0.12 0.51 -0.49 17.72 0.10 -3.61 5.86 -4.84 173.52 1.02 -36.92
B=1.5 56.5 -400610.61 -322700.04 0.71 -0.14 0.40 -0.60 22.81 0.11 -4.02 7.31 -6.12 229.01 1.19 -43.11
B'=1.5001 56.501 -400616.98 -322705.41 0.71 -0.14 0.40 0.40 22.81 0.11 -4.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
1.6 67.8 -469999.89 -382101.02 0.81 -0.14 0.30 0.30 17.03 0.11 -4.12 8.59 3.98 225.05 1.28 -46.01
1.7 79.1 -533534.90 -438698.89 0.90 -0.13 0.21 0.21 11.77 0.11 -3.83 9.67 2.88 162.70 1.25 -44.92
1.8 90.4 -590239.91 -492026.47 0.96 -0.10 0.13 0.13 7.12 0.09 -3.09 10.50 1.89 106.73 1.08 -39.10
1.9 101.7 -639139.23 -541616.58 0.99 -0.06 0.06 0.06 3.17 0.05 -1.83 11.04 1.03 58.13 0.77 -27.83
C=2.0 113 -679257.14 -587002.03 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.27 0.32 17.90 0.29 -10.37
2.1 125.3 -712112.20 -631077.93 0.97 0.09 -0.04 -0.04 -2.50 -0.07 2.72 12.11 -0.27 -15.35 -0.46 16.71
2.2 137.6 -734009.32 -669016.00 0.91 0.20 -0.07 -0.07 -4.09 -0.17 6.20 11.54 -0.72 -40.52 -1.48 54.83
2.3 149.9 -745551.01 -700213.74 0.82 0.33 -0.09 -0.09 -4.92 -0.27 10.44 10.60 -0.98 -55.39 -2.68 102.32
2.4 162.2 -747339.78 -724068.63 0.71 0.45 -0.09 -0.09 -5.10 -0.38 15.45 9.37 -1.09 -61.57 -4.02 159.20
D = 2.5 174.5 -739978.15 -739978.15 0.58 0.58 -0.08 -0.08 -4.77 -0.50 21.21 7.94 -1.07 -60.67 -5.43 225.47
1.9. Influence lines full calculations using Excel:

9
D'=2.5001 174.501 -739977.19 -739979.10 0.58 0.58 -0.08 -0.08 -4.77 0.50 21.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02
2.6 186.8 -724068.63 -747339.78 0.45 0.71 -0.07 -0.07 -4.06 0.38 15.45 6.39 -0.96 -54.26 5.43 225.45
2.7 199.1 -700213.74 -745551.01 0.33 0.82 -0.05 -0.05 -3.09 0.27 10.44 4.80 -0.78 -43.98 4.02 159.20
2.8 211.4 -669016.00 -734009.32 0.20 0.91 -0.04 -0.04 -2.01 0.17 6.20 3.24 -0.56 -31.40 2.68 102.32
2.9 223.7 -631077.93 -712112.20 0.09 0.97 -0.02 -0.02 -0.94 0.07 2.72 1.80 -0.32 -18.12 1.48 54.83
E=3.0 236 -587002.03 -679257.14 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 -0.10 -5.76 0.46 16.71
3.1 247.3 -541616.58 -639139.23 -0.06 0.99 0.01 0.01 0.65 -0.05 -1.83 -0.35 0.06 3.65 -0.29 -10.37
3.2 258.6 -492026.47 -590239.91 -0.10 0.96 0.02 0.02 1.09 -0.09 -3.09 -0.94 0.17 9.81 -0.77 -27.83
3.3 269.9 -438698.89 -533534.90 -0.13 0.90 0.02 0.02 1.35 -0.11 -3.83 -1.33 0.24 13.78 -1.08 -39.10
3.4 281.2 -382101.02 -469999.89 -0.14 0.81 0.03 0.03 1.45 -0.11 -4.12 -1.53 0.28 15.83 -1.25 -44.92
F=3.5 292.5 -322700.04 -400610.61 -0.14 0.71 0.03 0.03 1.42 -0.11 -4.02 -1.56 0.29 16.22 -1.28 -46.02
3.6 303.8 -260963.14 -326342.76 -0.12 0.59 0.02 0.02 1.27 -0.10 -3.61 -1.46 0.27 15.19 -1.19 -43.11
3.7 315.1 -197357.50 -248172.06 -0.10 0.45 0.02 0.02 1.03 -0.08 -2.93 -1.25 0.23 13.01 -1.02 -36.92
3.8 326.4 -132350.31 -167074.23 -0.07 0.31 0.01 0.01 0.73 -0.06 -2.06 -0.96 0.18 9.94 -0.78 -28.19
3.9 337.7 -66408.75 -84024.97 -0.04 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.37 -0.03 -1.06 -0.60 0.11 6.22 -0.49 -17.64
G=4.0 349 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.20 0.04 2.12 -0.17 -6.00
Influence Line (+Ve) Area A(+) = 140.35 11.97 1296.03 22.39 1117.07
Influence Line (-Ve) Area A(-) = -10.19 -24.13 -387.03 -22.39 -600.20
Influence Line total Area A total = 130.16 -12.16 909.00 0.00 516.87

 
 Reaction (Cy) Influence Line
1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

-0.20
 
 

Reaction (Ay) Influence Line

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

-0.20
 
 

10
 
 Shear (VB) Influence Line
0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-0.20

-0.40

-0.60

-0.80
 
 

Moment (MB) Influence Line

24.00

20.00

16.00

12.00

8.00

4.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-4.00

-8.00
 
 

11
 
 Shear (VD) Influence Line
0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

-0.20

-0.40

-0.60
 
 

Moment (MD) Influence Line

24.00

20.00

16.00

12.00

8.00

4.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-4.00

-8.00
 
 

12
 
2. Hand calculations Reaction, Moment and Shear Envelops:

2.1. Dead Loads Reaction, Moment and Shear :

- Dead load reaction Cy, moments and shear at points (B and D) are manually calculated.

- Influence lines total areas, calculated previously in excel, are used for dead loads.

Reaction Cy

DC1 DC1 ∗ I. L. total area 1.73 ∗ 130.16 225.2

DC2 DC2 ∗ I. L. total area 0.14 ∗ 130.16 18.30

DW DW ∗ I. L. total area 0.25 ∗ 130.16 32.54

Point (B) Shear and Moments

DC1 DC1 ∗ I. L. total area 1.73 ∗ 909.0 1572.60

DC2 DC2 ∗ I. L. total area 0.14 ∗ 909.0 127.30

DW DW ∗ I. L. total area 0.25 ∗ 909.0 227.30

DC1 DC1 ∗ I. L. total area 1.73 ∗ 12.16 21.04

DC2 DC2 ∗ I. L. total area 0.14 ∗ 12.16 1.70

DW DW ∗ I. L. total area 0.25 ∗ 12.16 3.04

13
 
 Point (D) Shear and Moments

DC1 DC1 ∗ I. L. total area 1.73 ∗ 516.87 894.20

DC2 DC2 ∗ I. L. total area 0.14 ∗ 516.87 72.40

DW DW ∗ I. L. total area 0.25 ∗ 516.87 129.20

DC1 DC1 ∗ I. L. total area 1.73 ∗ 0.0 0.0

DC2 DC2 ∗ I. L. total area 0.14 ∗ 0.0 0.0

DW DW ∗ I. L. total area 0.25 ∗ 0.0 0.0

2.2. Live Loads Maximum and Minimum Reaction (Cy):

- For live loads maximum positive reaction (Cy), the influence line positive area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. positive area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 140.35 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.99 0.97 8 ∗ 0.91 182.90

- For live loads maximum negative reaction (Cy), the influence line negative area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

14
 
 0.64 ∗ I. L. negative area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 10.19 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.14 0.13 8 ∗ 0.1 19.10

2.3. Live Loads Maximum and Minimum Moment and Shear at point (B):

- For live loads maximum positive Moment (MB), the influence line positive area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. positive area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 1296.03 1.33 32 ∗ 21.62 17.72 8 ∗ 14.4 2657.0

- For live loads maximum negative Moment (MB), the influence line negative area is used

with the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as

follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. negative area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 387.03 1.33 32 ∗ 4.90 5.10 8 ∗ 4.0 715.9

15
 
 - For live loads maximum positive shear (VB), the influence line positive area is used with the

lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. positive area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 11.97 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.40 0.32 8 ∗ 0.23 40.80

- For live loads maximum negative shear (VB), the influence line negative area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. negative 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 24.13 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.60 0.52 8 ∗ 0.41 67.50

2.4. Live Loads Maximum and Minimum Moment and Shear at point (D):

- For live loads maximum positive Moment (MD), the influence line positive area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

16
 
 0.64 ∗ I. L. positive area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 1117.07 1.33 32 ∗ 20.12 15.45 8 ∗ 13.8 2375.6

- For live loads maximum negative Moment (MD), the influence line negative area is used

with the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as

follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. negative area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 600.2 1.33 32 ∗ 4.12 3.94 8 ∗ 3.27 762.0

- For live loads maximum positive shear (VD), the influence line positive area is used with the

lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. positive area 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 22.39 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.50 0.36 8 ∗ 0.25 53.60

17
 
 - For live loads maximum negative shear (VD), the influence line negative area is used with

the lane load and the HS-20 is positioned so that it produces the highest effect as follows:

0.64 ∗ I. L. negative 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ y y 8∗y

0.64 ∗ 22.39 1.33 ∗ 32 ∗ 0.50 0.36 8 ∗ 0.25 53.60   

2.5. Hand calculations envelops (Cy, VB , MB, VD and MD):

The calculated reactions, shear forces and bending moments are tabulated using Excel, and

the required load combinations (STR I, SVC I, SVC II and SCV III) are calculates in the next

table

1.25 ∗ 1.50 1.75 ∗

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.0 ∗

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.30 ∗

1.0 ∗ 1.0 0.80 ∗

Joint Reactions Internal Forces at (B) Internal Forces at (D)

LOAD
Cy (+ve) Cy (-ve) VB (+ve) VB (-ve) MB (+ve) MB (-ve) VD (+ve) VD (-ve) MD (+ve) MD (-ve)
DC1 225.20 21.04 1572.60 0.00 894.20
DC2 18.30 1.70 127.30 0.00 72.40
DW 32.54 3.04 227.30 0.00 129.20

LIVE (IM) 182.90 -19.10 40.80 -67.50 2657.00 -715.90 53.60 -53.60 2375.60 -762.00

STR I 673.26 319.76 104.39 -85.14 7115.58 1213.00 93.80 -93.80 5559.35 68.55

SVC I 458.94 256.94 66.58 -41.72 4584.20 1211.30 53.60 -53.60 3471.40 333.80
SVC II 513.81 251.21 78.82 -61.97 5381.30 996.53 69.68 -69.68 4184.08 105.20
SVC III 422.36 260.76 58.42 -28.22 4052.80 1354.48 42.88 -42.88 2996.28 486.20

18
 
3. Analysis cases:

A 2-D frame element analysis using SAP program generated for both bridges in order to consider

as much design sections as possible, and to reduce time consumption. In these analyses, dead loads

(DC1, DC2 and DW) and the design load are computed using static load analysis while truck loads

are computed using moving load technique.

3.1. Analysis cases:

A description of different load and analysis cases defined in the analysis program is stated

below.

3.1.1. Dead loads:

Three load cases are defined as DC1, DC2 and DW which presents dead loads. These

cases are analyzed using static load strategy, and they are loaded so that they occupy the

three spans, as shown in the figure below.

3.1.2. Moving loads (HS20):

Two moving load cases are defined as HS20-L and HS20-R which presents the design

load truck HS20 travelling to the right and to the left of the bridge. Both of these cases are

illustrated in the figure below.

19
 
 HS20 Travelling
to the right of the
bridge (HS20-R)

HS20 Travelling
to the left of the
bridge (HS20-L)

3.1.3. Moving loads two (HS20) at 50’-00” headway:

Two moving load cases are defined as 2-HS20-L and 2-HS20-R which presents the two

design load truck HS20 travelling to the right and to the left of the bridge. Both of these

cases are illustrated in the figure below.

Two HS20 Travelling to

the right of the bridge
(2-HS20-R)

Two HS20 Travelling

to the left of the bridge
(2-HS20-L)

20
 
 3.1.4. Tandem moving load:

One moving load cases are defined as TML which presents the tandem design load

travelling along the bridge length.

Tandem moving load

(TML)

3.1.5. Design lane moving load:

Four static analysis cases are defined to model lane load critical positions. The cases are

LL-SPAN(2), LL-SPAN(1+3), LL-SPAN(1+2) and LL-SPAN(2+3). Form the influence

lines shapes the following conclusions can be made:

- LL-SPAN(2) case of loading produces the highest positive bending moments along SPAN-2

- LL-SPAN(1+3) case of loading produces the highest positive bending moments along

SPAN-1 and SPAN-3, the highest joint vertical reactions Cy and Gy and the highest shear

forces at points C and G

21
 
 - LL-SPAN(1+2) case of loading produces the highest negative bending moments, vertical

reaction and shear forces at point C

- LL-SPAN(2+3) case of loading produces the highest negative bending moments, vertical

reaction and shear forces at point E

22
 
 3.1.6. Load cases summary:

Four static analysis cases are defined to model lane load critical positions. The cases are

LL-SPAN(2), LL-SPAN(1+3), LL-SPAN(1+2) and LL-SPAN(2+3). Form the influence

Case of Loading Type of Analysis Description

DC1 Static Own weight of bridge system + concrete deck

DC2 Static Own weight of barriers

DW Static Own weight of wearing surface

HS20-R Moving Load HS20 truck moving to the right of the bridge

HS20-L Moving Load HS20 truck moving to the left of the bridge

2-HS20-R Moving Load Two HS20 truck moving to the right of the bridge

2-HS20-L Moving Load Two HS20 truck moving to the left of the bridge

TML Moving Load Tandem moving load

LL-SPAN(2) Static Lane load loaded on SPAN-2

LL-SPAN(1+3) Static Lane load loaded on SPAN-1 and SPAN-3

LL-SPAN(1+2) Static Lane load loaded on SPAN-1 and SPAN-2

LL-SPAN(2+3) Static Lane load loaded on SPAN-2 and SPAN-3

23
 
4. Steel Bridge analysis cases results, internal forces envelopes and load combinations:

SAP structural analysis results are exported to excel so that moment and shear diagrams will be

clearer.

4.1. Steel Bridge Analysis cases results:

Different analysis cases described in section 3 are plotted below.

4.1.1. Truck moving load (HS20):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear and bending moments at

each section. The figure plotted for the HS20 shear and moments multiplied by

(1+IM=1.33).

Moment Envelopes (HS20) - kip-ft

2000

1600 1885.71 1885.71

1687.92
1200

800
Moment (kip-ft)

400

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400

-800
-1030.90 -1030.90
-1200
Span Distances (ft)

24
 
 Shear Envelopes (HS20) - kip
100
90.90 89.97 85.89
75

50

25
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-25

-50

-75
-85.89 -89.97 -90.90
-100
Span Distances (ft)

Unfactored Shear and Moments (HS20) Shear and Moments (HS20) * (1+IM=1.33)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 6.29 0.00 -64.58 0.00 8.37 0.00 -85.89 0.00
1.1 11.3 6.29 629.50 -55.68 -71.13 8.37 837.24 -74.05 -94.61
1.2 22.6 11.04 1061.90 -46.98 -142.21 14.68 1412.33 -62.48 -189.14
1.3 33.9 19.40 1311.76 -38.59 -213.29 25.80 1744.64 -51.33 -283.68
1.4 45.2 28.00 1417.83 -30.63 -284.37 37.24 1885.71 -40.74 -378.22
B=1.5 56.5 36.25 1387.09 -23.20 -355.46 48.22 1844.83 -30.86 -472.76
1.6 67.8 44.04 1241.20 -16.42 -426.54 58.57 1650.80 -21.84 -567.29
1.7 79.1 51.25 973.39 -10.40 -497.62 68.17 1294.60 -13.83 -661.83
1.8 90.4 57.78 614.67 -5.40 -568.70 76.85 817.51 -7.18 -756.37
1.9 101.7 63.52 208.97 -1.80 -639.78 84.48 277.93 -2.39 -850.90
C=2.0 113 68.34 201.87 -1.79 -775.12 90.90 268.49 -2.38 -1030.90
C'=2.0 113.0001 7.94 201.87 -67.64 -775.12 10.56 268.49 -89.97 -1030.90
2.1 125.3 7.94 258.12 -61.42 -677.36 10.56 343.29 -81.68 -900.89
2.2 137.6 7.94 678.39 -54.20 -579.68 10.56 902.26 -72.09 -770.97
2.3 149.9 14.00 1009.12 -46.31 -481.99 18.62 1342.13 -61.59 -641.05
2.4 162.2 21.58 1212.09 -38.04 -384.31 28.70 1612.08 -50.59 -511.13
D = 2.5 174.5 29.69 1269.11 -29.69 -286.62 39.49 1687.92 -39.49 -381.21
2.6 186.8 38.04 1212.09 -21.58 -384.31 50.59 1612.08 -28.70 -511.13
2.7 199.1 46.31 1009.12 -14.00 -481.99 61.59 1342.13 -18.62 -641.05
2.8 211.4 54.20 678.39 -7.94 -579.68 72.09 902.26 -10.56 -770.97
2.9 223.7 61.42 258.12 -7.94 -677.36 81.68 343.29 -10.56 -900.89
E=3.0 236 67.64 201.87 -7.94 -775.12 89.97 268.49 -10.56 -1030.90
E'=3.0 236.0001 1.79 201.87 -68.34 -775.12 2.38 268.49 -90.90 -1030.90
3.1 247.3 1.80 208.97 -63.52 -639.78 2.39 277.93 -84.48 -850.90
3.2 258.6 5.40 614.67 -57.78 -568.70 7.18 817.51 -76.85 -756.37
3.3 269.9 10.40 973.39 -51.25 -497.62 13.83 1294.60 -68.17 -661.83
3.4 281.2 16.42 1241.20 -44.04 -426.54 21.84 1650.80 -58.57 -567.29
F=3.5 292.5 23.20 1387.09 -36.25 -355.46 30.86 1844.83 -48.22 -472.76
3.6 303.8 30.63 1417.83 -28.00 -284.37 40.74 1885.71 -37.24 -378.22
3.7 315.1 38.59 1311.76 -19.40 -213.29 51.33 1744.64 -25.80 -283.68
3.8 326.4 46.98 1061.90 -11.04 -142.21 62.48 1412.33 -14.68 -189.14
3.9 337.7 55.68 629.50 -6.29 -71.13 74.05 837.24 -8.37 -94.61
G=4.0 349 64.58 0.00 -6.29 0.00 85.89 0.00 -8.37 0.00

25
 
 4.1.2. Truck moving load (2HS20):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear forces and bending

moments at each section. The figure plotted for the 2-HS20 spaced at 50’-0” headway,

shear and moments multiplied by [(1.33)*(0.90)].

Moment Envelopes (2-HS20)

2000 1705.29 1705.29
1519.13
1600
1200
800
Moments (kip-ft)

400
0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400
-800
-1200
-1600
-1714.57 -1714.57
-2000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes (2-HS20)

120
100 106.03 103.66 90.40
80
60
40
Shear Forces (kip)

20
0
-20 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-40
-60
-80
-90.40
-100 -103.66 -106.03

-120
Span Distances (ft)

26
 
 Unfactored Shear and Moments (2-HS20) Shear and Moments (2-HS20) * (1.33) * (0.90)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 7.06 0.00 -75.52 0.00 8.45 0.00 -90.40 0.00
1.1 11.3 7.06 695.39 -61.50 -79.79 8.45 832.39 -73.62 -95.51
1.2 22.6 11.08 1107.38 -48.99 -159.48 13.27 1325.53 -58.64 -190.89
1.3 33.9 19.40 1339.22 -38.76 -239.19 23.22 1603.04 -46.40 -286.31
1.4 45.2 29.18 1424.64 -30.63 -318.90 34.92 1705.29 -36.66 -381.72
B=1.5 56.5 39.20 1387.09 -23.20 -398.60 46.93 1660.35 -27.78 -477.13
1.6 67.8 48.70 1248.72 -16.42 -478.31 58.29 1494.72 -19.66 -572.54
1.7 79.1 57.05 992.72 -10.40 -558.02 68.28 1188.28 -12.45 -667.95
1.8 90.4 64.00 616.21 -5.40 -637.73 76.61 737.60 -6.46 -763.36
1.9 101.7 75.31 208.97 -1.83 -790.40 90.15 250.14 -2.19 -946.11
C=2.0 113 88.58 206.64 -1.83 -1432.39 106.03 247.35 -2.19 -1714.57
C'=2.0 113.0001 8.13 206.64 -86.60 -1432.39 9.73 247.35 -103.66 -1714.57
2.1 125.3 8.13 258.12 -73.07 -749.78 9.73 308.96 -87.46 -897.49
2.2 137.6 8.13 682.47 -62.04 -593.36 9.73 816.92 -74.27 -710.26
2.3 149.9 14.00 1042.57 -53.32 -493.37 16.76 1247.96 -63.83 -590.57
2.4 162.2 22.18 1223.56 -43.14 -393.38 26.55 1464.60 -51.64 -470.88
D = 2.5 174.5 32.19 1269.11 -32.19 -293.39 38.53 1519.13 -38.53 -351.19
2.6 186.8 43.14 1223.56 -22.18 -393.38 51.64 1464.60 -26.55 -470.88
2.7 199.1 53.32 1042.57 -14.00 -493.37 63.83 1247.96 -16.76 -590.57
2.8 211.4 62.04 682.47 -8.13 -593.36 74.27 816.92 -9.73 -710.26
2.9 223.7 73.07 258.12 -8.13 -749.78 87.46 308.96 -9.73 -897.49
E=3.0 236 86.60 206.64 -8.13 -1432.39 103.66 247.35 -9.73 -1714.57
E'=3.0 236.0001 1.83 206.64 -88.58 -1432.39 2.19 247.35 -106.03 -1714.57
3.1 247.3 1.83 208.97 -75.31 -790.40 2.19 250.14 -90.15 -946.11
3.2 258.6 5.40 616.21 -64.00 -637.73 6.46 737.60 -76.61 -763.36
3.3 269.9 10.40 992.72 -57.05 -558.02 12.45 1188.28 -68.28 -667.95
3.4 281.2 16.42 1248.72 -48.70 -478.31 19.66 1494.72 -58.29 -572.54
F=3.5 292.5 23.20 1387.09 -39.20 -398.60 27.78 1660.35 -46.93 -477.13
3.6 303.8 30.63 1424.64 -29.18 -318.90 36.66 1705.29 -34.92 -381.72
3.7 315.1 38.76 1339.22 -19.40 -239.19 46.40 1603.04 -23.22 -286.31
3.8 326.4 48.99 1107.38 -11.08 -159.48 58.64 1325.53 -13.27 -190.89
3.9 337.7 61.50 695.39 -7.06 -79.79 73.62 832.39 -8.45 -95.51
G=4.0 349 75.52 0.00 -7.06 0.00 90.40 0.00 -8.45 0.00

27
 
 4.1.3. Tandem moving load (TML):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear and bending moments at

each section. The figure plotted for the TML shear and moments multiplied by

(1+IM=1.33).

Moment Envelopes (TML)

2000

1600 1485.63 1485.63

1348.47

1200

800
Moments (kip-ft)

400

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400

-800 -737.87 -737.87

-1200
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes (TML)

75
65.02
65.84 65.69
50

25
Shear Forces (kip)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-25

-50
-65.69 -65.84
-65.02
-75
Span Distances (ft)

28
 
 Unfactored Shear and Moments (TML) Shear and Moments (TML) * (1+IM=1.33)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 4.48 0.00 -48.89 0.00 5.96 0.00 -65.02 0.00
1.1 11.3 5.17 481.99 -42.63 -50.70 6.87 641.05 -56.70 -67.43
1.2 22.6 11.37 824.25 -36.46 -101.36 15.12 1096.25 -48.50 -134.81
1.3 33.9 17.44 1032.87 -30.47 -152.02 23.19 1373.72 -40.52 -202.19
1.4 45.2 23.29 1117.01 -24.71 -202.68 30.97 1485.63 -32.87 -269.57
B=1.5 56.5 28.84 1095.49 -19.28 -253.34 38.36 1457.00 -25.64 -336.94
1.6 67.8 34.02 983.15 -14.25 -304.00 45.25 1307.59 -18.95 -404.32
1.7 79.1 38.76 789.16 -9.69 -354.66 51.55 1049.59 -12.89 -471.70
1.8 90.4 42.97 535.69 -5.69 -405.32 57.15 712.47 -7.56 -539.08
1.9 101.7 46.57 248.36 -2.31 -455.99 61.94 330.32 -3.07 -606.46
C=2.0 113 49.50 144.49 -1.28 -554.79 65.84 192.17 -1.70 -737.87
C'=2.0 113.0001 5.69 144.49 -49.39 -554.79 7.56 192.17 -65.69 -737.87
2.1 125.3 5.69 284.57 -45.52 -484.82 7.56 378.48 -60.54 -644.81
2.2 137.6 7.57 582.38 -40.84 -414.90 10.06 774.57 -54.32 -551.82
2.3 149.9 12.67 817.95 -35.56 -344.99 16.86 1087.87 -47.30 -458.83
2.4 162.2 18.24 966.56 -29.89 -275.07 24.26 1285.52 -39.76 -365.84
D = 2.5 174.5 24.05 1013.89 -24.05 -205.15 31.99 1348.47 -31.99 -272.85
2.6 186.8 29.89 966.56 -18.24 -275.07 39.76 1285.52 -24.26 -365.84
2.7 199.1 35.56 817.95 -12.67 -344.99 47.30 1087.87 -16.86 -458.83
2.8 211.4 40.84 582.38 -7.57 -414.90 54.32 774.57 -10.06 -551.82
2.9 223.7 45.52 284.57 -5.69 -484.82 60.54 378.48 -7.56 -644.81
E=3.0 236 49.39 144.49 -5.69 -554.79 65.69 192.17 -7.56 -737.87
E'=3.0 236.0001 1.28 144.49 -49.50 -554.79 1.70 192.17 -65.84 -737.87
3.1 247.3 2.31 248.36 -46.57 -455.99 3.07 330.32 -61.94 -606.46
3.2 258.6 5.69 535.69 -42.97 -405.32 7.56 712.47 -57.15 -539.08
3.3 269.9 9.69 789.16 -38.76 -354.66 12.89 1049.59 -51.55 -471.70
3.4 281.2 14.25 983.15 -34.02 -304.00 18.95 1307.59 -45.25 -404.32
F=3.5 292.5 19.28 1095.49 -28.84 -253.34 25.64 1457.00 -38.36 -336.94
3.6 303.8 24.71 1117.01 -23.29 -202.68 32.87 1485.63 -30.97 -269.57
3.7 315.1 30.47 1032.87 -17.44 -152.02 40.52 1373.72 -23.19 -202.19
3.8 326.4 36.46 824.25 -11.37 -101.36 48.50 1096.25 -15.12 -134.81
3.9 337.7 42.63 481.99 -5.17 -50.70 56.70 641.05 -6.87 -67.43
G=4.0 349 48.89 0.00 -4.48 0.00 65.02 0.00 -5.96 0.00

29
 
 4.1.4. Lane moving load (LL):

In this section, moments and shear forces are plotted for each case of loading, then the

envelope is plotted from the extreme values from all cases.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2+3)

1000
800
600
400
200
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-200 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2+3)

60

45

30

15
Shear (kip)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-15

-30

-45

-60
Span Distances (ft)

30
 
 Moment Envelopes (Lane Load-LL)
1000
827.53 827.53
800 709.96

600
400
200
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000 -1024.96 -1024.96
-1200
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Force Envelopes (Lane Load LL)

50
40
30
20
10
Shear (kip)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Span Distances (ft)

31
 
 
LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(2+3) Shear and Moment Envelopes
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -27.09 0.00 -32.73 0.00 4.43 0.00 3.22 0.00 4.43 0.00 -32.73 0.00
1.1 11.3 -19.85 265.38 -25.49 329.12 4.43 -50.07 3.22 -36.39 4.43 329.12 -25.49 -50.07
1.2 22.6 -12.62 448.84 -18.26 576.27 4.43 -100.09 3.22 -72.76 4.43 576.27 -18.26 -100.09
1.3 33.9 -5.39 550.61 -11.03 741.72 4.43 -150.12 3.22 -109.13 4.43 741.72 -11.03 -150.12
1.4 45.2 1.84 570.67 -3.80 825.48 4.43 -200.15 3.22 -145.50 4.43 825.48 -3.80 -200.15
B=1.5 56.5 9.07 509.04 3.43 827.53 4.43 -250.18 3.22 -181.87 9.07 827.53 3.22 -250.18
1.6 67.8 16.30 365.71 10.66 747.89 4.43 -300.21 3.22 -218.23 16.30 747.89 3.22 -300.21
1.7 79.1 23.53 140.68 17.90 586.56 4.43 -350.24 3.22 -254.60 23.53 586.56 3.22 -350.24
1.8 90.4 30.76 -166.04 25.13 343.52 4.43 -400.26 3.22 -290.97 30.76 343.52 3.22 -400.26
1.9 101.7 37.99 -554.46 32.36 18.79 4.43 -450.29 3.22 -327.34 37.99 18.79 3.22 -554.46
C=2.0 113 45.23 -1024.96 39.59 -387.97 4.43 -500.36 3.22 -363.73 45.23 -363.73 3.22 -1024.96
C'=2.0 113.0001 -44.74 -1024.96 0.00 -387.97 -39.36 -500.36 -33.98 -363.73 0.00 -363.73 -44.74 -1024.96
2.1 125.3 -36.86 -522.88 0.00 -387.97 -31.48 -64.43 -26.11 6.04 0.00 6.04 -36.86 -522.88
2.2 137.6 -28.99 -117.96 0.00 -387.97 -23.61 274.36 -18.24 278.72 0.00 278.72 -28.99 -387.97
2.3 149.9 -21.12 190.15 0.00 -387.97 -15.74 516.36 -10.37 454.60 0.00 516.36 -21.12 -387.97
2.4 162.2 -13.25 401.46 0.00 -387.97 -7.87 661.56 -2.50 533.69 0.00 661.56 -13.25 -387.97

32
D = 2.5 174.5 -5.38 515.97 0.00 -387.97 0.00 709.96 5.38 515.97 5.38 709.96 -5.38 -387.97
2.6 186.8 2.50 533.69 0.00 -387.97 7.87 661.56 13.25 401.46 13.25 661.56 0.00 -387.97
2.7 199.1 10.37 454.60 0.00 -387.97 15.74 516.36 21.12 190.15 21.12 516.36 0.00 -387.97
2.8 211.4 18.24 278.72 0.00 -387.97 23.61 274.36 28.99 -117.96 28.99 278.72 0.00 -387.97
2.9 223.7 26.11 6.04 0.00 -387.97 31.48 -64.43 36.86 -522.88 36.86 6.04 0.00 -522.88
E=3.0 236 33.98 -363.73 0.00 -387.97 39.36 -500.36 44.74 -1024.96 44.74 -363.73 0.00 -1024.96
E'=3.0 236.0001 -3.22 -363.73 -39.59 -387.97 -4.43 -500.36 -45.23 -1024.96 -3.22 -363.73 -45.23 -1024.96
3.1 247.3 -3.22 -327.34 -32.36 18.79 -4.43 -450.29 -37.99 -554.46 -3.22 18.79 -37.99 -554.46
3.2 258.6 -3.22 -290.97 -25.13 343.52 -4.43 -400.26 -30.76 -166.04 -3.22 343.52 -30.76 -400.26
3.3 269.9 -3.22 -254.60 -17.90 586.56 -4.43 -350.24 -23.53 140.68 -3.22 586.56 -23.53 -350.24
3.4 281.2 -3.22 -218.23 -10.66 747.89 -4.43 -300.21 -16.30 365.71 -3.22 747.89 -16.30 -300.21
F=3.5 292.5 -3.22 -181.87 -3.43 827.53 -4.43 -250.18 -9.07 509.04 -3.22 827.53 -9.07 -250.18
3.6 303.8 -3.22 -145.50 3.80 825.48 -4.43 -200.15 -1.84 570.67 3.80 825.48 -4.43 -200.15
3.7 315.1 -3.22 -109.13 11.03 741.72 -4.43 -150.12 5.39 550.61 11.03 741.72 -4.43 -150.12
3.8 326.4 -3.22 -72.76 18.26 576.27 -4.43 -100.09 12.62 448.84 18.26 576.27 -4.43 -100.09
3.9 337.7 -3.22 -36.39 25.49 329.12 -4.43 -50.07 19.85 265.38 25.49 329.12 -4.43 -50.07
G=4.0 349 -3.22 0.00 32.73 0.00 -4.43 0.00 27.09 0.00 32.73 0.00 -4.43 0.00
 4.1.5. Dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW):

In this section, moments and shear forces are plotted for each dead load case, and no

envelopes are generate because dead loads are permanent loads.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

2000
1690.33 1690.33
1600
1200 870.37
800
244.27
400 244.27 125.78
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-400 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-800 -347.00
-1200
-1600
-2000
-2401.27 -2401.27
-2400
-2800
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

125
119.00 106.40
100
76.50
75
50
25
Shear (kip)

15.38 11.05
0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-25
-17.20
-50
-75 -76.50
-100 -106.40 -119.00
-125
Span Distances (ft)

33
 
 DC1 DC2 DW
Point Loc.
V M V M V M
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00

34
 
 4.2. Steel Bridge live loads envelopes:

Bending moments and shear forces envelopes for (HS-20 * 1.33 + Lane Load), (0.90

*1.33* 2-HS20 + 0.90 * Lane Load) and (TML*1.33 + Lane Load) are generated in excel. The

live load internal forces envelopes at each section are plotted from theses tabulated values.

For example, the positive envelope at each section is the maximum of (HS-20 * 1.33 + Lane

Load), (0.90 * 1.33 * 2-HS20 + 0.90 * Lane Load) or (TML*1.33 + Lane Load) at this section.

Live Load Moment Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(IM)]

2800
2400
2711.19
2000 2711.19
2397.88
1600
1200
800
Moment (kip-ft)

-80.01 -80.01
400
0
-400 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-800
-1200
-769.18
-1600
-2000
-2637.03
-2400 -2637.03
-2800
Span Distances (ft)

Live Load Shear Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(IM)]

175
150 146.74 143.92
125 119.86
100
75
50
Shear (kips)

25
0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-50
-75
-100
-125 -119.86 -146.74
-143.92
-150
-175
Span Distances (ft)

35
 
 
Shear and Moments (HS20) * (1+IM=1.33) Shear and Moments (0.90)*(2-HS20) *(1.33) Shear and Moments (TML) * (1+IM=1.33) Shear and Moments (Lane Loads) Moving Loads Envelopes
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 8.37 0.00 -85.89 0.00 8.45 0.00 -90.40 0.00 5.96 0.00 -65.02 0.00 4.43 0.00 -32.73 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00
1.1 11.3 8.37 837.24 -74.05 -94.61 8.45 832.39 -73.62 -95.51 6.87 641.05 -56.70 -67.43 4.43 329.12 -25.49 -50.07 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67
1.2 22.6 14.68 1412.33 -62.48 -189.14 13.27 1325.53 -58.64 -190.89 15.12 1096.25 -48.50 -134.81 4.43 576.27 -18.26 -100.09 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24
1.3 33.9 25.80 1744.64 -51.33 -283.68 23.22 1603.04 -46.40 -286.31 23.19 1373.72 -40.52 -202.19 4.43 741.72 -11.03 -150.12 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80
1.4 45.2 37.24 1885.71 -40.74 -378.22 34.92 1705.29 -36.66 -381.72 30.97 1485.63 -32.87 -269.57 4.43 825.48 -3.80 -200.15 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37
B=1.5 56.5 48.22 1844.83 -30.86 -472.76 46.93 1660.35 -27.78 -477.13 38.36 1457.00 -25.64 -336.94 9.07 827.53 3.22 -250.18 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93
1.6 67.8 58.57 1650.80 -21.84 -567.29 58.29 1494.72 -19.66 -572.54 45.25 1307.59 -18.95 -404.32 16.30 747.89 3.22 -300.21 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50
1.7 79.1 68.17 1294.60 -13.83 -661.83 68.28 1188.28 -12.45 -667.95 51.55 1049.59 -12.89 -471.70 23.53 586.56 3.22 -350.24 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07
1.8 90.4 76.85 817.51 -7.18 -756.37 76.61 737.60 -6.46 -763.36 57.15 712.47 -7.56 -539.08 30.76 343.52 3.22 -400.26 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63
1.9 101.7 84.48 277.93 -2.39 -850.90 90.15 250.14 -2.19 -946.11 61.94 330.32 -3.07 -606.46 37.99 18.79 3.22 -554.46 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12
C=2.0 113 90.90 268.49 -2.38 -1030.90 106.03 247.35 -2.19 -1714.57 65.84 192.17 -1.70 -737.87 45.23 -363.73 3.22 -1024.96 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03
C'=2.0 113.0001 10.56 268.49 -89.97 -1030.90 9.73 247.35 -103.66 -1714.57 7.56 192.17 -65.69 -737.87 0.00 -363.73 -44.74 -1024.96 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03
2.1 125.3 10.56 343.29 -81.68 -900.89 9.73 308.96 -87.46 -897.49 7.56 378.48 -60.54 -644.81 0.00 6.04 -36.86 -522.88 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77
2.2 137.6 10.56 902.26 -72.09 -770.97 9.73 816.92 -74.27 -710.26 10.06 774.57 -54.32 -551.82 0.00 278.72 -28.99 -387.97 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95
2.3 149.9 18.62 1342.13 -61.59 -641.05 16.76 1247.96 -63.83 -590.57 16.86 1087.87 -47.30 -458.83 0.00 516.36 -21.12 -387.97 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02
2.4 162.2 28.70 1612.08 -50.59 -511.13 26.55 1464.60 -51.64 -470.88 24.26 1285.52 -39.76 -365.84 0.00 661.56 -13.25 -387.97 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10

36
D = 2.5 174.5 39.49 1687.92 -39.49 -381.21 38.53 1519.13 -38.53 -351.19 31.99 1348.47 -31.99 -272.85 5.38 709.96 -5.38 -387.97 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18
2.6 186.8 50.59 1612.08 -28.70 -511.13 51.64 1464.60 -26.55 -470.88 39.76 1285.52 -24.26 -365.84 13.25 661.56 0.00 -387.97 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10
2.7 199.1 61.59 1342.13 -18.62 -641.05 63.83 1247.96 -16.76 -590.57 47.30 1087.87 -16.86 -458.83 21.12 516.36 0.00 -387.97 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02
2.8 211.4 72.09 902.26 -10.56 -770.97 74.27 816.92 -9.73 -710.26 54.32 774.57 -10.06 -551.82 28.99 278.72 0.00 -387.97 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95
2.9 223.7 81.68 343.29 -10.56 -900.89 87.46 308.96 -9.73 -897.49 60.54 378.48 -7.56 -644.81 36.86 6.04 0.00 -522.88 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77
E=3.0 236 89.97 268.49 -10.56 -1030.90 103.66 247.35 -9.73 -1714.57 65.69 192.17 -7.56 -737.87 44.74 -363.73 0.00 -1024.96 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03
E'=3.0 236.0001 2.38 268.49 -90.90 -1030.90 2.19 247.35 -106.03 -1714.57 1.70 192.17 -65.84 -737.87 -3.22 -363.73 -45.23 -1024.96 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03
3.1 247.3 2.39 277.93 -84.48 -850.90 2.19 250.14 -90.15 -946.11 3.07 330.32 -61.94 -606.46 -3.22 18.79 -37.99 -554.46 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12
3.2 258.6 7.18 817.51 -76.85 -756.37 6.46 737.60 -76.61 -763.36 7.56 712.47 -57.15 -539.08 -3.22 343.52 -30.76 -400.26 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63
3.3 269.9 13.83 1294.60 -68.17 -661.83 12.45 1188.28 -68.28 -667.95 12.89 1049.59 -51.55 -471.70 -3.22 586.56 -23.53 -350.24 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07
3.4 281.2 21.84 1650.80 -58.57 -567.29 19.66 1494.72 -58.29 -572.54 18.95 1307.59 -45.25 -404.32 -3.22 747.89 -16.30 -300.21 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50
F=3.5 292.5 30.86 1844.83 -48.22 -472.76 27.78 1660.35 -46.93 -477.13 25.64 1457.00 -38.36 -336.94 -3.22 827.53 -9.07 -250.18 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93
3.6 303.8 40.74 1885.71 -37.24 -378.22 36.66 1705.29 -34.92 -381.72 32.87 1485.63 -30.97 -269.57 3.80 825.48 -4.43 -200.15 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37
3.7 315.1 51.33 1744.64 -25.80 -283.68 46.40 1603.04 -23.22 -286.31 40.52 1373.72 -23.19 -202.19 11.03 741.72 -4.43 -150.12 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80
3.8 326.4 62.48 1412.33 -14.68 -189.14 58.64 1325.53 -13.27 -190.89 48.50 1096.25 -15.12 -134.81 18.26 576.27 -4.43 -100.09 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24
3.9 337.7 74.05 837.24 -8.37 -94.61 73.62 832.39 -8.45 -95.51 56.70 641.05 -6.87 -67.43 25.49 329.12 -4.43 -50.07 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67
G=4.0 349 85.89 0.00 -8.37 0.00 90.40 0.00 -8.45 0.00 65.02 0.00 -5.96 0.00 32.73 0.00 -4.43 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00
 4.3. Steel Bridge factored design envelopes:

In this section, the dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW) internal forces calculated in section

(4.1.5) are combined with live loads envelopes calculated in (4.2.2).

- Load combinations used are:

1.25 ∗ 1.50 1.75 ∗ ∗ 1

0.90 ∗ 0.65 1.75 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.0 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.30 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 0.80 ∗ ∗ 1

- Using these load combinations with the tabulated values in Excel gives the following

factored internal forces:

4.3.1. Load combination (STR I-a) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-a)

8000
7000 7394.89 7394.89
5560.97
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Moment (kip-ft)

1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000
-7000 -8379.80 -8379.80
-8000
-9000
Span Distances (ft)

37
 
 Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-a)
500
443.37
400 418.67
329.68
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300
-329.68
-400 -418.67
-443.37
-500
Span Distances (ft)

DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination STR I-a
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 -97.55 0.00 -329.68 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 -66.88 3223.83 -263.46 929.53
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 -24.41 5498.21 -199.91 1512.00
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 24.93 6858.50 -137.09 1748.21
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 75.60 7394.89 -75.27 1638.16
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 133.57 7123.62 -15.06 1181.85
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 194.99 6095.12 31.37 379.29
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 255.09 4293.62 76.04 -769.53
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 313.59 1791.31 117.66 -2264.61
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 373.50 -1217.91 156.16 -4357.81
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 443.37 -3905.02 187.81 -8379.80
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 -148.33 -3905.02 -418.67 -8379.80
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 -114.95 -1244.53 -344.55 -4409.03
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 -81.59 1585.21 -276.97 -2509.66
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 -34.13 3796.51 -211.68 -1256.64
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 16.87 5138.41 -145.08 -413.88
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 78.52 5560.97 -78.52 18.61
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 145.08 5138.41 -16.87 -413.88
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 211.68 3796.51 34.13 -1256.64
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 276.97 1585.21 81.59 -2509.66
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 344.55 -1244.53 114.95 -4409.03
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 418.67 -3905.02 148.33 -8379.80
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -187.81 -3905.02 -443.37 -8379.80
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -156.16 -1217.91 -373.50 -4357.81
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 -117.66 1791.31 -313.59 -2264.61
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 -76.04 4293.62 -255.09 -769.53
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 -31.37 6095.12 -194.99 379.29
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 15.06 7123.62 -133.57 1181.85
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 75.27 7394.89 -75.60 1638.16
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 137.09 6858.50 -24.93 1748.21
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 199.91 5498.21 24.41 1512.00
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 263.46 3223.83 66.88 929.53
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 329.68 0.00 97.55 0.00

38
 
 4.3.2. Load combination (STR I-b) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-b)

8000
7000
6547.77 5124.78 6547.77
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Moment (kip-ft)

1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000 -7176.39 -7176.39
-7000
-8000
-9000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-b)

500
400 383.73 365.35
291.35
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300 -291.35
-365.35 -383.73
-400
-500
Span Distances (ft)

39
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination STR I-b
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 -59.21 0.00 -291.35 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 -38.34 2845.80 -234.93 551.50
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 -5.67 4853.14 -181.17 866.93
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 33.87 6057.07 -128.15 946.78
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 74.74 6547.77 -76.12 791.04
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 122.92 6341.49 -25.70 399.72
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 174.55 5488.65 10.93 -227.18
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 224.85 3973.48 45.80 -1089.67
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 273.55 1868.18 77.62 -2187.74
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 323.67 -633.35 106.33 -3773.25
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 383.73 -2701.61 128.18 -7176.39
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 -95.01 -2701.61 -365.35 -7176.39
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 -72.30 -631.66 -301.90 -3796.16
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 -49.60 1739.11 -244.98 -2355.76
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 -12.81 3622.58 -190.35 -1430.57
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 27.53 4767.79 -134.41 -784.51

40
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 78.52 5124.78 -78.52 -417.58
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 134.41 4767.79 -27.53 -784.51
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 190.35 3622.58 12.81 -1430.57
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 244.98 1739.11 49.60 -2355.76
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 301.90 -631.66 72.30 -3796.16
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 365.35 -2701.61 95.01 -7176.39
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -128.18 -2701.61 -383.73 -7176.39
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -106.33 -633.35 -323.67 -3773.25
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 -77.62 1868.18 -273.55 -2187.74
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 -45.80 3973.48 -224.85 -1089.67
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 -10.93 5488.65 -174.55 -227.18
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 25.70 6341.49 -122.92 399.72
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 76.12 6547.77 -74.74 791.04
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 128.15 6057.07 -33.87 946.78
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 181.17 4853.14 5.67 866.93
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 234.93 2845.80 38.34 551.50
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 291.35 0.00 59.21 0.00
 4.3.3. Load combination (SVC I) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC I)

5000
4782.58
4782.58 3464.47
4000
3000
2000
1000
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000 -5579.63 -5579.63

-6000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC I)

350
280 292.56
274.30
213.59
210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210 -213.59

-280 -274.30
-292.56
-350
Span Distances (ft)

41
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC I
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 -80.94 0.00 -213.59 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 -56.97 2090.72 -169.31 779.70
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 -26.27 3565.93 -126.55 1288.09
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 8.37 4446.04 -84.22 1525.87
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 43.76 4782.58 -42.45 1493.02
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 83.33 4584.85 -1.60 1189.55
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 124.87 3881.65 31.37 615.46
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 165.64 2663.97 63.33 -229.26
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 205.51 973.07 93.56 -1344.60
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 246.19 -1080.26 122.00 -2874.49
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 292.56 -3022.61 146.53 -5579.63
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 -119.82 -3022.61 -274.30 -5579.63
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 -93.72 -1114.08 -224.93 -2922.37
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 -67.65 804.65 -179.30 -1535.28
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 -33.53 2283.78 -134.98 -603.73
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 2.63 3179.90 -89.91 7.16

42
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 44.87 3464.47 -44.87 297.41
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 89.91 3179.90 -2.63 7.16
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 134.98 2283.78 33.53 -603.73
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 179.30 804.65 67.65 -1535.28
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 224.93 -1114.08 93.72 -2922.37
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 274.30 -3022.61 119.82 -5579.63
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -146.53 -3022.61 -292.56 -5579.63
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -122.00 -1080.26 -246.19 -2874.49
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 -93.56 973.07 -205.51 -1344.60
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 -63.33 2663.97 -165.64 -229.26
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 -31.37 3881.65 -124.87 615.46
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 1.60 4584.85 -83.33 1189.55
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 42.45 4782.58 -43.76 1493.02
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 84.22 4446.04 -8.37 1525.87
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 126.55 3565.93 26.27 1288.09
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 169.31 2090.72 56.97 779.70
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 213.59 0.00 80.94 0.00
 4.3.4. Load combination (SVC II) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

6000
5000 4183.83

4000 5595.94 5595.94

3000
2000
1000
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6370.74 -6370.74
-6000
-7000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

350
336.58 317.47
280 249.55

210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210
-249.55
-280
-317.47 -336.58
-350
Span Distances (ft)

43
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC II
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 -77.11 0.00 -249.55 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 -53.13 2440.63 -199.17 736.29
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 -20.40 4162.51 -150.78 1201.32
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 17.44 5191.95 -102.92 1395.73
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 56.26 5595.94 -55.81 1319.51
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 100.51 5386.56 -9.89 972.67
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 147.33 4601.25 25.78 355.21
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 193.15 3228.31 60.15 -532.88
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 237.80 1321.38 92.25 -1691.59
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 283.50 -975.53 122.04 -3308.02
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 336.58 -3046.61 146.74 -6370.74
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 -116.65 -3046.61 -317.47 -6370.74
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 -90.56 -998.73 -261.12 -3349.50
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 -64.48 1158.94 -209.62 -1882.96
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 -27.94 2841.33 -159.83 -912.44
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 11.24 3861.99 -109.06 -262.57

44
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 58.33 4183.83 -58.33 66.65
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 109.06 3861.99 -11.24 -262.57
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 159.83 2841.33 27.94 -912.44
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 209.62 1158.94 64.48 -1882.96
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 261.12 -998.73 90.56 -3349.50
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 317.47 -3046.61 116.65 -6370.74
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -146.74 -3046.61 -336.58 -6370.74
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -122.04 -975.53 -283.50 -3308.02
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 -92.25 1321.38 -237.80 -1691.59
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 -60.15 3228.31 -193.15 -532.88
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 -25.78 4601.25 -147.33 355.21
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 9.89 5386.56 -100.51 972.67
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 55.81 5595.94 -56.26 1319.51
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 102.92 5191.95 -17.44 1395.73
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 150.78 4162.51 20.40 1201.32
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 199.17 2440.63 53.13 736.29
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 249.55 0.00 77.11 0.00
 4.3.5. Load combination (SVC III) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

5000
4000 2984.89
3000 4240.34 4240.34

2000
1000
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5052.22 -5052.22
-5000
-6000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

300
240 263.21 245.51
189.62
180
120
60
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-60
-120
-180 -189.62
-240 -245.51 -263.21

-300
Span Distances (ft)

45
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC III
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 -83.50 0.00 -189.62 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 -59.53 1857.45 -149.40 808.63
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 -30.18 3168.21 -110.41 1345.94
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 2.32 3948.76 -71.75 1612.63
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 35.42 4240.34 -33.54 1608.69
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 71.87 4050.37 3.93 1334.14
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 109.89 3401.91 35.09 788.96
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 147.30 2287.73 65.45 -26.85
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 183.99 740.86 94.43 -1113.27
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 221.32 -1150.08 121.97 -2585.46
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 263.21 -3006.61 146.39 -5052.22
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 -121.93 -3006.61 -245.51 -5052.22
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 -95.84 -1190.99 -200.80 -2637.61
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 -69.77 568.45 -159.08 -1303.49
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 -37.25 1912.08 -118.41 -397.93
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 -3.11 2725.17 -77.14 186.98

46
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 35.89 2984.89 -35.89 451.24
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 77.14 2725.17 3.11 186.98
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 118.41 1912.08 37.25 -397.93
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 159.08 568.45 69.77 -1303.49
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 200.80 -1190.99 95.84 -2637.61
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 245.51 -3006.61 121.93 -5052.22
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -146.39 -3006.61 -263.21 -5052.22
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -121.97 -1150.08 -221.32 -2585.46
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 -94.43 740.86 -183.99 -1113.27
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 -65.45 2287.73 -147.30 -26.85
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 -35.09 3401.91 -109.89 788.96
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 -3.93 4050.37 -71.87 1334.14
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 33.54 4240.34 -35.42 1608.69
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 71.75 3948.76 -2.32 1612.63
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 110.41 3168.21 30.18 1345.94
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 149.40 1857.45 59.53 808.63
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 189.62 0.00 83.50 0.00
5. Pre-Stressed Bridge analysis cases results, internal forces envelopes and load combinations:

SAP structural analysis results are exported to excel so that moment and shear diagrams will be

clearer.

5.1. Pre-Stressed Bridge Analysis cases results:

Different analysis cases described in section 3 are plotted below.

5.1.1. Truck moving load (HS20):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear and bending moments at

each section. The figure plotted for the HS20 shear and moments multiplied by

(1+IM=1.33).

Moment Envelopes (HS20)

2000

1500 1927.48 1927.48

1782.26
1000

500
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-500

-1000 -688.70

-1500

-2000 -1999.39 -1999.39

-2500
Span Distances (ft)

47
 
 Shear Envelopes (HS20)
125
100 100.20 99.69
87.99
75
50
25
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-25
-50
-75
-87.99
-100 -99.69 -100.20

-125
Span Distances (ft)

Unfactored Shear and Moments (HS20) Shear and Moments (HS20) * (1+IM=1.33)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 7.26 0.00 -66.16 0.00 9.65 0.00 -87.99 0.00
1.1 10.9 11.24 625.39 -57.34 -79.17 14.95 831.77 -76.26 -105.30
1.2 21.8 18.02 1062.33 -48.72 -158.29 23.96 1412.90 -64.80 -210.52
1.3 32.7 26.22 1323.83 -40.40 -237.40 34.88 1760.69 -53.73 -315.74
1.4 43.6 34.77 1449.23 -32.49 -316.52 46.24 1927.48 -43.21 -420.97
B=1.5 54.5 42.98 1442.38 -25.10 -395.63 57.16 1918.36 -33.38 -526.19
1.6 65.4 50.75 1326.46 -18.32 -474.74 67.50 1764.19 -24.37 -631.41
1.7 76.3 57.98 1090.94 -12.27 -553.86 77.11 1450.95 -16.32 -736.63
1.8 87.2 64.56 765.27 -7.25 -632.97 85.86 1017.81 -9.65 -841.85
1.9 98.1 70.38 389.52 -3.64 -964.01 93.60 518.06 -4.84 -1282.13
C=2.0 109 75.34 194.36 -1.78 -1503.30 100.20 258.50 -2.37 -1999.39
C'=2.0 109.0001 6.92 194.36 -74.95 -1503.30 9.20 258.49 -99.69 -1999.39
2.1 122.1 9.26 366.72 -68.83 -898.05 12.31 487.73 -91.54 -1194.41
2.2 135.2 14.34 721.53 -61.64 -536.70 19.08 959.64 -81.98 -713.81
2.3 148.3 21.06 1060.24 -53.71 -517.82 28.01 1410.12 -71.44 -688.70
2.4 161.4 28.72 1277.70 -45.37 -517.82 38.19 1699.34 -60.34 -688.70
D = 2.5 174.5 36.93 1340.05 -36.93 -517.82 49.11 1782.26 -49.11 -688.70
2.6 187.6 45.37 1277.70 -28.72 -517.82 60.34 1699.34 -38.19 -688.70
2.7 200.7 53.71 1060.24 -21.06 -517.82 71.44 1410.12 -28.01 -688.70
2.8 213.8 61.64 721.53 -14.34 -536.70 81.98 959.64 -19.08 -713.81
2.9 226.9 68.83 366.72 -9.26 -898.05 91.54 487.73 -12.31 -1194.41
E=3.0 240 74.95 194.36 -6.92 -1503.30 99.69 258.49 -9.20 -1999.39
E'=3.0 240.0001 1.78 194.36 -75.34 -1503.30 2.37 258.50 -100.20 -1999.39
3.1 250.9 3.64 389.52 -70.38 -964.01 4.84 518.06 -93.60 -1282.13
3.2 261.8 7.25 765.27 -64.56 -632.97 9.65 1017.81 -85.86 -841.85
3.3 272.7 12.27 1090.94 -57.98 -553.86 16.32 1450.95 -77.11 -736.63
3.4 283.6 18.32 1326.46 -50.75 -474.74 24.37 1764.19 -67.50 -631.41
F=3.5 294.5 25.10 1442.38 -42.98 -395.63 33.38 1918.36 -57.16 -526.19
3.6 305.4 32.49 1449.23 -34.77 -316.52 43.21 1927.48 -46.24 -420.97
3.7 316.3 40.40 1323.83 -26.22 -237.40 53.73 1760.69 -34.88 -315.74
3.8 327.2 48.72 1062.33 -18.02 -158.29 64.80 1412.90 -23.96 -210.52
3.9 338.1 57.34 625.39 -11.24 -79.17 76.26 831.77 -14.95 -105.30
G=4.0 349 66.16 0.00 -7.26 0.00 87.99 0.00 -9.65 0.00

48
 
 5.1.2. Truck moving load (2HS20):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear forces and bending

moments at each section. The figure plotted for the 2-HS20 spaced at 50’-0” headway,

shear and moments multiplied by [(1.33)*(0.90)].

Moment Envelopes (2-HS20)

2000
1600
1200 1738.80
1616.08 1738.80
800
400
Moments (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400
-800 -626.33
-1200
-1600
-2000 -1993.32 -1993.32

-2400
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes (2-HS20)

120
112.93 116.32
100 90.75
80
60
40
Shear Forces (kip)

20
0
-20 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-40
-60
-80
-90.75
-100 -112.93
-116.32
-120
Span Distances (ft)

49
 
 Unfactored Shear and Moments (2-HS20) Shear and Moments (2-HS20) * (1.33) * (0.90)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 8.68 0.00 -75.82 0.00 10.39 0.00 -90.75 0.00
1.1 10.9 12.66 678.17 -62.18 -94.63 15.15 811.77 -74.43 -113.28
1.2 21.8 19.43 1096.91 -50.31 -189.19 23.26 1313.00 -60.22 -226.46
1.3 32.7 27.64 1342.02 -40.42 -283.75 33.09 1606.40 -48.38 -339.65
1.4 43.6 36.19 1452.63 -32.51 -378.32 43.31 1738.80 -38.91 -452.84
B=1.5 54.5 44.40 1443.40 -25.12 -472.88 53.14 1727.75 -30.06 -566.03
1.6 65.4 52.17 1330.52 -18.34 -567.44 62.45 1592.63 -21.95 -679.22
1.7 76.3 59.40 1105.27 -12.29 -662.00 71.10 1323.01 -14.71 -792.41
1.8 87.2 69.33 770.19 -7.27 -756.56 82.99 921.91 -8.70 -905.60
1.9 98.1 81.31 391.35 -3.66 -1103.04 97.33 468.45 -4.38 -1320.34
C=2.0 109 94.34 196.40 -1.80 -1665.26 112.93 235.09 -2.16 -1993.32
C'=2.0 109.0001 6.99 196.39 -97.18 -1665.26 8.37 235.08 -116.32 -1993.32
2.1 122.1 9.33 367.80 -83.37 -904.78 11.17 440.26 -99.79 -1083.02
2.2 135.2 14.42 724.45 -69.39 -542.26 17.25 867.17 -83.06 -649.09
2.3 148.3 21.14 1107.18 -56.25 -523.25 25.30 1325.29 -67.33 -626.33
2.4 161.4 28.79 1312.43 -45.54 -523.25 34.46 1570.98 -54.51 -626.33
D = 2.5 174.5 37.00 1350.11 -37.00 -523.25 44.29 1616.08 -44.29 -626.33
2.6 187.6 45.54 1312.43 -28.79 -523.25 54.51 1570.98 -34.46 -626.33
2.7 200.7 56.25 1107.18 -21.14 -523.25 67.33 1325.29 -25.30 -626.33
2.8 213.8 69.39 724.45 -14.42 -542.26 83.06 867.17 -17.25 -649.09
2.9 226.9 83.37 367.80 -9.33 -904.78 99.79 440.26 -11.17 -1083.02
E=3.0 240 97.18 196.39 -6.99 -1665.26 116.32 235.08 -8.37 -1993.32
E'=3.0 240.0001 1.80 196.40 -94.34 -1665.26 2.16 235.09 -112.93 -1993.32
3.1 250.9 3.66 391.35 -81.31 -1103.04 4.38 468.45 -97.33 -1320.34
3.2 261.8 7.27 770.19 -69.33 -756.56 8.70 921.91 -82.99 -905.60
3.3 272.7 12.29 1105.27 -59.40 -662.00 14.71 1323.01 -71.10 -792.41
3.4 283.6 18.34 1330.52 -52.17 -567.44 21.95 1592.63 -62.45 -679.22
F=3.5 294.5 25.12 1443.40 -44.40 -472.88 30.06 1727.75 -53.14 -566.03
3.6 305.4 32.51 1452.63 -36.19 -378.32 38.91 1738.80 -43.31 -452.84
3.7 316.3 40.42 1342.02 -27.64 -283.75 48.38 1606.40 -33.09 -339.65
3.8 327.2 50.31 1096.91 -19.43 -189.19 60.22 1313.00 -23.26 -226.46
3.9 338.1 62.18 678.17 -12.66 -94.63 74.43 811.77 -15.15 -113.28
G=4.0 349 75.82 0.00 -8.68 0.00 90.75 0.00 -10.39 0.00

50
 
 5.1.3. Tandem moving load (TML):

The tabulated values shows positive and negative extreme shear and bending moments at

each section. The figure plotted for the TML shear and moments multiplied by

(1+IM=1.33).

Moment Envelopes (TML)

2000
1516.57 1415.30 1516.57
1600

1200

800
Moments (kip-ft)

400

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400

-800 -494.38

-1200
-1426.75 -1426.75
-1600
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes (TML)

80
66.68
72.64 72.36
60

40
Shear Forces (kip)

20

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-20

-40

-60
-66.68 -72.36 -72.64
-80
Span Distances (ft)

51
 
 Unfactored Shear and Moments (TML) Shear and Moments (TML) * (1+IM=1.33)
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 5.15 0.00 -50.13 0.00 6.85 0.00 -66.68 0.00
1.1 10.9 10.23 479.18 -43.93 -56.20 13.61 637.31 -58.43 -74.74
1.2 21.8 16.38 824.71 -37.82 -112.35 21.79 1096.86 -50.30 -149.42
1.3 32.7 22.40 1042.25 -31.87 -168.50 29.80 1386.20 -42.39 -224.10
1.4 43.6 28.22 1140.28 -26.15 -224.65 37.53 1516.57 -34.78 -298.79
B=1.5 54.5 33.75 1136.34 -20.74 -280.80 44.88 1511.33 -27.59 -373.47
1.6 65.4 38.92 1044.99 -15.71 -336.96 51.77 1389.84 -20.90 -448.15
1.7 76.3 43.67 873.45 -11.14 -393.11 58.09 1161.69 -14.82 -522.83
1.8 87.2 47.92 642.11 -7.10 -449.26 63.73 854.01 -9.44 -597.52
1.9 98.1 51.59 374.58 -3.65 -690.11 68.62 498.20 -4.86 -917.85
C=2.0 109 54.62 139.53 -1.28 -1072.74 72.64 185.57 -1.70 -1426.75
C'=2.0 109.0001 4.97 139.52 -54.41 -1072.74 6.60 185.57 -72.36 -1426.75
2.1 122.1 8.06 367.54 -50.62 -644.55 10.72 488.83 -67.32 -857.25
2.2 135.2 12.47 614.88 -45.97 -386.27 16.59 817.78 -61.14 -513.74
2.3 148.3 17.59 854.99 -40.67 -371.71 23.40 1137.14 -54.10 -494.38
2.4 161.4 23.20 1013.28 -34.97 -371.71 30.86 1347.67 -46.50 -494.38
D = 2.5 174.5 29.07 1064.13 -29.07 -371.71 38.66 1415.30 -38.66 -494.38
2.6 187.6 34.97 1013.28 -23.20 -371.71 46.50 1347.67 -30.86 -494.38
2.7 200.7 40.67 854.99 -17.59 -371.71 54.10 1137.14 -23.40 -494.38
2.8 213.8 45.97 614.88 -12.47 -386.27 61.14 817.78 -16.59 -513.74
2.9 226.9 50.62 367.54 -8.06 -644.55 67.32 488.83 -10.72 -857.25
E=3.0 240 54.41 139.52 -4.97 -1072.74 72.36 185.57 -6.60 -1426.75
E'=3.0 240.0001 1.28 139.53 -54.62 -1072.74 1.70 185.57 -72.64 -1426.75
3.1 250.9 3.65 374.58 -51.59 -690.11 4.86 498.20 -68.62 -917.85
3.2 261.8 7.10 642.11 -47.92 -449.26 9.44 854.01 -63.73 -597.52
3.3 272.7 11.14 873.45 -43.67 -393.11 14.82 1161.69 -58.09 -522.83
3.4 283.6 15.71 1044.99 -38.92 -336.96 20.90 1389.84 -51.77 -448.15
F=3.5 294.5 20.74 1136.34 -33.75 -280.80 27.59 1511.33 -44.88 -373.47
3.6 305.4 26.15 1140.28 -28.22 -224.65 34.78 1516.57 -37.53 -298.79
3.7 316.3 31.87 1042.25 -22.40 -168.50 42.39 1386.20 -29.80 -224.10
3.8 327.2 37.82 824.71 -16.38 -112.35 50.30 1096.86 -21.79 -149.42
3.9 338.1 43.93 479.18 -10.23 -56.20 58.43 637.31 -13.61 -74.74
G=4.0 349 50.13 0.00 -5.15 0.00 66.68 0.00 -6.85 0.00

52
 
 5.1.4. Lane moving load (LL):

In this section, moments and shear forces are plotted for each case of loading, then the

envelope is plotted from the extreme values from all cases.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2+3)

1000
800
600
400
200
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-200 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2+3)

60

45

30

15
Shear (kip)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-15

-30

-45

-60
Span Distances (ft)

53
 
 Moment Envelopes (Lane Load-LL)
1000
784.23
800 780.93 780.93

600
400
200
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000 -1054.93 -1054.93
-1200
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Force Envelopes (Lane Load LL)

50
44.56 46.45
40
31.77
30
20
10
Shear (kip)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-10
-20
-30 -31.77
-40
-46.45 -44.56
-50
Span Distances (ft)

54
 
 
LL-SPAN(1+2) LL-SPAN(1+3) LL-SPAN(2) LL-SPAN(2+3) Shear and Moment Envelopes
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -25.20 0.00 -31.77 0.00 5.40 0.00 4.23 0.00 5.40 0.00 -31.77 0.00
1.1 10.9 -18.23 236.68 -24.79 308.26 5.40 -58.86 4.23 -46.15 5.40 308.26 -24.79 -58.86
1.2 21.8 -11.25 397.32 -17.82 540.49 5.40 -117.73 4.23 -92.29 5.40 540.49 -17.82 -117.73
1.3 32.7 -4.27 481.92 -10.84 696.67 5.40 -176.59 4.23 -138.44 5.40 696.67 -10.84 -176.59
1.4 43.6 2.70 490.49 -3.87 776.82 5.40 -235.46 4.23 -184.58 5.40 776.82 -3.87 -235.46
B=1.5 54.5 9.68 423.01 3.11 780.93 5.40 -294.32 4.23 -230.73 9.68 780.93 3.11 -294.32
1.6 65.4 16.65 279.50 10.09 709.00 5.40 -353.19 4.23 -276.88 16.65 709.00 4.23 -353.19
1.7 76.3 23.63 59.95 17.06 561.04 5.40 -412.05 4.23 -323.02 23.63 561.04 4.23 -412.05
1.8 87.2 30.61 -235.64 24.04 337.03 5.40 -470.92 4.23 -369.17 30.61 337.03 4.23 -470.92
1.9 98.1 37.58 -607.27 31.02 36.99 5.40 -529.78 4.23 -415.31 37.58 36.99 4.23 -607.27
C=2.0 109 44.56 -1054.93 37.99 -339.09 5.40 -588.65 4.23 -461.46 44.56 -339.09 4.23 -1054.93
C'=2.0 109.0001 -46.45 -1054.93 0.00 -339.09 -41.92 -588.65 -37.39 -461.46 0.00 -339.09 -46.45 -1054.93
2.1 122.1 -38.07 -501.35 0.00 -339.09 -33.54 -94.41 -29.01 -26.57 0.00 -26.57 -38.07 -501.35
2.2 135.2 -29.68 -57.59 0.00 -339.09 -25.15 290.00 -20.62 298.49 0.00 298.49 -29.68 -339.09
2.3 148.3 -21.30 276.33 0.00 -339.09 -16.77 564.57 -12.24 513.72 0.00 564.57 -21.30 -339.09
2.4 161.4 -12.91 500.42 0.00 -339.09 -8.38 729.32 -3.85 619.12 0.00 729.32 -12.91 -339.09

55
D = 2.5 174.5 -4.53 614.68 0.00 -339.09 0.00 784.23 4.53 614.68 4.53 784.23 -4.53 -339.09
2.6 187.6 3.85 619.12 0.00 -339.09 8.38 729.32 12.91 500.42 12.91 729.32 0.00 -339.09
2.7 200.7 12.24 513.72 0.00 -339.09 16.77 564.57 21.30 276.33 21.30 564.57 0.00 -339.09
2.8 213.8 20.62 298.49 0.00 -339.09 25.15 290.00 29.68 -57.59 29.68 298.49 0.00 -339.09
2.9 226.9 29.01 -26.57 0.00 -339.09 33.54 -94.41 38.07 -501.35 38.07 -26.57 0.00 -501.35
E=3.0 240 37.39 -461.46 0.00 -339.09 41.92 -588.65 46.45 -1054.93 46.45 -339.09 0.00 -1054.93
E'=3.0 240.0001 -4.23 -461.46 -37.99 -339.09 -5.40 -588.65 -44.56 -1054.93 -4.23 -339.09 -44.56 -1054.93
3.1 250.9 -4.23 -415.31 -31.02 36.99 -5.40 -529.78 -37.58 -607.27 -4.23 36.99 -37.58 -607.27
3.2 261.8 -4.23 -369.17 -24.04 337.03 -5.40 -470.92 -30.61 -235.64 -4.23 337.03 -30.61 -470.92
3.3 272.7 -4.23 -323.02 -17.06 561.04 -5.40 -412.05 -23.63 59.95 -4.23 561.04 -23.63 -412.05
3.4 283.6 -4.23 -276.88 -10.09 709.00 -5.40 -353.19 -16.65 279.50 -4.23 709.00 -16.65 -353.19
F=3.5 294.5 -4.23 -230.73 -3.11 780.93 -5.40 -294.32 -9.68 423.01 -3.11 780.93 -9.68 -294.32
3.6 305.4 -4.23 -184.58 3.87 776.82 -5.40 -235.46 -2.70 490.49 3.87 776.82 -5.40 -235.46
3.7 316.3 -4.23 -138.44 10.84 696.67 -5.40 -176.59 4.27 481.92 10.84 696.67 -5.40 -176.59
3.8 327.2 -4.23 -92.29 17.82 540.49 -5.40 -117.73 11.25 397.32 17.82 540.49 -5.40 -117.73
3.9 338.1 -4.23 -46.15 24.79 308.26 -5.40 -58.86 18.23 236.68 24.79 308.26 -5.40 -58.86
G=4.0 349 -4.23 0.00 31.77 0.00 -5.40 0.00 25.20 0.00 31.77 0.00 -5.40 0.00
 5.1.5. Dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW):

In this section, moments and shear forces are plotted for each dead load case, and no

envelopes are generate because dead loads are permanent loads. It is important to note that

pre-stressed bridge acts as three simply supported spans under load DC1 while it acts as

three continuous spans under DC2 and DW.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

4800
4200
4569.12
3600
3000
Moment (kip-ft)

2400 3036.78 3036.78

1800
1200
600 211.47 173.88 211.47

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-600
Span Distances (ft) -362.40

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

150
139.52
125 116.09
100 116.09
75
50
25
Shear (kip)

16.38 10.30
0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-16.95
-50
-75
-100 -116.09
-116.09
-125
-139.52
-150
Span Distances (ft)

56
 
 DC1 DC2 DW
Point Loc.
V M V M V M
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00

57
 
 5.2. Pre-Stressed Bridge live loads envelopes:

Bending moments and shear forces envelopes for (HS-20 * 1.33 + Lane Load), (0.90

*1.33* 2-HS20 + 0.90 * Lane Load) and (TML*1.33 + Lane Load) are generated in excel. The

live load internal forces envelopes at each section are plotted from theses tabulated values.

For example, the positive envelope at each section is the maximum of (HS-20 * 1.33 + Lane

Load), (0.90 * 1.33 * 2-HS20 + 0.90 * Lane Load) or (TML*1.33 + Lane Load) at this section.

Live Load Moment Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(IM)]

3000
2500
2000 2704.30
2704.30 2566.50
1500
1000 -70.10
-70.10
500
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-500 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-1000
-1500
-1027.80
-2000
-2500
-3054.33 -3054.33
-3000
-3500
Span Distances (ft)

Live Load Shear Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(IM)]

175
153.03 158.13
150
125 119.76
100
75
50
Shear (kips)

25
0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-50
-75
-100
-125 -119.76
-153.03
-150 -158.13
-175
Span Distances (ft)

58
 
 
Shear and Moments (HS20) * (1+IM=1.33) Shear and Moments (0.90)*(2-HS20) *(1.33) Shear and Moments (TML) * (1+IM=1.33) Shear and Moments (Lane Loads) Moving Loads Envelopes
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 9.65 0.00 -87.99 0.00 10.39 0.00 -90.75 0.00 6.85 0.00 -66.68 0.00 5.40 0.00 -31.77 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00
1.1 10.9 14.95 831.77 -76.26 -105.30 15.15 811.77 -74.43 -113.28 13.61 637.31 -58.43 -74.74 5.40 308.26 -24.79 -58.86 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25
1.2 21.8 23.96 1412.90 -64.80 -210.52 23.26 1313.00 -60.22 -226.46 21.79 1096.86 -50.30 -149.42 5.40 540.49 -17.82 -117.73 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42
1.3 32.7 34.88 1760.69 -53.73 -315.74 33.09 1606.40 -48.38 -339.65 29.80 1386.20 -42.39 -224.10 5.40 696.67 -10.84 -176.59 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59
1.4 43.6 46.24 1927.48 -43.21 -420.97 43.31 1738.80 -38.91 -452.84 37.53 1516.57 -34.78 -298.79 5.40 776.82 -3.87 -235.46 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76
B=1.5 54.5 57.16 1918.36 -33.38 -526.19 53.14 1727.75 -30.06 -566.03 44.88 1511.33 -27.59 -373.47 9.68 780.93 3.11 -294.32 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92
1.6 65.4 67.50 1764.19 -24.37 -631.41 62.45 1592.63 -21.95 -679.22 51.77 1389.84 -20.90 -448.15 16.65 709.00 4.23 -353.19 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09
1.7 76.3 77.11 1450.95 -16.32 -736.63 71.10 1323.01 -14.71 -792.41 58.09 1161.69 -14.82 -522.83 23.63 561.04 4.23 -412.05 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26
1.8 87.2 85.86 1017.81 -9.65 -841.85 82.99 921.91 -8.70 -905.60 63.73 854.01 -9.44 -597.52 30.61 337.03 4.23 -470.92 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43
1.9 98.1 93.60 518.06 -4.84 -1282.13 97.33 468.45 -4.38 -1320.34 68.62 498.20 -4.86 -917.85 37.58 36.99 4.23 -607.27 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40
C=2.0 109 100.20 258.50 -2.37 -1999.39 112.93 235.09 -2.16 -1993.32 72.64 185.57 -1.70 -1426.75 44.56 -339.09 4.23 -1054.93 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33
C'=2.0 109.0001 9.20 258.49 -99.69 -1999.39 8.37 235.08 -116.32 -1993.32 6.60 185.57 -72.36 -1426.75 0.00 -339.09 -46.45 -1054.93 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33
2.1 122.1 12.31 487.73 -91.54 -1194.41 11.17 440.26 -99.79 -1083.02 10.72 488.83 -67.32 -857.25 0.00 -26.57 -38.07 -501.35 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76
2.2 135.2 19.08 959.64 -81.98 -713.81 17.25 867.17 -83.06 -649.09 16.59 817.78 -61.14 -513.74 0.00 298.49 -29.68 -339.09 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90
2.3 148.3 28.01 1410.12 -71.44 -688.70 25.30 1325.29 -67.33 -626.33 23.40 1137.14 -54.10 -494.38 0.00 564.57 -21.30 -339.09 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80
2.4 161.4 38.19 1699.34 -60.34 -688.70 34.46 1570.98 -54.51 -626.33 30.86 1347.67 -46.50 -494.38 0.00 729.32 -12.91 -339.09 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80

59
D = 2.5 174.5 49.11 1782.26 -49.11 -688.70 44.29 1616.08 -44.29 -626.33 38.66 1415.30 -38.66 -494.38 4.53 784.23 -4.53 -339.09 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80
2.6 187.6 60.34 1699.34 -38.19 -688.70 54.51 1570.98 -34.46 -626.33 46.50 1347.67 -30.86 -494.38 12.91 729.32 0.00 -339.09 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80
2.7 200.7 71.44 1410.12 -28.01 -688.70 67.33 1325.29 -25.30 -626.33 54.10 1137.14 -23.40 -494.38 21.30 564.57 0.00 -339.09 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80
2.8 213.8 81.98 959.64 -19.08 -713.81 83.06 867.17 -17.25 -649.09 61.14 817.78 -16.59 -513.74 29.68 298.49 0.00 -339.09 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90
2.9 226.9 91.54 487.73 -12.31 -1194.41 99.79 440.26 -11.17 -1083.02 67.32 488.83 -10.72 -857.25 38.07 -26.57 0.00 -501.35 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76
E=3.0 240 99.69 258.49 -9.20 -1999.39 116.32 235.08 -8.37 -1993.32 72.36 185.57 -6.60 -1426.75 46.45 -339.09 0.00 -1054.93 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33
E'=3.0 240.0001 2.37 258.50 -100.20 -1999.39 2.16 235.09 -112.93 -1993.32 1.70 185.57 -72.64 -1426.75 -4.23 -339.09 -44.56 -1054.93 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33
3.1 250.9 4.84 518.06 -93.60 -1282.13 4.38 468.45 -97.33 -1320.34 4.86 498.20 -68.62 -917.85 -4.23 36.99 -37.58 -607.27 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40
3.2 261.8 9.65 1017.81 -85.86 -841.85 8.70 921.91 -82.99 -905.60 9.44 854.01 -63.73 -597.52 -4.23 337.03 -30.61 -470.92 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43
3.3 272.7 16.32 1450.95 -77.11 -736.63 14.71 1323.01 -71.10 -792.41 14.82 1161.69 -58.09 -522.83 -4.23 561.04 -23.63 -412.05 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26
3.4 283.6 24.37 1764.19 -67.50 -631.41 21.95 1592.63 -62.45 -679.22 20.90 1389.84 -51.77 -448.15 -4.23 709.00 -16.65 -353.19 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09
F=3.5 294.5 33.38 1918.36 -57.16 -526.19 30.06 1727.75 -53.14 -566.03 27.59 1511.33 -44.88 -373.47 -3.11 780.93 -9.68 -294.32 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92
3.6 305.4 43.21 1927.48 -46.24 -420.97 38.91 1738.80 -43.31 -452.84 34.78 1516.57 -37.53 -298.79 3.87 776.82 -5.40 -235.46 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76
3.7 316.3 53.73 1760.69 -34.88 -315.74 48.38 1606.40 -33.09 -339.65 42.39 1386.20 -29.80 -224.10 10.84 696.67 -5.40 -176.59 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59
3.8 327.2 64.80 1412.90 -23.96 -210.52 60.22 1313.00 -23.26 -226.46 50.30 1096.86 -21.79 -149.42 17.82 540.49 -5.40 -117.73 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42
3.9 338.1 76.26 831.77 -14.95 -105.30 74.43 811.77 -15.15 -113.28 58.43 637.31 -13.61 -74.74 24.79 308.26 -5.40 -58.86 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25
G=4.0 349 87.99 0.00 -9.65 0.00 90.75 0.00 -10.39 0.00 66.68 0.00 -6.85 0.00 31.77 0.00 -5.40 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00
 5.3. Pre-Stressed Bridge factored design envelopes:

In this section, the dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW) internal forces calculated in section

(5.1.5) are combined with live loads envelopes calculated in (5.2.2).

- Load combinations used are:

1.25 ∗ 1.50 1.75 ∗ ∗ 1

0.90 ∗ 0.65 1.75 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.0 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 1.30 ∗ ∗ 1

1.0 ∗ 1.0 0.80 ∗ ∗ 1

- Using these load combinations with the tabulated values in Excel gives the following

factored internal forces:

5.3.1. Load combination (STR I-a) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-a)

12000
11000 9176.88 9176.88
10000
9000 10659.20
8000
7000
6000
5000
Moment (kip-ft)

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000 -6296.37 -6296.37
-6000
-7000
Span Distances (ft)

60
 
 Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-a)
500
457.40 494.10
381.72
400
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300
-400 -381.72
-494.10 -457.40
-500
Span Distances (ft)

DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination STR I-a
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 -145.46 0.00 -381.72 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 -100.36 3674.29 -312.82 1388.28
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 -48.41 6382.57 -244.37 2382.41
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 6.86 8155.16 -176.63 2982.24
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 62.93 9083.62 -109.83 3187.77
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 125.70 9176.88 -44.24 2998.99
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 192.17 8488.91 9.67 2415.92
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 257.38 6995.22 59.92 1438.55
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 321.07 4764.33 107.78 66.87
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 383.00 1889.52 152.34 -2388.26
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 457.40 -1073.97 192.50 -6296.37
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 -201.28 -1073.98 -494.10 -6296.37
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 -152.36 2420.54 -408.49 -1355.99
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 -97.04 5806.67 -325.84 1762.37
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 -37.93 8484.48 -249.24 3230.13
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 23.36 10133.22 -171.66 4084.43
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 93.87 10659.20 -93.87 4369.19
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 171.66 10133.22 -23.36 4084.43
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 249.24 8484.48 37.93 3230.13
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 325.84 5806.67 97.04 1762.37
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 408.49 2420.54 152.36 -1355.99
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 494.10 -1073.98 201.28 -6296.37
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -192.50 -1073.97 -457.40 -6296.37
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 -152.34 1889.52 -383.00 -2388.26
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 -107.78 4764.33 -321.07 66.87
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 -59.92 6995.22 -257.38 1438.55
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 -9.67 8488.91 -192.17 2415.92
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 44.24 9176.88 -125.70 2998.99
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 109.83 9083.62 -62.93 3187.77
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 176.63 8155.16 -6.86 2982.24
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 244.37 6382.57 48.41 2382.41
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 312.82 3674.29 100.36 1388.28
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 381.72 0.00 145.46 0.00

61
 
 5.3.2. Load combination (STR I-b) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-b)

9000
8000
7000 8857.44
7848.27 7848.27
6000
5000
4000
3000
Moment (kip-ft)

2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000 -5874.17 -5874.17
-6000
-7000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I-b)

500
426.19
400 397.02
329.09
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300
-329.09
-400 -426.19
-397.02

-500
Span Distances (ft)

62
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination STR I-b
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 -92.83 0.00 -329.09 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 -59.03 3162.21 -271.49 876.21
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 -18.38 5481.60 -214.34 1481.44
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 25.59 6988.47 -157.90 1815.54
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 70.35 7774.38 -102.41 1878.53
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 121.83 7848.27 -48.11 1670.39
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 177.00 7264.11 -5.50 1191.12
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 230.90 5997.41 33.45 440.73
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 283.30 4116.68 70.01 -580.78
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 333.92 1715.21 103.26 -2562.58
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 397.02 -651.77 132.12 -5874.17
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 -133.37 -651.78 -426.19 -5874.17
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 -98.04 2042.12 -354.16 -1734.42
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 -56.30 4805.54 -285.10 761.23
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 -10.77 7038.55 -222.07 1784.20
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 36.94 8420.42 -158.08 2371.62

63
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 93.87 8857.44 -93.87 2567.43
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 158.08 8420.42 -36.94 2371.62
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 222.07 7038.55 10.77 1784.20
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 285.10 4805.54 56.30 761.23
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 354.16 2042.12 98.04 -1734.42
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 426.19 -651.78 133.37 -5874.17
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -132.12 -651.77 -397.02 -5874.17
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 -103.26 1715.21 -333.92 -2562.58
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 -70.01 4116.68 -283.30 -580.78
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 -33.45 5997.41 -230.90 440.73
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 5.50 7264.11 -177.00 1191.12
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 48.11 7848.27 -121.83 1670.39
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 102.41 7774.38 -70.35 1878.53
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 157.90 6988.47 -25.59 1815.54
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 214.34 5481.60 18.38 1481.44
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 271.49 3162.21 59.03 876.21
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 329.09 0.00 92.83 0.00
 5.3.3. Load combination (SVC I) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC I)

8000
7000 6223.77 6223.77

6000 7465.99

5000
4000
Moment (kip-ft)

3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000 -3742.88 -3742.88

-4000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC I)

350
328.75
301.32
280 255.41

210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210
-255.41
-280
-301.32
-328.75
-350
Span Distances (ft)

64
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC I
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 -120.41 0.00 -255.41 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 -86.91 2463.93 -208.32 1157.64
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 -49.50 4291.67 -161.48 2005.87
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 -10.20 5500.55 -115.05 2544.59
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 29.56 6142.88 -69.16 2773.82
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 73.16 6223.77 -23.95 2693.55
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 118.87 5774.05 14.58 2303.77
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 163.85 4779.74 51.02 1604.50
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 207.97 3279.99 86.09 595.73
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 251.08 1328.10 119.27 -1116.35
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 301.32 -758.66 149.94 -3742.88
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 -161.43 -758.66 -328.75 -3742.88
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 -124.19 1785.40 -270.55 -372.62
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 -83.30 4145.92 -214.04 1834.89
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 -40.24 5980.09 -160.99 2977.61
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 4.07 7104.63 -107.38 3648.17

65
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 53.64 7465.99 -53.64 3871.70
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 107.38 7104.63 -4.07 3648.17
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 160.99 5980.09 40.24 2977.61
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 214.04 4145.92 83.30 1834.89
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 270.55 1785.40 124.19 -372.62
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 328.75 -758.66 161.43 -3742.88
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -149.94 -758.66 -301.32 -3742.88
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 -119.27 1328.10 -251.08 -1116.35
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 -86.09 3279.99 -207.97 595.73
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 -51.02 4779.74 -163.85 1604.50
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 -14.58 5774.05 -118.87 2303.77
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 23.95 6223.77 -73.16 2693.55
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 69.16 6142.88 -29.56 2773.82
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 115.05 5500.55 10.20 2544.59
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 161.48 4291.67 49.50 2005.87
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 208.32 2463.93 86.91 1157.64
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 255.41 0.00 120.41 0.00
 5.3.4. Load combination (SVC II) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

9000
8000 7033.56 7033.56
7000 8235.94
6000
5000
4000
Moment (kip-ft)

3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000 -4659.18 -4659.18

-5000
Span Distances (ft)

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

9000
8000 7033.56 7033.56
7000 8235.94
6000
5000
4000
Moment (kip-ft)

3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000 -4659.18 -4659.18

-5000
Span Distances (ft)

66
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC II
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 -115.83 0.00 -291.34 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 -80.81 2805.94 -238.63 1107.76
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 -40.70 4877.69 -186.26 1906.14
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 1.89 6237.76 -134.42 2395.02
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 45.06 6954.17 -83.28 2574.39
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 93.21 7033.56 -33.03 2444.27
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 144.11 6516.01 8.54 2004.65
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 194.07 5383.34 47.39 1255.52
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 242.91 3686.44 84.47 196.90
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 290.44 1494.61 119.09 -1683.17
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 347.23 -779.68 150.44 -4659.18
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 -158.67 -779.69 -376.19 -4659.18
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 -120.50 1924.08 -310.77 -881.35
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 -77.58 4523.36 -247.54 1519.02
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 -31.83 6572.50 -188.81 2669.27
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 15.52 7833.23 -129.35 3339.84

67
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 69.73 8235.94 -69.73 3563.36
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 129.35 7833.23 -15.52 3339.84
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 188.81 6572.50 31.83 2669.27
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 247.54 4523.36 77.58 1519.02
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 310.77 1924.08 120.50 -881.35
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 376.19 -779.69 158.67 -4659.18
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -150.44 -779.68 -347.23 -4659.18
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 -119.09 1494.61 -290.44 -1683.17
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 -84.47 3686.44 -242.91 196.90
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 -47.39 5383.34 -194.07 1255.52
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 -8.54 6516.01 -144.11 2004.65
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 33.03 7033.56 -93.21 2444.27
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 83.28 6954.17 -45.06 2574.39
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 134.42 6237.76 -1.89 2395.02
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 186.26 4877.69 40.70 1906.14
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 238.63 2805.94 80.81 1107.76
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 291.34 0.00 115.83 0.00
 5.3.5. Load combination (SVC III) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

8000
7000
5683.91 5683.91
6000 6952.69
5000
4000
Moment (kip-ft)

3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3132.02 -3132.02
-3000
-4000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

350
280 297.13
270.71 231.46
210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210
-231.46 -270.71
-280 -297.13
-350
Span Distances (ft)

68
 
 
DC1 DC2 DW Live Load Envelopes (Truck + Lane Load) Load Combination SVC III
Point Loc.
V M V M V M V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 -123.46 0.00 -231.46 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 -90.98 2235.92 -188.11 1190.89
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 -55.38 3901.00 -144.96 2072.35
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 -18.25 5009.08 -102.13 2644.31
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 19.24 5602.02 -59.74 2906.77
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 59.79 5683.91 -17.90 2859.73
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 102.04 5279.42 18.61 2503.19
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 143.70 4377.35 53.44 1837.15
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 184.68 3009.02 87.17 861.61
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 224.84 1217.09 119.40 -738.47
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 270.71 -744.64 149.61 -3132.02
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 -163.27 -744.64 -297.13 -3132.02
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 -126.65 1692.95 -243.74 -33.47
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 -87.12 3894.30 -191.71 2045.47
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 -45.84 5585.16 -142.44 3183.17
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 -3.57 6618.90 -92.73 3853.73

69
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 42.91 6952.69 -42.91 4077.26
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 92.73 6618.90 3.57 3853.73
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 142.44 5585.16 45.84 3183.17
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 191.71 3894.30 87.12 2045.47
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 243.74 1692.95 126.65 -33.47
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 297.13 -744.64 163.27 -3132.02
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -149.61 -744.64 -270.71 -3132.02
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 -119.40 1217.09 -224.84 -738.47
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 -87.17 3009.02 -184.68 861.61
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 -53.44 4377.35 -143.70 1837.15
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 -18.61 5279.42 -102.04 2503.19
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 17.90 5683.91 -59.79 2859.73
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 59.74 5602.02 -19.24 2906.77
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 102.13 5009.08 18.25 2644.31
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 144.96 3901.00 55.38 2072.35
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 188.11 2235.92 90.98 1190.89
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 231.46 0.00 123.46 0.00
 75

6.3. Appendix 3: Assignment 3

Appendix 3.1: Deck analysis

Appendix 3.2: Reinforcement calculations

Appendix 3.2: Girder optimization sample hand calculation

1. Deck Analysis and Internal Forces for both bridges:

A 2-D frame element analysis using SAP program generated the deck in order to consider

as much case of loading as possible, and to reduce time consumption. In these analyses, dead

loads (DC1, DC2 and DW) and the design load are computed using static load analysis while

truck loads are computed using moving load technique.

1.1. Steel Bridge Deck Analysis and moment envelopes:

A description of different load and analysis cases defined in the analysis program is

stated below.

1.1.1. Steel bridge deck dead loads:

A strip of width 1.00 foot, and the three load cases are defined as DC1, DC2 and

DW which presents dead loads. These cases are analyzed using static load strategy.

In these loads, DC1 occupying the whole deck width, DC2 modelled as concentrated

load at barrier C.G, while DW occupying the clear distance between the two

barriers. These loading are illustrated in the figure below.

DC1 is the own weight of the 10” thickness slab

Concrete deck: DC ∗ 1.0 ∗ 0.15 0.125 /

 DC2 is the barrier own weight

Barrier: DC 2.75 ∗ 0.15 unit weight ∗ 1.0 length 0.413 /

DW is the weight of 0.5” concrete layer + 2.5” asphalt layer

. .
Wearing: DW ∗ 0.15 ∗ 0.145 ∗ 1.0 0.0365 /

1.1.2. Steel bridge deck moving loads (HS20):

Five moving load cases are defined as 1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-16’, 3-HS20-

4’ and 3-HS20-16’which present different case of loading for HS20 trucks

according to the shape of influence lines. The first case 1-HS20 presents one truck

travelling along the deck width.

The two cases 2-HS20-4’ and 2-HS20-16’ present two trucks with different

spacing, the first case is where the two trucks spaced at 4’ while in the second case

the two trucks spaced at 16’. The spacing 4’ is believed to produce the maximum

negative moment generated from two trucks, while the spacing 16’ aimed to

generate the maximum positive moments.

 The two cases 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-16’ present three trucks with different

spacing as previously described for the two cases 2-HS20-4’ and 2-HS20-16’.

These moving load cases are shown the figure below.

1.1.3. Steel bridge deck analysis cases results and internal forces envelopes:

1.1.3.1. Truck moving loads envelopes:

The following SAP out is the bending moment envelopes due to moving load

cases. Theses bending moments are multiplied by the multiple presence

factors. Theses multiple presence factors are 1.20, 1.00 and 0.85 for one truck

case, two truck cases and three truck cases, respectively.

(1-HS20) Moment Envelopes

(2-HS20-4’) Moment Envelopes

(2-HS20-16’) Moment Envelopes

(3-HS20-4’) Moment Envelopes

 (3-HS20-16’) Moment Envelopes

Moments envelopes for these moving load cases are plotted below twice. In the first

plot, the dynamic allowance in not included, while the second plot includes an dynamic

allowance of 1.33.

Live Loads Moment Envelopes

(1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-16’, 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-16’)

Live Loads Moment Envelopes * (IM=1.33)

(1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-16’, 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-16’)
1.1.3.2. Dead loads Moments:

The following SAP out is the dead loads bending moment per 1.00 foot strip width.

(DC1) Moment Envelopes

(DC2) Moment Envelopes

(DW) Moment Envelopes

1.2. Pre-stressed Bridge Deck Analysis and moment envelopes:

A description of different load and analysis cases defined in the analysis program is

stated below.

1.2.1. Pre-Stressed bridge deck dead loads:

A strip of width 1.00 foot, and the three load cases are defined as DC1, DC2 and

DW which presents dead loads. These cases are analyzed using static load strategy.

In these loads, DC1 occupying the whole deck width, DC2 modelled as concentrated

load at barrier C.G, while DW occupying the clear distance between the two

barriers. These loading are illustrated in the figure below.

DC1 is the own weight of the 8.5” thickness slab

.
Concrete deck: DC ∗ 1.0 ∗ 0.15 0.106 /

DC2 is the barrier own weight

Barrier: DC 2.75 ∗ 0.15 unit weight ∗ 1.0 length 0.413 /

DW is the weight of 0.5” concrete layer + 2.5” asphalt layer

. .
Wearing: DW ∗ 0.15 ∗ 0.145 ∗ 1.0 0.0365 /
1.2.2. Pre-stressed bridge deck moving loads (HS20):

Five moving load cases are defined as 1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-10’, 3-HS20-

4’ and 3-HS20-10’which present different case of loading for HS20 trucks

according to the shape of influence lines. The first case 1-HS20 presents one truck

travelling along the deck width.

The two cases 2-HS20-4’ and 2-HS20-10’ present two trucks with different

spacing, the first case is where the two trucks spaced at 4’ while in the second case

the two trucks spaced at 10’. The spacing 4’ is believed to produce the maximum

negative moment generated from two trucks, while the spacing 10’ aimed to

generate the maximum positive moments.

The two cases 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-10’ present three trucks with different

spacing as previously described for the two cases 2-HS20-4’ and 2-HS20-16’.

These moving load cases are shown the figure below.

 1.2.3. Pre-stressed bridge deck analysis cases results and internal forces envelopes:

1.2.3.1. Truck moving loads envelopes:

The following SAP out is the bending moment envelopes due to moving load

cases. Theses bending moments are multiplied by the multiple presence

factors. Theses multiple presence factors are 1.20, 1.00 and 0.85 for one truck

case, two truck cases and three truck cases, respectively.

(1-HS20) Moment Envelopes

(2-HS20-4’) Moment Envelopes

(2-HS20-10’) Moment Envelopes

(3-HS20-4’) Moment Envelopes

 (3-HS20-10’) Moment Envelopes

Moments envelopes for these moving load cases are plotted below twice. In the first

plot, the dynamic allowance in not included, while the second plot includes a dynamic

allowance of 1.33.

Live Loads Moment Envelopes

(1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-10’, 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-10’)

Live Loads Moment Envelopes * (IM=1.33)

(1-HS20, 2-HS20-4’, 2-HS20-10’, 3-HS20-4’ and 3-HS20-10’)
1.2.3.2. Dead loads Moments:

The following SAP out is the dead loads bending moment per 1.00 foot strip width.

(DC1) Moment Envelopes

(DC2) Moment Envelopes

(DW) Moment Envelopes

2. Deck Design for both bridges:

In this section, the design of both bridges deck is outlined. The top and bottom

reinforcement layers are calculated using moment envelopes generated in the previous

section.

2.1.Steel Bridge deck design:

2.1.1. Un-factored and Factored design moments:

In order to convert the moments found from the HS20 moving load analysis into a

per foot linear strip, the moments must be divided by the equivalent width. The

equivalent width for positive bending is found by the following equation.

26.0 10.0 ∗ 26.0 6.6 ∗ 11.167 8.31′

The equivalent width for negative bending is found by the following equation.

48.0 3.0 ∗ 48.0 3.0 ∗ 11.167 6.79′

The un-factored positive and negative moments at the controlling locations as

found from the previous analysis are shown below:

Load: Maximum Positive Moment Maximum Negative Moment

DC1 0.85 k*ft -1.42 k*ft

DC2 -0.81 k*ft 0.32 k*ft

DW 0.32 k*ft -0.45 k*ft

HS20 7.73 k*ft -9.00 k*ft

 These moments are then factored as required by AASHTO 3.4.1.

STR I Positive: 1.25 1.5 1.75 14.1 ∗

STR I Negative: 1.25 1.5 1.75 17.8 ∗

SER I Positive: 8.09 ∗

SER I Negative: 10.6 ∗

2.1.2. Design of bottom (positive) reinforcement:

2.1.2.1.Main reinforcement:

The concrete for the deck has a compressive strength of 4,000 psi. The depth

of the slab less the sacrificial layer is 9.5”. Assuming the use of #5 bars and

using the required 1” clear dimension, the depth of the reinforcement is 8.19”.

Use #5 ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel bars at 8” on center.

The strength of the reinforced concrete bars is found by the following

equation.

16.4 ∗
2 ∗ .85 ∗

16.4 ∗ 14.1 ∗

The reinforcement per AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2 is required to develop a bending

resistance greater than the lesser of:

16.4 ∗ min 1.33 ∗ , 7.74 ∗

The minimum area of reinforcement per face to resist shrinkage and

temperature effects per AASHTO 5.10.8 is found from the equation:

1.30
0.465 0.059
2

The maximum spacing for reinforcement resisting shrinkage and temperature

effects should not exceed:

8" min 3*thickness, 18" 18" OK

Per AASHTO 5.10.3, the spacing of reinforcement should be smaller than:

8" max 1.5 ∗ , 1.5 ∗ max , 1.5"

1.5"

The spacing of reinforcement should also not be greater than:

8" max 1.5 ∗ , 18" 15"

Finally, the spacing of the reinforcement should not exceed the limits imposed

for crack control per AASHTO 5.7.3.4.

700γe
8" ‐ 2dc 18.1"
βs fss

The provided steel reinforcement is adequate for both strength and detailing

requirements.
 2.1.2.2.Distribution Steel:

The area of the distribution steel per AASHTO 9.7.3 is required to be greater

than:

220
min , 67 ∗ 0.306
100

Use #4 reinforcing bars at 7.50” on center.

2.1.3. Design of top (negative) reinforcement:

2.1.3.1.Main reinforcement:

The depth of the slab less the sacrificial layer is 9.5”. Assuming the use of #5

bars and using the required 2.5” clear dimension, the depth of the

reinforcement is 6.69”.

Use #5 ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel bars at 5” on center.

The strength of the reinforced concrete bars is found by the following

equation.

20.6 ∗
2 ∗ .85 ∗

20.6 ∗ 17.8 ∗
The reinforcement per AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2 is required to develop a bending

resistance greater than the lesser of:

20.6 ∗ min 1.33 ∗ , 7.74 ∗

The minimum area of reinforcement per face to resist shrinkage and

temperature effects per AASHTO 5.10.8 is found from the equation:

1.30
0.744 0.059
2

The maximum spacing for reinforcement resisting shrinkage and temperature

effects should not exceed:

5" min 3*thickness, 18" 18" OK

Per AASHTO 5.10.3, the spacing of reinforcement should be smaller than:

5" max 1.5 ∗ , 1.5 ∗ max , 1.5"

1.5"

The spacing of reinforcement should also not be greater than:

5" max 1.5 ∗ , 18" 15"

 Finally, the spacing of the reinforcement should not exceed the limits imposed

for crack control per AASHTO 5.7.3.4.

700γe
5" ‐ 2dc 6.14"
βs fss

The provided steel reinforcement is adequate for both strength and detailing

requirements.

2.1.3.2.Distribution steel:

The area of the distribution steel per AASHTO 9.7.3 is required to be greater

than:

220
min , 67 ∗ 0.489
100

Use #5 reinforcing bars at 7” on center.

2.2.Pre-Stressed Bridge deck design:

2.2.1. Un-factored and Factored design moments:

In order to convert the moments found from the HS20 moving load analysis into a

per foot linear strip, the moments must be divided by the equivalent width. The

equivalent width for positive bending is found by the following equation.

26.0 10.0 ∗ 26.0 6.6 ∗ 8.167 6.66′

The equivalent width for negative bending is found by the following equation.

48.0 3.0 ∗ 48.0 3.0 ∗ 8.167 6.04′

The un-factored positive and negative moments at the controlling locations as

found from the previous analysis are shown below:

Load: Maximum Positive Moment Maximum Negative Moment

DC1 0.35 k*ft -0.62 k*ft

DC2 -0.40 k*ft 0.23 k*ft

DW 0.17 k*ft -0.24 k*ft

HS20 6.47 k*ft -6.27 k*ft

These moments are then factored as required by AASHTO 3.4.1.

 STR I Positive: 1.25 1.5 1.75 11.5 ∗

STR I Negative: 1.25 1.5 1.75 11.8 ∗

SER I Positive: 6.59 ∗

SER I Negative: 6.90 ∗

2.2.2. Design of bottom (positive) reinforcement:

2.2.2.1.Main reinforcement:

The concrete for the deck has a compressive strength of 4,000 psi. The depth

of the slab less the sacrificial layer is 8”. Assuming the use of #5 bars and

using the required 1” clear dimension, the depth of the reinforcement is 6.69”.

Use #4 ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel bars at 4” on center.

The strength of the reinforced concrete bars is found by the following

equation.

13.3 ∗
2 ∗ .85 ∗

12.8 ∗ 11.5 ∗
The reinforcement per AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2 is required to develop a bending

resistance greater than the lesser of:

13.3 ∗ min 1.33 ∗ , 6.20 ∗

The minimum area of reinforcement per face to resist shrinkage and

temperature effects per AASHTO 5.10.8 is found from the equation:

1.30
0.40 0.054
2

The maximum spacing for reinforcement resisting shrinkage and temperature

effects should not exceed:

4" min 3*thickness, 18" 18" OK

Per AASHTO 5.10.3, the spacing of reinforcement should be smaller than:

4" max 1.5 ∗ , 1.5 ∗ max , 1.5"

1.5"

The spacing of reinforcement should also not be greater than:

4" max 1.5 ∗ , 18" 12.75"

 Finally, the spacing of the reinforcement should not exceed the limits imposed

for crack control per AASHTO 5.7.3.4.

700γe
4" ‐ 2dc 17.3"
βs fss

The provided steel reinforcement is adequate for both strength and detailing

requirements.

2.2.2.2.Distribution Steel:

The area of the distribution steel per AASHTO 9.7.3 is required to be greater

than:

220
min , 67 ∗ 0.311
100

Use #4 reinforcing bars at 7.5” on center.

2.2.3. Design of top (negative) reinforcement:

2.2.3.1.Main reinforcement:

The depth of the slab less the sacrificial layer is 8”. Assuming the use of #5

bars and using the required 2.5” clear dimension, the depth of the

reinforcement is 5.19”.
Use #5 ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel bars at 5” on center.

The strength of the reinforced concrete bars is found by the following

equation.

15.5 ∗
2 ∗ .85 ∗

15.5 ∗ 11.8 ∗

The reinforcement per AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2 is required to develop a bending

resistance greater than the lesser of:

15.5 ∗ min 1.33 ∗ , 6.20 ∗

The minimum area of reinforcement per face to resist shrinkage and

temperature effects per AASHTO 5.10.8 is found from the equation:

1.30
0.744 0.054
2

The maximum spacing for reinforcement resisting shrinkage and temperature

effects should not exceed:

 5" min 3*thickness, 18" 18" OK

Per AASHTO 5.10.3, the spacing of reinforcement should be smaller than:

5" max 1.5 ∗ , 1.5 ∗ max , 1.5"

1.5"

The spacing of reinforcement should also not be greater than:

5" max 1.5 ∗ , 18" 12.75"

Finally, the spacing of the reinforcement should not exceed the limits imposed

for crack control per AASHTO 5.7.3.4.

700γe
5" ‐ 2dc 6.89"
βs fss

The provided steel reinforcement is adequate for both strength and detailing

requirements.

2.2.3.2.Distribution Steel:

The area of the distribution steel per AASHTO 9.7.3 is required to be greater

than:

220
min , 67 ∗ 0.498
100

Use #5 reinforcing bars at 7” on center.

 76

6.4A. Appendix 4A: Assignment 4A

Appendix 4A.1: Shear and moment envelope recalculation

Appendix 4A.2: Mathcad Worksheet

Appendix 4A.3: Sample hand calculations

1. Bridge description and Materials:

1.1. Bridge description:

- The bridge consists of three spans having lengths of 109’, 131’ and 109’, respectively.

- Eight pre-stressed concrete girders spaced at (S = 8’-2”).

- Girder type is AASHTO girder type VI, having the following dimensions:

 Girder depth, d = 63 in

 Top flange width, bf = 42 in

 Web thickness, tw = 8.0 in

 Bottom flange width, bfb = 28 in

- Deck slab thickness, ts, is 8.0 in (includes ½ in integral wearing surface which is not

included in the composite cross section properties)

- Haunch assumed to be 2.0 in depth, but not included in the composite section properties, and

it is included in dead loads calculations

1
 
 1.2. Materials:

- Concrete strength:

 Pre-stressed girder Initial strength, f’ci = 6.0 ksi

 Pre-stressed girder final strength, f’c = 8.0 ksi

 Deck slab compressive strength, f’cd = 4.0 ksi

- Concrete elastic modulus:

.
33000 ∗ ∗ ′

 Pre-stressed girder Initial modulus, Ecgi = 4696 ksi

 Pre-stressed girder final modulus, Ecg = 5422 ksi

 Deck slab modulus, Ecd = 3834 ksi

- Reinforcing steel:

 Yield strength, fy = 60 ksi

- Pre-stressing strands:

 0.60” diameter low relaxation strands grade 270

 Strand area, Aps = 0.217 in2

 Pre-stressing steel yield strength, fpy = 243 ksi

 Pre-stressing steel ultimate strength, fpu = 270 ksi

 Pre-stressing steel modulus of elasticity, Epu = 28500 ksi

2
 
2. Cross section properties:

2.1. Effective deck slab width:

- Effective span length:

Effective span length is the actual span length for simply supported beams or the distance

between points of permanent dead load inflection for continuous spans. This length is nearly

equals 75% of the span length for a span continuous from one side, or 56% of the span for a

span continuous from both sides. These lengths are calculated from the bridge analysis

under uniform loads using SAP.

 For exterior spans, 0.75 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 109 81.75

 For interior span, 0.56 ∗ 0.56 ∗ 131 73.36

 Effective span lengths found from SAP are 82 and 74

- Effective slab width:

Effective slab width is the lesser of the following,

 For exterior spans, 0.25 ∗ 0.25 ∗ 82 ∗ 12 246

 For interior span, 0.25 ∗ 0.25 ∗ 74 ∗ 12 222

 12 ∗ . 12 ∗ 7.5 0.5 ∗ 42 111

 , 8 ∗ 12 2 98

 The effective slab width for both spans is 98

3
 
 2.2. Concrete girder properties of section:

- Area, Ag = 1013 in2

- Moment of Inertia, Ig = 521163 in4
- C.G to top, ytg = 31.05 in
- C.G to bottom, ybg = 31.95 in
- Top section modulus, Stg = 16784 in3
- Bottom section modulus, Sbg = 16311 in3

2.3. Composite girder properties of section:

- Modular ratio , 1.414

∗ ∗ .
- Deck slab area, 519.80
.

∗ ∗ .
- Deck slab moment of inertia, 2436.57
∗ . ∗

∗ ∗ ∗ . . ∗ . ∗ .
- C.G to girder bottom, 43.75
.

- C.G to girder top, 63 43.75 19.25

- C.G to deck slab top, 63 7.50 43.75 26.75

- Moment of inertia, ∗ ∗ 0.50 ∗

521163 1013 ∗ 43.75 31.95 2436.57 519.8 ∗ 26.75 0.50 ∗ 7.5

939624

- Top section modulus at slab, 35126

.

- Top section modulus at girder, 48811

.

- Bottom section modulus at girder, 21477

.

4
 
 5
 
3. Live load distribution factors:

Live load distribution factors will be calculated for bending moments and shear forces. The bending

moment distribution factors will be calculated three times. The first time considers the positive

bending moments for exterior spans, the second one considers the positive moments affecting the

interior span, and the last one for the support negative moments.

3.1. Moment distribution factors:

3.1.1. Calculating the longitudinal stiffness parameter, Kg:

- Modular ratio, ′ 1.414

- Girder C.G. to Deck C.G distance, 0.50 ∗ 31.05 0.5 ∗ 7.5 34.80

- Longitudinal stiffness parameter, ∗ ∗

1.414 ∗ 521163 1013 ∗ 34.8 2471596.38

3.1.2. Check the applicability using AASHTO tabels:

- Girder spacing, 3.5′ 8 2" 16.0′ →

- Slab thickness, 4.5" 7.5" 12.0" →

- Lengths, 20′ 109′, 131′ 120′ 240′ →

- Number of girders, 8 4 →

- Longitudinal stiffness parameter, 10000 2471596.4 7000000 →

6
 
 3.1.3. Positive moment distribution factor, exterior span:

- The length used is the span length under consideration, 109

. . .
- For one lane loaded, 0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ .

0.490

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, 0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

0.707

- The maximum (g) is used, .

3.1.4. Positive moment distribution factor, interior span:

- The length used is the span length under consideration, 131

. . .
- For one lane loaded, 0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ .

0.460

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, 0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

0.673

- The maximum (g) is used, .

7
 
 3.1.5. Negative moment at support distribution factor:

- The length used is the average of the span lengths, 120

. . .
- For one lane loaded, 0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.06 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ .

0.474

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, 0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . . .
0.075 ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

0.689

- The maximum (g) is used, .

3.2. Shear distribution factors:

.
- For one lane loaded, 0.36 0.36

0.687

. .
- For two or more lanes loaded, 0.20 0.20

0.826

- The maximum (g) is used, .

8
 
4. Design internal forces:

In this section, the previously calculated load distribution factors are applied to the live load

envelopes, then the different load combinations are generated.

4.1. Design live load internal forces:

Live load distribution factors are applied to the bending moments and shear forces envelopes in

order to obtain the live load internal forces.

The exterior span positive bending moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g = 0.707

lanes), while the interior span positive bending moments are multiplied by a distribution factor

of (g = 0.673 lanes). The support region negative moments are multiplied by (g = 0.689 lanes).

The support region is defined as the distance between points of contra-flexure under a uniform

load on all spans, and this distance found from the SAP analysis file. The support region length

is 55.5 ft. which presents 27.0 ft. from the exterior span and 28.50 ft. from the interior span.

The shear distribution factor used for all spans is (g = 0.826).

The figure below illustrates the used load distribution factors for bending moments and shear

forces, respectively.

9
 
 Live loads bending moments and shear forces envelopes including the load distribution factors

are shown in the figures below. The generated tables are also presented below the internal forces

envelopes.

Live Load Moment Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(g)]

2400
2000
1600 1911.94
1911.94
1200 1727.25
800 -49.56
-47.18
Moment (kip-ft)

400
0
-400 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-800
-1200 -691.71
-1600
-2104.43 -2104.43
-2000
-2400
Span Distances (ft)

Live Load Shear Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(g)]

150
125 126.40 130.61

100 98.92

75
50
25
Shear (kips)

0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-50
-75
-100 -98.92 -126.40
-125 -130.61
-150
Span Distances (ft)

10
 
 Distribution Factors Moving Loads Envelopes (Without DF) Moving Loads Envelopes * g (With DF)
Point Loc.
M(+ve) M(-ve) V V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 0.71 0.71 0.83 15.25 0.00 -119.76 0.00 12.59 0.00 -98.92 0.00
1.1 10.9 0.71 0.71 0.83 20.35 1140.04 -101.06 -166.25 16.81 806.01 -83.47 -117.54
1.2 21.8 0.71 0.71 0.83 29.36 1953.38 -82.61 -332.42 24.25 1381.04 -68.24 -235.02
1.3 32.7 0.71 0.71 0.83 40.28 2457.37 -64.57 -498.59 33.27 1737.36 -53.34 -352.50
1.4 43.6 0.71 0.71 0.83 51.64 2704.30 -47.08 -664.76 42.66 1911.94 -38.89 -469.98
B=1.5 54.5 0.71 0.71 0.83 66.84 2699.30 -30.27 -830.92 55.21 1908.40 -25.00 -587.46
1.6 65.4 0.71 0.71 0.83 84.15 2473.19 -20.13 -997.09 69.51 1748.54 -16.63 -704.94
1.7 76.3 0.71 0.71 0.83 100.74 2011.98 -12.09 -1163.26 83.22 1422.47 -9.98 -822.42
1.8 87.2 0.71 0.71 0.83 116.47 1354.84 -5.41 -1329.43 96.20 957.87 -4.47 -939.90
1.9 98.1 0.71 0.69 0.83 131.18 555.05 -0.62 -1889.40 108.36 392.42 -0.51 -1301.80
C=2.0 109 0.71 0.69 0.83 153.03 -70.10 1.65 -3054.33 126.40 -49.56 1.37 -2104.43
C'=2.0 109.0001 0.67 0.69 0.83 9.20 -70.10 -158.13 -3054.33 7.60 -47.18 -130.61 -2104.43
2.1 122.1 0.67 0.69 0.83 12.31 462.26 -134.05 -1695.76 10.17 311.10 -110.73 -1168.38
2.2 135.2 0.67 0.69 0.83 19.08 1258.13 -111.66 -1052.90 15.76 846.72 -92.23 -725.45
2.3 148.3 0.67 0.67 0.83 28.01 1974.69 -92.73 -1027.80 23.14 1328.97 -76.60 -691.71
2.4 161.4 0.67 0.67 0.83 38.19 2428.66 -73.25 -1027.80 31.55 1634.49 -60.50 -691.71
D = 2.5 174.5 0.67 0.67 0.83 53.64 2566.50 -53.64 -1027.80 44.31 1727.25 -44.31 -691.71
2.6 187.6 0.67 0.67 0.83 73.25 2428.66 -38.19 -1027.80 60.50 1634.49 -31.55 -691.71
2.7 200.7 0.67 0.67 0.83 92.73 1974.69 -28.01 -1027.80 76.60 1328.97 -23.14 -691.71
2.8 213.8 0.67 0.69 0.83 111.66 1258.13 -19.08 -1052.90 92.23 846.72 -15.76 -725.45
2.9 226.9 0.67 0.69 0.83 134.05 462.26 -12.31 -1695.76 110.73 311.10 -10.17 -1168.38
E=3.0 240 0.67 0.69 0.83 158.13 -70.10 -9.20 -3054.33 130.61 -47.18 -7.60 -2104.43
E'=3.0 240.0001 0.71 0.69 0.83 -1.65 -70.10 -153.03 -3054.33 -1.37 -49.56 -126.40 -2104.43
3.1 250.9 0.71 0.69 0.83 0.62 555.05 -131.18 -1889.40 0.51 392.42 -108.36 -1301.80
3.2 261.8 0.71 0.71 0.83 5.41 1354.84 -116.47 -1329.43 4.47 957.87 -96.20 -939.90
3.3 272.7 0.71 0.71 0.83 12.09 2011.98 -100.74 -1163.26 9.98 1422.47 -83.22 -822.42
3.4 283.6 0.71 0.71 0.83 20.13 2473.19 -84.15 -997.09 16.63 1748.54 -69.51 -704.94
F=3.5 294.5 0.71 0.71 0.83 30.27 2699.30 -66.84 -830.92 25.00 1908.40 -55.21 -587.46
3.6 305.4 0.71 0.71 0.83 47.08 2704.30 -51.64 -664.76 38.89 1911.94 -42.66 -469.98
3.7 316.3 0.71 0.71 0.83 64.57 2457.37 -40.28 -498.59 53.34 1737.36 -33.27 -352.50
3.8 327.2 0.71 0.71 0.83 82.61 1953.38 -29.36 -332.42 68.24 1381.04 -24.25 -235.02
3.9 338.1 0.71 0.71 0.83 101.06 1140.04 -20.35 -166.25 83.47 806.01 -16.81 -117.54
G=4.0 349 0.71 0.71 0.83 119.76 0.00 -15.25 0.00 98.92 0.00 -12.59 0.00

11
 
 4.2. Dead loads Internal forces (DC1, DC2 and DW):

Dead loads bending moments and shear forces plotted here are the same values previously

calculated because no change in load values or internal forces.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

4800
4200
4569.12
3600
3000
Moment (kip-ft)

2400 3036.78 3036.78

1800
1200
600 211.47 173.88 211.47

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-600
Span Distances (ft) -362.40

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

150
139.52
125 116.09
100 116.09
75
50
25
Shear (kip)

16.38 10.30
0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-16.95
-50
-75
-100 -116.09
-116.09
-125
-139.52
-150
Span Distances (ft)

12
 
 DC1 DC2 DW
Point Loc.
V M V M V M
A=1.0 0 -116.09 0.00 -9.27 0.00 -10.30 0.00
1.1 10.9 -92.87 1138.79 -6.82 87.68 -7.58 97.42
1.2 21.8 -69.65 2024.52 -4.37 148.63 -4.85 165.14
1.3 32.7 -46.43 2657.19 -1.91 182.84 -2.13 203.16
1.4 43.6 -23.22 3036.78 0.54 190.32 0.60 211.47
B=1.5 54.5 0.00 3163.32 2.99 171.07 3.33 190.08
1.6 65.4 23.22 3036.78 5.45 125.09 6.05 138.99
1.7 76.3 46.43 2657.19 7.90 52.38 8.78 58.20
1.8 87.2 69.65 2024.52 10.35 -47.07 11.50 -52.30
1.9 98.1 92.87 1138.79 12.80 -173.25 14.23 -192.50
C=2.0 109 116.09 0.00 15.26 -326.16 16.95 -362.40
C'=2.0 109.0001 -139.52 0.00 -14.74 -326.16 -16.38 -362.40
2.1 122.1 -111.61 1644.88 -11.79 -152.40 -13.10 -169.34
2.2 135.2 -83.71 2924.23 -8.84 -17.26 -9.83 -19.18
2.3 148.3 -55.81 3838.06 -5.90 79.27 -6.55 88.08
2.4 161.4 -27.90 4386.35 -2.95 137.19 -3.28 152.43
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 4569.12 0.00 156.49 0.00 173.88
2.6 187.6 27.90 4386.35 2.95 137.19 3.28 152.43
2.7 200.7 55.81 3838.06 5.90 79.27 6.55 88.08
2.8 213.8 83.71 2924.23 8.84 -17.26 9.83 -19.18
2.9 226.9 111.61 1644.88 11.79 -152.40 13.10 -169.34
E=3.0 240 139.52 0.00 14.74 -326.16 16.38 -362.40
E'=3.0 240.0001 -116.09 0.00 -15.26 -326.16 -16.95 -362.40
3.1 250.9 -92.87 1138.79 -12.80 -173.25 -14.23 -192.50
3.2 261.8 -69.65 2024.52 -10.35 -47.07 -11.50 -52.30
3.3 272.7 -46.43 2657.19 -7.90 52.38 -8.78 58.20
3.4 283.6 -23.22 3036.78 -5.45 125.09 -6.05 138.99
F=3.5 294.5 0.00 3163.32 -2.99 171.07 -3.33 190.08
3.6 305.4 23.22 3036.78 -0.54 190.32 -0.60 211.47
3.7 316.3 46.43 2657.19 1.91 182.84 2.13 203.16
3.8 327.2 69.65 2024.52 4.37 148.63 4.85 165.14
3.9 338.1 92.87 1138.79 6.82 87.68 7.58 97.42
G=4.0 349 116.09 0.00 9.27 0.00 10.30 0.00

13
 
 4.3. Pre-stressed Bridge factored design envelopes:

In this section, the dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW) internal forces presented in section (4.2) are

combined with live loads envelopes calculated in (4.1).

- Load combinations used are:

1.25 ∗ 1.50 1.75 ∗

1.0 ∗ 1.0 0.80 ∗

- Using these load combinations with the tabulated values in Excel gives the following

factored internal forces.

4.3.1. Load Combination (STR I) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I)

10000
7792.81
8750 7792.81

7500 9190.53
6250
5000
Moment (kip-ft)

3750
2500
1250
0
-1250 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2500
-3750 -4634.05 -4634.05

-5000
Span Distances (ft)

14
 
 Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I)
500
400 410.80 445.95 345.26
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300
-345.26
-400 -445.95 -410.80

-500
Span Distances (ft)

Load Combination STR I

Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -150.11 0.00 -345.26 0.00
1.1 10.9 -106.56 3089.73 -282.05 1473.53
1.2 21.8 -57.35 5380.97 -219.21 2552.86
1.3 32.7 -5.40 6895.15 -156.96 3237.89
1.4 43.6 47.20 7696.99 -95.50 3528.62
B=1.5 54.5 105.35 7792.81 -35.02 3425.05
1.6 65.4 166.55 7220.78 15.80 2927.18
1.7 76.3 226.70 5963.58 63.60 2035.01
1.8 87.2 285.61 4069.64 109.43 748.53
1.9 98.1 343.05 1604.92 152.53 -1359.96
C=2.0 109 410.80 -1038.03 191.99 -4634.05
C'=2.0 109.0001 -204.08 -1033.86 -445.95 -4634.05
2.1 122.1 -156.11 2156.02 -367.67 -433.07
2.2 135.2 -102.85 5086.71 -291.84 2335.41
2.3 148.3 -46.46 7354.47 -221.00 3818.29
2.4 161.4 11.73 8743.42 -149.36 4672.58
D = 2.5 174.5 77.54 9190.53 -77.54 4957.35
2.6 187.6 149.36 8743.42 -11.73 4672.58
2.7 200.7 221.00 7354.47 46.46 3818.29
2.8 213.8 291.84 5086.71 102.85 2335.41
2.9 226.9 367.67 2156.02 156.11 -433.07
E=3.0 240 445.95 -1033.86 204.08 -4634.05
E'=3.0 240.0001 -191.99 -1038.03 -410.80 -4634.05
3.1 250.9 -152.53 1604.92 -343.05 -1359.96
3.2 261.8 -109.43 4069.64 -285.61 748.53
3.3 272.7 -63.60 5963.58 -226.70 2035.01
3.4 283.6 -15.80 7220.78 -166.55 2927.18
F=3.5 294.5 35.02 7792.81 -105.35 3425.05
3.6 305.4 95.50 7696.99 -47.20 3528.62
3.7 316.3 156.96 6895.15 5.40 3237.89
3.8 327.2 219.21 5380.97 57.35 2552.86
3.9 338.1 282.05 3089.73 106.56 1473.53
G=4.0 349 345.26 0.00 150.11 0.00

15
 
 4.3.2. Load Combination (SVC III) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

7000
6000 5051.19 5051.19
6281.29
5000
4000
Moment (kip-ft)

3000
2000
1000
0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-1000
-2372.10 -2372.10
-2000
-3000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC III)

350
280 275.12
249.41 214.79
210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210 -214.79 -249.41
-280 -275.12

-350
Span Distances (ft)

16
 
 Load Combination SVC III
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -125.58 0.00 -214.79 0.00
1.1 10.9 -93.82 1968.70 -174.04 1229.86
1.2 21.8 -59.46 3443.12 -133.46 2150.27
1.3 32.7 -23.86 4433.07 -93.14 2761.18
1.4 43.6 12.05 4968.13 -53.19 3062.59
B=1.5 54.5 50.49 5051.19 -13.68 3054.50
1.6 65.4 90.32 4699.70 21.41 2736.91
1.7 76.3 129.68 3905.74 55.12 2109.82
1.8 87.2 168.46 2691.45 87.93 1173.23
1.9 98.1 206.58 1086.98 119.48 -268.39
C=2.0 109 249.41 -728.21 149.38 -2372.10
C'=2.0 109.0001 -164.55 -726.30 -275.12 -2372.10
2.1 122.1 -128.37 1572.02 -225.08 388.44
2.2 135.2 -89.77 3565.17 -176.16 2307.43
2.3 148.3 -49.74 5068.58 -129.53 3452.04
2.4 161.4 -8.89 5983.56 -82.53 4122.60
D = 2.5 174.5 35.45 6281.29 -35.45 4346.13
2.6 187.6 82.53 5983.56 8.89 4122.60
2.7 200.7 129.53 5068.58 49.74 3452.04
2.8 213.8 176.16 3565.17 89.77 2307.43
2.9 226.9 225.08 1572.02 128.37 388.44
E=3.0 240 275.12 -726.30 164.55 -2372.10
E'=3.0 240.0001 -149.38 -728.21 -249.41 -2372.10
3.1 250.9 -119.48 1086.98 -206.58 -268.39
3.2 261.8 -87.93 2691.45 -168.46 1173.23
3.3 272.7 -55.12 3905.74 -129.68 2109.82
3.4 283.6 -21.41 4699.70 -90.32 2736.91
F=3.5 294.5 13.68 5051.19 -50.49 3054.50
3.6 305.4 53.19 4968.13 -12.05 3062.59
3.7 316.3 93.14 4433.07 23.86 2761.18
3.8 327.2 133.46 3443.12 59.46 2150.27
3.9 338.1 174.04 1968.70 93.82 1229.86
G=4.0 349 214.79 0.00 125.58 0.00

17
 
 DESIGN OF PRETENSIOND PRECAST I GIRDERS BRIDGE
Span := 349
nop := 32 Number of Nodes In the whole Bridge Point
Ls := 349⋅ ft Bridge Total Length
 0  A=1.0
i := 0 .. nop  10.9  1.1
 21.8  1.2
 32.7 
  1.3
 43.6  1.4
 54.5  B=1.5
 
 65.4  1.6
 76.3  1.7
 87.2 
1.8
 
 98.1  1.9
 109  C=2.0
 109.0001 
  C'=2.0
 122.1  2.1
 135.2  2.2
 
 148.3  2.3
 161.4  2.4
xx :=  174.5  D = 2.5
 
 187.6  2.6
 200.7  2.7
 213.8 
2.8
Location in Foot Along the Bridge  
Length along with Point numbering  226.9  2.9
 240  E=3.0
x := xx ⋅ ft
i i  
 240.0001  E'=3.0
 250.9  3.1
 261.8  3.2
 
 272.7  3.3
 283.6  3.4
 294.5  F=3.5
 
 305.4  3.6
 316.3  3.7
  3.8
 327.2 
 338.1  3.9
 349  G=4.0
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
Beam Dimensions
B1 := 28.in D3 := 10.in
B3 := 8.in D4 := 36.in
B4 := 42.in D5 := 4.in
D1 := 63.in D6 := 5.in
D2 := 8.in

bd := 98.in Width of Deck

hd := 7.5in Thichness of Deck

bcb := 8.167ft Girder Spacing

hc := D1 + hd
Height of Composite Section
hc = 70.5⋅ in
Material Properties

Ecd := 3834ksi Mod Elast Deck

Ecg := 5422ksi Mod Elast Girder

Ecgt := 4696ksi Mod Elast Girder at Transfer

Es := 29000ksi Mod Elast Reinf

Ep := 28500ksi Mod Elast Prestressing

fpy := 243ksi Yield Stren gth of Tendon

fpu := 270ksi Characteristic Strength of Tendon

fcgt := 6ksi Characteristic Strength of Concrete Prec Beam at Transfer

fcg := 8ksi Characteristic Strength of Concrete of Prec Beam at 28 days

fcd := 4ksi Characteristic Strength of Concrete of Deck at 28 days

fy := 60ksi Characteristic Strength of Slack Steel

fyv := 60ksi Characteristic Strength of Stirrups

fr := 0.24⋅ fcg⋅ ksi Modulus of Rupture of Concrete

fr = 0.679⋅ ksi
2
Apt := 0.217⋅ in Area Per Tendon

ϕ := 0.60in Diameter of Tendon

Jpers := 75 Jacking Force Percentage to UTS

d_stirup := 0.5⋅ in Stirups bar diameter

n_legs := 2.0 Number of stirup legs

 Sectional Properties For Precast Beam
Area
Ag := B1⋅ D2 + 0.50⋅ ( B1 − B3) ⋅ D3 + ( D3 + D4 + D5) ⋅ B3 + 0.50⋅ ( B4 − B3) ⋅ D5 + B4⋅ D6
3 2
Ag = 1.002 × 10 ⋅ in

Centroied

+ 0.50⋅ ( B1 − B3) ⋅ D3⋅  D2 +

D2 D3   D3 + D4 + D5 
B1⋅ D2⋅  + ( D3 + D4 + D5) ⋅ B3⋅  D2 + +
yg :=
2  3   2 
Ag
yg = 31.724⋅ in

Second Moment of Inertia

3 2 3 2
+ B1⋅ D2⋅  yg −
D2 
+ 0.50⋅ ( B1 − B3) ⋅ D3 yg −  D2 +
D2 D3 D3 
Ig := B1⋅  + ( B1 − B3) ⋅  +
12  2  36   3 
5 4
Ig = 5.162 × 10 ⋅ in

ygb := yg = 31.724⋅ in ygt := ygb − D1 = −31.276⋅ in

Ig 3
Sgb := Sgb = 16270.823 ⋅ in
ygb

Ig 4 3
Sgt := Sgt = −1.65 × 10 ⋅ in
ygt

Sectional Properties For Composite Section

Ecd
nc := nc = 0.707 Modular Ratio - Deck to Girder
Ecg
beff := nc⋅ bd beff = 69.298⋅ in Effective Width of Deck

2
Ad := beff ⋅ hd Ad = 519.733 ⋅ in Effective Area of Deck

1 3 3 4
Id := ⋅ beff ⋅ hd Id = 2.436 × 10 ⋅ in Effective Second Moment of Inertia of Deck
12

hd
yd := D1 + yd = 66.75⋅ in Distance From Bottom to CG of Deck
2

3 2
Ac := Ag + Ad Ac = 1.522 × 10 ⋅ in Effective Area of Composite Section
 Ag⋅ yg + Ad⋅ yd
yc := yc = 43.687⋅ in Distance From Bottom to CG of Composite Sec
Ac

2 2
Ic := Ig + Ag⋅ ( yc − yg) + Id + Ad⋅ ( yc − yd ) Effective Second Moment of Inertia of Composite
Sec
5 4
Ic = 9.385 × 10 ⋅ in

ycgt := yc − D1 = −19.313⋅ in CG to Girder Top Distance

ycgb := yc = 43.687⋅ in CG to Girder Bottom Distance

ycdt := yc − D1 − hd = −26.813⋅ in CG to Slab Top Distance

Ic 4 3
Scgb := = 2.148 × 10 ⋅ in Section Modulus at Girder Bottom
ycgb

Ic 4 3
Scgt := = −4.859 × 10 ⋅ in Section Modulus at Girder Top
ycgt

Ic 4 3
Scdt := = −3.5 × 10 ⋅ in Section Modulus at Deck Slab Top
ycdt
Prestressing Propertise

 15.80   32 
fpu
fpj := Jpers⋅ fpj = 202.5⋅ ksi Jacking Stress  12.71   32 
100
 8.29   32 
 3.875   32 
   
 3.875   32 
 3.875   32 
   
 3.875   32 
 3.875   32 
 8.29   32 
   
 12.71   32 
 15.80   32 
 15.251   44 
   
 12.55   44 
 8.68   44 
   
 4.82   44 
 4.82   44 
ysbb :=  4.82  nnos :=  44 
nos := nnos
i i
Number of Strands    
 4.82   44 
 4.82   44 
2
Aps := nos ⋅ Apt Aps5 = 6.944⋅ in Total Area of Strands
i i
109 ft mid-span  8.68   44 
   
Pj := −Aps ⋅ fpj
3
Pj5 = −1.406 × 10 ⋅ kip
Jacking Force  12.55   44 
i i 109 ft mid-span  15.251   44 
   
 15.80   32 
 12.71   32 
 8.29   32 
   
Distance between Girder Bottom and  3.875   32 
Strands CG  3.875   32 
 3.875   32 
ysb := ysbb ⋅ in ysb 16 = 4.82⋅ in    
i i  3.875   32 
 3.875   32 
   
Strands Eccentricity  8.29   32 
 12.71   32 
es := ygb − ysb
i i  15.80   32 

es0 = 15.924⋅ in Eccentricity for span (109 ft) ends, calculated at (Lt = 3.0 ft)
es11 = 16.473⋅ in Eccentricity for span (131 ft) ends, calculated at (Lt = 3.0 ft)
 INTERNAL FORCES
Dead and Live Loads Moments
Dead and live load moments at supports were calculated at the transfer length (Lt = 3.0 ft) in order
to be used in serviceability checks

 155.3   313.5  
24.10 
 
26.8 

 564.16   1138.79   87.68   97.42 
 1002.95   2024.52   148.63   165.14 
 1316.37   2657.19   182.84   203.16 
       
 1504.42   3036.78   190.32   211.47 
 1567.10   3163.32   171.07   190.08 
       
 1504.42   3036.78   125.09   138.99 
 1316.37   2657.19   52.38   58.20 
 1002.95   2024.52   −47.07   −52.30 
       
 564.16   1138.79   −173.25   −192.50 
 155.3   313.5   −284   −315.64 
       
 186.6   376.7   −286.4   −318.20 
 814.87   1644.88   −152.40   −169.34 
 1448.66   2924.23   −17.26   −19.18 
       
 1901.37   3838.06   79.27   88.08 
 2172.99   4386.35   137.19   152.43 
MMg :=  2263.54  MMDC1 :=  4569.12  MMDC2 :=  156.49  MMDW :=  173.88 
       
 2172.99   4386.35   137.19   152.43 
 1901.37   3838.06   79.27   88.08 
       
 1448.66   2924.23   −17.26   −19.18 
 814.87   1644.88   −152.40   −169.34 
 186.6   376.7   −286.4   −318.20 
       
 155.3   313.5   −284   −315.64 
 564.16   1138.79   −173.25   −192.50 
 1002.95   2024.52   −47.07   −52.30 
       
 1316.37   2657.19   52.38   58.20 
 1504.42   3036.78   125.09   138.99 
 1567.10   3163.32   171.07   190.08 
       
 1504.42   3036.78   190.32   211.47 
 1316.37   2657.19   182.84   203.16 
       
 1002.95   2024.52   148.63   165.14 
 564.16   1138.79   87.68   97.42 
 155.3   313.5   24.10   26.8 
        
Dead and live load moments at supports were calculated at the transfer length (Lt = 3.0 ft) in order
to be used in serviceability checks

 −32.5   223   852.45  

405.33 

 −117.54   806.01   3089.73   1473.53 
 −235.02   1381.04   5380.97   2552.86 
       
 −352.50   1737.36   6895.15   3237.89 
 −469.98   1911.94   7696.99   3528.62 
 −587.46   1908.40   7792.81   3425.05 
       
 −704.94   1748.54   7220.78   2927.18 
 −822.42   1422.47   5963.58   2035.01 
 −939.90   957.87   4069.64   748.53 
       
 −1301.80   392.42   1604.92   −1359.96 
 −1886.25   72.42   −1038.03   −4634.05 
       
 −1892.81   34.71   −1033.86   −4634.05 
 −1168.38   311.10   2156.02   −433.07 
 −725.45   846.72   5086.71   2335.41 
       
 −691.71   1328.97   7354.47   3818.29 
 −691.71   1634.49   8743.42   4672.58 
MMLne :=  −691.71  MMLpo :=  1727.25  MMUpo :=  9190.53  MMUne :=  4957.35 
       
 −691.71   1634.49   8743.42   4672.58 
 −691.71   1328.97   7354.47   3818.29 
       
 −725.45   846.72   5086.71   2335.41 
 −1168.38   311.10   2156.02   −433.07 
 −1892.81   34.71   −1033.86   −4634.05 
       
 −1866.25   72.41   −1038.03   −4634.05 
 −1301.80   392.42   1604.92   −1359.96 
 −939.90   957.87   4069.64   748.53 
       
 −822.42   1422.47   5963.58   2035.01 
 −704.94   1748.54   7220.78   2927.18 
       
 −587.46   1908.40   7792.81   3425.05 
 −469.98   1911.94   7696.99   3528.62 
 −352.50   1737.36   6895.15   3237.89 
       
 −235.02   1381.04   5380.97   2552.86 
 −117.54   806.01   3089.73   1473.53 
 −32.5   223   852.45   405.33 
 3
Mg := MMg ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mg5 = 1.567 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Girder Self Weight Moments
i i

3
MDC1 := MMDC1 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC15 = 3.163 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Deck + Girder Weight Moments
i i

MDC2 := MMDC2 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC25 = 171.07⋅ kip ⋅ ft Parapet Weight Moments

i i

MDW := MMDW ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW5 = 190.08⋅ kip ⋅ ft Wearing Weight Moments

i i

MLne := MMLne ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne5 = −587.46⋅ kip ⋅ ft Live Load Negative Moments
i i

3
MLpo := MMLpo ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLpo5 = 1.908 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Live Load Positive Moments
i i

3
MUne := MMUne ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MUne5 = 3.425 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Ultimate (STR I) Negative Moments
i i

3
MUpo := MMUpo ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MUpo5 = 7.793 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Ultimate (STR I) Positive Moments
i i
PRESTRESS LOSSES

Elastic Losses
Ep
ng := ng = 6.069 Modular ratio
Ecgt

fcj :=
Pj
i
+
i ( i)
Pj ⋅ es
2

+
Mg ⋅ es
i i Concrete Stress at strands CG
i Ag Ig Ig

fcj 5 = −2.502⋅ ksi

Aps ⋅ fpj ⋅ Ig + ( es ) 2⋅ Ag − es ⋅ Mg ⋅ Ag

ΔfpES :=
 i  i  i i 
i Ag⋅ Ig⋅ Ecgt Elastic Shortening Prestress Losses
Aps ⋅ Ig + ( es ) ⋅ Ag +
2
i i  Ep

Elastic Losses at Mid-span of 109 ft

ΔfpES5 = 13.735⋅ ksi

fpes := fpj − ΔfpES fpes 5 = 188.765 ⋅ ksi Strands Stresses at Transfer

i i

ΔfpES
i
ΔfpES% := ⋅ 100 ΔfpES%5 = 6.783
i fpj

Time Dependent Losses

ΔfpR := 2.40ksi Relaxation Losses for low relaxation

strands
HU := 70 Average ambient annual Humidity % Nebraska

γh := 1.70 − 0.01⋅ HU = 1

5
γst := = 0.714
 1 + fcgt 
 
 1⋅ ksi 

 fpj ⋅ Apsi 
ΔfpLT := 10.0⋅   ⋅ γh ⋅ γst + 12.0ksi⋅ γh ⋅ γst + ΔfpR = ... ⋅ ksi
i  Ag 
ΔfpLT5⋅ 100
ΔfpLT 5 = 20.995⋅ ksi ΔfpLT% := = 10.368
fpj
 Total losses

ΔfpT := ΔfpES + ΔfpLT Total Prestressing Losses

i i i

ΔfpT5 = 34.73⋅ ksi Total Losses at Mid-span of 109 ft

ΔfpT
i
ΔfpT% := ⋅ 100 ΔfpT% 5 = 17.151
i fpj

Effective Prestressing

fpe := fpj − ΔfpT Effective Prestressing after losses

i i

fpe 5 = 167.77⋅ ksi Total Losses at Mid-span of 109 ft

fpe
i
fpe% := ⋅ 100 fpe%5 = 82.849
i fpj

3
PTi := −Aps ⋅ fpes PTi5 = −1.311 × 10 ⋅ kip Prestressing force at Transfer
i i i

3
PTf := −Aps ⋅ fpe PTf 5 = −1.165 × 10 ⋅ kip Prestressing force at Final
i i i
Permissable Stresses

fcsa1 := −0.45⋅ fcg fcsa1 = −3.6⋅ ksi Girder allowable compressive stress -
for Permenant loads (DC1+DC2+DW)

fcsa2 := −0.60⋅ fcg fcsa2 = −4.8⋅ ksi Girder allowable compressive Stress-
for Permenant loads-SVC (I)

ftsa := 0.19⋅ fcg⋅ ksi ftsa = 0.537⋅ ksi Girder allowable tensile stress- SVC
(III)

fcsad1 := −0.45⋅ fcd fcsad1 = −1.8⋅ ksi Deck allowable compressive stress -
for Permenant loads (DC2+DW)

fcsad2 := −0.60⋅ fcd fcsad2 = −2.4⋅ ksi Deck allowable compressive Stress-
for Permenant loads-SVC (I)

ftsad := 0.19⋅ fcd ⋅ ksi ftsad = 0.38⋅ ksi Deck allowable tensile stress- SVC (III)

fcta := −0.60⋅ fcgt fcta = −3.6⋅ ksi Allowable Compressive Stress- Transfer
for Girder Weight

ftta := 0.0948⋅ fcgt⋅ ksi ftta = 0.232⋅ ksi Allowable Tensile Stress-Transfer

Stresses at Transfer (Prestressing and Girder Weight only)

PTi PTi ⋅ es Mg
i i i i
fbt := + + Girder bottom transfer stresses
i Ag Sgb Sgb

PTi PTi ⋅ es Mg
i i i i Girder top transfer stresses
ftt := + +
i Ag Sgt Sgt

4 3
Sgb = 1.627 × 10 ⋅ in
Girder bottom section modulus

4 3
Sgt = −1.65 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus

3 2
Ag = 1.002 × 10 ⋅ in Girder area
Transfer stresses at supports span (109 ft)

3
PTi0 = −1.325 × 10 ⋅ kip
Initial prestressing force at support

Mg0 = 155.3⋅ kip ⋅ ft Girder own weight moment at support

es0 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at support

fbt 0 = −2.505⋅ ksi Girder trensfer bottom stresses at support (< 3.60 ksi)

ftt 0 = −0.157⋅ ksi Girder trensfer top stresses at support (< 3.60 ksi)

Transfer stresses at supports span (131 ft)

3
PTi11 = −1.78 × 10 ⋅ kip Initial prestressing force at support

Mg11 = 186.6⋅ kip ⋅ ft Girder own weight moment at support

es11 = 16.473⋅ in Strands eccentricity at support

fbt 11 = −3.442⋅ ksi Girder trensfer bottom stresses at support (< 3.60 ksi)

ftt 11 = −0.135⋅ ksi Girder trensfer top stresses at support (< 3.60 ksi)

Transfer stresses at (109 ft) mid-span

3
PTi5 = −1.311 × 10 ⋅ kip
Initial prestressing force at mid-span (109 ft)

3
Mg5 = 1.567 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Girder own weight moment at mid-span (109 ft)

es5 = 27.849⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (109 ft)

fbt 5 = −2.396⋅ ksi Girder trensfer bottom stresses at mid-span (< 3.60 ksi)

ftt 5 = −0.236⋅ ksi Girder trensfer top stresses at mid-span (< 3.60 ksi)
 Transfer stresses at (131 ft) mid-span

3
PTi16 = −1.769 × 10 ⋅ kip
Initial prestressing force at mid-span (131 ft)

3
Mg16 = 2.264 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Girder own weight moment at mid-span (131 ft)

es16 = 26.904⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (131 ft)

fbt 16 = −3.022⋅ ksi Girder trensfer bottom stresses at mid-span (< 3.60 ksi)

ftt 16 = −0.527⋅ ksi Girder trensfer top stresses at mid-span (< 3.60 ksi)

Transfer Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

−1 −1 Girder Top Stresses

fbti ftt i
ksi ksi
−2 −2

−3 −3

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Compressive Stresses Under Permanent Loads

Girder Bottom Permanent stresses (DC1+DC2+DW)

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 
fcgbp := + + +  + 
i Ag Sgb Sgb  Scgb Scgb 

Girder Top Permanent stresses (DC1+DC2+DW)

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 
fcgtp := + + +  + 
i Ag Sgt Sgt  Scgt Scgt 

Slab Top Permanent stresses (DC1+DC2+DW)

 MDC2i MDWi  Ecd

fcdtp :=  + ⋅
i
 Scdt Scdt  Ecg

4 3
Sgb = 1.627 × 10 ⋅ in
Girder bottom section modulus

4 3
Sgt = −1.65 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus

3 2
Ag = 1.002 × 10 ⋅ in Girder area

4 3
Scgb = 2.148 × 10 ⋅ in Girder bottom section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scgt = −4.859 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scdt = −3.5 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite
Permanent stresses at exterior supports

3
PTf 0 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip
Final prestressing force at support

MDC10 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC20 = 24.1⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW0 = 26.8⋅ kip ⋅ ft

Dead loads Moments at support

es0 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at support

fcgbp 0 = −2.072⋅ ksi Girder Permanent bottom stresses at ext. support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcgtp 0 = −0.28⋅ ksi Girder Permanent top stresses at ext. support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcdtp0 = −0.012⋅ ksi Deck Permanent top stresses at ext. support (< 3.60 ksi)

Permanent stresses at intermediate supports

3
PTf 10 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at support

MDC110 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC210 = −284⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW10 = −315.64⋅ kip ⋅ ft

Dead loads Moments at

support
es10 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at int. support

fcgbp 10 = −2.435⋅ ksi Girder Permanent bottom stresses at int. support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcgtp 10 = −0.119⋅ ksi Girder Permanent top stresses at int. support (< 0.54 ksi)

fcdtp10 = 0.145⋅ ksi Deck Permanent top stresses at int. support (< 0.38 ksi)
 Permanent stresses at (109 ft) mid-span

3
PTi5 = −1.311 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (109 ft)

3
MDC15 = 3.163 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC25 = 171.07⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW5 = 190.08⋅ kip ⋅ ft

Dead Load Moments at

mid-span
es5 = 27.849⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (109 ft)

fcgbp 5 = −0.622⋅ ksi Girder Permanent bottom stresses at mid-span. support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcgtp 5 = −1.586⋅ ksi Girder Permanent top stresses at mid-span support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcdtp5 = −0.088⋅ ksi Deck Permanent top stresses at mid-span support (< 1.80 ksi)

Permanent stresses at (131 ft) mid-span

3
PTi16 = −1.769 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (131 ft)

3
MDC116 = 4.569 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC216 = 156.49⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW16 = 173.88⋅ kip ⋅ ft

Dead Load Moments at

mid-span
es16 = 26.904⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (131 ft)

fcgbp 16 = −0.511⋅ ksi Girder Permanent bottom stresses at mid-span. support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcgtp 16 = −2.435⋅ ksi Girder Permanent top stresses at mid-span support (< 3.60 ksi)

fcdtp16 = −0.08⋅ ksi Deck Permanent top stresses at mid-span support (< 1.80 ksi)
 Permanent Loads Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

Girder Top Stresses

−1 −1

fcgbpi fcgtpi
ksi ksi
−2 −2

−3 −3

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Compressive Stresses at Service (SVC I)

Girder Bottom service stresses (SVC I), Live load positive moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi MLpoi 
fcgbs_po := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgb Sgb  Scgb Scgb Scgb 

Girder Top service stresses (SVC I), Live load positive moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi MLpoi 
fcgts_po := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgt Sgt  Scgt Scgt Scgt 

Slab Top service stresses (SVC I), Live load positive moment

 MDC2i MDWi MLpoi  Ecd

fcdts_po :=  + + ⋅
i
 Scdt Scdt Scdt  Ecg

Girder Bottom service stresses (SVC I), Live load negative moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi MLnei 
fcgbs_ne := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgb Sgb  Scgb Scgb Scgb 

Girder Top service stresses (SVC I), Live load negative moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi MLnei 
fcgts_ne := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgt Sgt  Scgt Scgt Scgt 

Slab Top service stresses (SVC I), Live load negative moment

 MDC2i MDWi MLnei  Ecd

fcdts_ne :=  + + ⋅
i
 Scdt Scdt Scdt  Ecg
 4 3
Sgb = 1.627 × 10 ⋅ in
Girder bottom section modulus

4 3
Sgt = −1.65 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus

3 2
Ag = 1.002 × 10 ⋅ in Girder area

4 3
Scgb = 2.148 × 10 ⋅ in Girder bottom section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scgt = −4.859 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scdt = −3.5 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite

SVC(I) stresses at exterior supports

3
PTf 0 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip
Final prestressing force at support

MDC10 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC20 = 24.1⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW0 = 26.8⋅ kip ⋅ ft

MLpo0 = 223⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne0 = −32.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at support

es0 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at support

fcgbs_po0 = −1.948⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI bottom stresses at ext. support (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_po0 = −0.335⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI top stresses at ext. support (< 4.80 ksi)

fcdts_po0 = −0.066⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCI top stresses at ext. support (< 2.40 ksi)

fcgbs_ne0 = −2.09⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI bottom stresses at ext. support (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_ne0 = −0.272⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI top stresses at ext. support (< 4.80 ksi)

−3
fcdts_ne0 = −4.461 × 10 ⋅ ksi
MLne Deck SVCI top stresses at ext. support (< 2.40 ksi)
SVC(I) stresses at intermediate supports

3
PTf 10 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at support

MDC110 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC210 = −284⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW10 = −315.64⋅ kip ⋅ ft

3
MLpo10 = 72.42⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne10 = −1.886 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at support

es10 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at int. support

fcgbs_po10 = −2.395⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI bottom stresses at int. support (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_po10 = −0.137⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI top stresses at int. support

fcdts_po10 = 0.128⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCI top stresses at int. support

fcgbs_ne10 = −3.489⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI bottom stresses at int. support (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_ne10 = 0.347⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI top stresses at int. support

fcdts_ne10 = 0.603⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCI top stresses at int. support

SVC(I) stresses at (109 ft) mid-span

3
PTi5 = −1.311 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (109 ft)

3
MDC15 = 3.163 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC25 = 171.07⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW5 = 190.08⋅ kip ⋅ ft
3
MLpo5 = 1.908 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne5 = −587.46⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at mid-span

es5 = 27.849⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (109 ft)

fcgbs_po5 = 0.444⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI bottom stresses at mid-span

fcgts_po5 = −2.057⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcdts_po5 = −0.55⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 2.40 ksi)
 fcgbs_ne5 = −0.95⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI bottom stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_ne5 = −1.441⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcdts_ne5 = 0.055⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCI top stresses at mid-span

SVC(I) stresses at (131 ft) mid-span

3
PTi16 = −1.769 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (131 ft)

3
MDC116 = 4.569 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC216 = 156.49⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW16 = 173.88⋅ kip ⋅ ft
3
MLpo16 = 1.727 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne16 = −691.71⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at mid-span

es16 = 26.904⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (131 ft)

fcgbs_po16 = 0.454⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI bottom stresses at mid-span

fcgts_po16 = −2.861⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcdts_po16 = −0.499⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 2.40 ksi)

fcgbs_ne16 = −0.897⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI bottom stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcgts_ne16 = −2.264⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCI top stresses at mid-span (< 4.80 ksi)

fcdts_ne16 = 0.088⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCI top stresses at mid-span

 SVC(I) Positive Moment Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

Girder Top Stresses

fcgbs_poi− 2 − 2 fcgts_poi
ksi ksi

−4 −4

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

SVC(I) Negative Moment Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

Girder Top Stresses

fcgbs_nei− 2 − 2 fcgts_nei
ksi ksi

−4 −4

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Tensile Stresses at Service (SVC III)

Girder Bottom service stresses (SVC III), Live load positive moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLpo 
i
ftgbs_po := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgb Sgb  Scgb Scgb Scgb 

Girder Top service stresses (SVC III), Live load positive moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLpo 
i
ftgts_po := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgt Sgt  Scgt Scgt Scgt 

Slab Top service stresses (SVC III), Live load positive moment

 MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLpo 

i Ecd
ftdts_po :=  + + ⋅
i  Scdt Scdt Scdt  Ecg

Girder Bottom service stresses (SVC III), Live load negative moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLne
i
ftgbs_ne := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgb Sgb  Scgb Scgb Scgb 

Girder Top service stresses (SVC III), Live load negative moment

PTf
i
PTf ⋅ es
i i
MDC1
i  MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLne
i
ftgts_ne := + + +  + + 
i Ag Sgt Sgt  Scgt Scgt Scgt 

Slab Top service stresses (SVC III), Live load negative moment

 MDC2i MDWi 0.80⋅ MLne

i  Ecd
ftdts_ne :=  + + ⋅
i  Scdt Scdt Scdt  Ecg
 4 3
Sgb = 1.627 × 10 ⋅ in
Girder bottom section modulus

4 3
Sgt = −1.65 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus

3 2
Ag = 1.002 × 10 ⋅ in Girder area

4 3
Scgb = 2.148 × 10 ⋅ in Girder bottom section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scgt = −4.859 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite

4 3
Scdt = −3.5 × 10 ⋅ in Girder top section modulus - Composite

SVC(III) stresses at exterior supports

3
PTf 0 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip
Final prestressing force at support

MDC10 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC20 = 24.1⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW0 = 26.8⋅ kip ⋅ ft

MLpo0 = 223⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne0 = −32.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at support

es0 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at support

ftgbs_po 0 = −1.972⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at ext. support NOT TEN.

ftgts_po0 = −0.324⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII top stresses at ext. support NOT TEN.

ftdts_po0 = −0.056⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCIII top stresses at ext. support

ftgbs_ne0 = −2.087⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at ext. support NOT TEN.

ftgts_ne0 = −0.273⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII top stresses at ext. support NOT TEN.

−3
ftdts_ne0 = −6.037 × 10 ⋅ ksi
MLne Deck SVCIII top stresses at ext. support
SVC(III) stresses at intermediate supports

3
PTf 10 = −1.18 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at support

MDC110 = 313.5⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC210 = −284⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW10 = −315.64⋅ kip ⋅ ft

3
MLpo10 = 72.42⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne10 = −1.886 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at support

es10 = 15.924⋅ in Strands eccentricity at int. support

ftgbs_po 10 = −2.403⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at int. support

ftgts_po10 = −0.133⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII top stresses at int. support (< 0.537 ksi)

ftdts_po10 = 0.131⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCIII top stresses at int. support (< 0.38 ksi)

ftgbs_ne10 = −3.278⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at int. support

ftgts_ne10 = 0.254⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII top stresses at int. support (< 0.537 ksi)

ftdts_ne10 = 0.511⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCIII top stresses at int. support (< 0.38 ksi)

SVC(III) stresses at (109 ft) mid-span

3
PTi5 = −1.311 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (109 ft)

3
MDC15 = 3.163 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC25 = 171.07⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW5 = 190.08⋅ kip ⋅ ft
3
MLpo5 = 1.908 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne5 = −587.46⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at mid-span

es5 = 27.849⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (109 ft)

ftgbs_po 5 = 0.231⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at mid-span (< 0.537 ksi)

ftgts_po5 = −1.963⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII top stresses at mid-span

ftdts_po5 = −0.458⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCIII top stresses at mid-span

 ftgbs_ne5 = −0.884⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at mid-span NO TENSION

ftgts_ne5 = −1.47⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII top stresses at mid-span NO TENSION

ftdts_ne5 = 0.026⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCIII top stresses at mid-span (< 0.38 ksi)

SVC(III) stresses at (131 ft) mid-span

3
PTi16 = −1.769 × 10 ⋅ kip Final prestressing force at mid-span (131 ft)

3
MDC116 = 4.569 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC216 = 156.49⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW16 = 173.88⋅ kip ⋅ ft
3
MLpo16 = 1.727 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne16 = −691.71⋅ kip ⋅ ft Moments at mid-span

es16 = 26.904⋅ in Strands eccentricity at mid-span (131 ft)

ftgbs_po 16 = 0.261⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at mid-span (< 0.537 ksi)

ftgts_po16 = −2.776⋅ ksi MLpo Girder SVCIII top stresses at mid-span

ftdts_po16 = −0.415⋅ ksi MLpo Deck SVCIII top stresses at mid-span

ftgbs_ne16 = −0.82⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII bottom stresses at mid-span NO TENSION

ftgts_ne16 = −2.298⋅ ksi MLne Girder SVCIII top stresses at mid-span NO TENSION

ftdts_ne16 = 0.054⋅ ksi MLne Deck SVCIII top stresses at mid-span (< 0.38 ksi)
 SVC(III) Positive Moment Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

Girder Top Stresses

ftgbs_poi− 2 − 2 ftgts_poi
ksi ksi

−4 −4

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

SVC(III) Negative Moment Stresses

0 0
Girder Bottom Stresses

Girder Top Stresses

ftgbs_nei− 2 − 2 ftgts_nei
ksi ksi

−4 −4

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Ultimate Moment of Resistance

Positive Moment

dps := D1 + hd − ysb Effective depth to prestressed reinforcement

i i

Btf := B4 = 42⋅ in Girder top flange width

htf := D6 = 5⋅ in Girder top flange Thickness

bd = 98⋅ in Deck effective width

hd = 7.5⋅ in Deck effective thickness

ϕpo := 1.0 Strength reduction factor for prestressed elements

0.05
β1g := 0.85 − ( fcg − 4ksi) ⋅ = 0.65 Girder stress block factor
ksi

0.05
β1d := 0.85 − ( fcd − 4ksi) ⋅ = 0.85 Deck stress block factor
ksi

kb := 2⋅  1.04 −
fpy 
 = 0.28
 fpu 

Aps ⋅ fpu
i
c1 := Trial N.A depth from deck top
i fpu
0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ β1d⋅ bd + kb⋅ Aps ⋅
i dps
i

Aps ⋅ fpu
( )
i
cc := if c1 ≤ hd N.A depth from deck top R-section
i fpu i
0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ β1d⋅ bd + kb⋅ Aps ⋅
i dps
i
Aps ⋅ fpu − 0.85⋅ β1d⋅ fcd ⋅ bd⋅ hd
i N.A depth from deck top T-section
hd + otherwise
fpu
0.85⋅ fcg⋅ β1g⋅ Btf + kb⋅ Aps ⋅
i dps
i

 cc 
fps := fpu⋅  1 − kb⋅
i
= ...
i  dps 
 i
  cc
i
Mn := Aps ⋅ fps ⋅  dps − β1d⋅  if ( cc i ≤ hd)
i i i  i  2

hd    cc 
( 0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ bd⋅ hd) ⋅  dps − + 0.85⋅ fcg⋅ Btf ⋅ β1g⋅ ( cc − hd) ⋅  dps − hd −
i
  otherwise
 i 2   i  i 2 

Mr := ϕpo⋅ Mn
i i

Ultimate capacity at (109 ft) mid-span

cc 5 = 6.441⋅ in N.A depth from deck top < deck thickness, R-section

2
fps5 = 262.692 ⋅ ksi Aps5 = 6.944⋅ in dps5 = 66.625⋅ in

3
Mr5 = 9.712 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mr > Mu (STR I) = 7793 kip-ft

Ultimate capacity at (131 ft) mid-span

cc 16 = 9.808⋅ in N.A depth from deck top < deck thickness, T-section

2
fps16 = 258.711 ⋅ ksi Aps16 = 9.548⋅ in dps16 = 65.68⋅ in

4
Mr16 = 1.48 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mr > Mu (STR I) = 9190 kip-ft

(STR I) Moments Verses Ultimate Capacity

16000 16000

14000 14000
Positive Moments (STR I)

Ultimate Resistance
12000 12000

10000 10000
MUpo i Mri
8000 8000
kip⋅ ft kip⋅ ft
6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Negative Moment

( hd − 2.5in − 1.0in)
ds := D1 + 1.0in + = 66⋅ in Effective depth of negative reinforcement
2
dp := 0.875in Bar # 7 diameter used in negai=tive Rft.

 dp2 
As := 28⋅  π⋅  = 16.837⋅ in2 Total steel area provided for negative moment
 4 
Bbf := B1 = 28⋅ in Girder bottom flange width

ϕne := 0.90 Strength reduction factor for reinforced elements

As⋅ fy
cne := = 8.163⋅ in Whiteny block depth (a) from girder bottom < 8" ok
0.85⋅ fcg⋅ β1g⋅ Bbf

Mrne := ϕne⋅ As⋅ fy⋅  ds − β1g⋅

cne  3
 = 4.8 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mr > Mu (STR I) = 4634 kip-ft
 2 
 (STR I) Moments Verses Ultimate Capacity
5500 5500
Negative Moments (STR I)

4125 4125

Ultimate Resistance
2750 2750

1375 1375
MUnei − Mrne
0 0
kip⋅ ft kip⋅ ft
− 1375 − 1375

− 2750 − 2750

− 4125 − 4125

− 5500 − 5500
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

Minimum Reinforcement (Mcr)

γ1 := 1.20 Flexural cracking variability factor

γ2 := 1.10 Prestress variability factor

γ3 := 1.00 For normal reinforcement effect

fr = 0.679⋅ ksi Girder modulus of ruptur

PTf PTf ⋅ es
i i i
fcpe := + Girder bottom stresses due to effective
i Ag Sgb prestressing

Mdhc := MDC1 Dead loads moments on non-composite section

i i

4 3
Sc := Scgb = 2.148 × 10 ⋅ in Composite section modulus at girder bottom

4 3
Snc := Sgb = 1.627 × 10 ⋅ in Girder bottom section modulus
 Mcr := γ3 ⋅ γ1 ⋅ fr + γ2 ⋅ ( −fcpe)  ⋅ Sc − Mdhc ⋅  − 1
Sc
i
 i i
 Snc 

Ultimate Capacity Verses Cracking Moment

16000 16000

14000 14000

Cracking Moment (Mcr)

Ultimate Resistance

12000 12000

10000 10000
Mn i Mcri
8000 8000
kip⋅ ft kip⋅ ft
6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Ultimate Shear Design

Effective shear depth and critical section for shear

 de := ds if ( i = 10 ∨ i = 11 ∨ i = 21 ∨ i = 22)
i Effective depth of the section
dps otherwise
i

Mn
i
dvv := if cc > hd Distance between the
i ( 0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ bd⋅ hd) + 0.85⋅ fcg⋅ Btf ⋅ β1g⋅ cc − hd ( i ) i
resultants of the tensile
and compressive forces
Mrne
if ( i = 10 ∨ i = 11 ∨ i = 21 ∨ i = 22)
ϕne⋅ As⋅ fy
Mn
i
otherwise
Aps ⋅ fps
i i

(
dvi := max 0.90⋅ de , 0.72⋅ hc , dvv
i )
i
Effective shear depth

bv := B3 = 8⋅ in Precast girder web thickness

ϕv := 0.90 Shear strength reduction factor

de10 = 66⋅ in
Effective depth at internal supports
dv10 = 63.347⋅ in Effective shear depth at internal supports

de0 = 54.7⋅ in
Effective depth at external supports
dv0 = 51.979⋅ in Effective shear depth at external supports

de16 = 65.68⋅ in
Effective depth at (131 ft) mid-span
dv16 = 60.663⋅ in Effective shear depth at at (131 ft) mid-span

The location of critical section for shear at supports is at distance (dv) from the face of the
support:
1- For edge supports dv = 52 in = 4.33 ft
2- For internal supports dv = 63.35 in = 5.30 ft

For simplicity, the shear forces are calculated at the transfer lenght (Lt = 3.0 ft)
Dead and live loads shear forces

Dead and live load shears at supports were calculated at the transfer length (Lt = 3.0 ft)

 −109.70  
−8.60 
 
−9.55 
 
−327.87 

 −92.87   −6.82   −7.58   −282.05 
 −69.65   −4.37   −4.85   −219.21 
       
 −46.43   −1.91   −2.13   −156.96 
 −23.22   0.54   0.60   −95.50 
 0.00   2.99   3.33   105.35 
       
 23.22   5.45   6.05   166.55 
 46.43   7.90   8.78   226.70 
 69.65   10.35   11.50   285.61 
       
 92.87   12.80   14.23   343.05 
 109.70   14.58   16.20   392.17 
       
 −133.13   −14.06   −15.63   −428.03 
 −111.61   −11.79   −13.10   −367.67 
 −83.71   −8.84   −9.83   −291.84 
       
 −55.81   −5.90   −6.55   −221.00 
 −27.90   −2.95   −3.28   −149.36 
VVDC1 :=  0.00  VVDC2 :=  0.00  VVDW :=  0.00  VVu :=  −77.54 
       
 27.90   2.95   3.28   149.36 
 55.81   5.90   6.55   221.00 
       
 83.71   8.84   9.83   291.84 
 111.61   11.79   13.10   367.67 
 133.13   14.06   15.63   428.03 
       
 −109.70   −14.58   −16.20   −392.17 
 −92.87   −12.80   −14.23   −343.05 
 −69.65   −10.35   −11.50   −285.61 
       
 −46.43   −7.90   −8.78   −226.70 
 −23.22   −5.45   −6.05   −166.55 
       
 0.00   −2.99   −3.33   −105.35 
 23.22   −0.54   −0.60   95.50 
 46.43   1.91   2.13   156.96 
       
 69.65   4.37   4.85   219.21 
 92.87   6.82   7.58   282.05 
 109.70   8.60   9.55   327.87 
VDC1 := VVDC1 ⋅ kip VDC1 0 = −109.7⋅ kip Deck + Girder Weight Shear Force
i i

VDC2 := VVDC2 ⋅ kip VDC2 0 = −8.6⋅ kip Parapet Weight Shear Force
i i

VDW := VVDW ⋅ kip VDW0 = −9.55⋅ kip Wearing Weight Shear Force
i i

Vu := VVu ⋅ kip Vu0 = −327.87⋅ kip Ultimate Shear Force (STR I)

i i

Vd := VDC1 + VDC2 + VDW Vd0 = −127.85⋅ kip

i i i i
Unfactored shear force at each
section due to dead loads (DC1,
DC2 and DW)

Vi := Vu − Vd Vi0 = −200.02⋅ kip

i i i
Unfactored shear force at each
section due to dead loads (DC1,
DC2 and DW)

Md := MDC1 + MDC2 + MDW Md0 = 364.4 ft⋅ kip

i i i i
Unfactored shear force at each
section due to dead loads (DC1,
DC2 and DW)

i (
Mmax := max MUne − Md , MUpo − Md
i i i i ) Mmax0 = 488.05⋅ kip ⋅ ft

Maximum factored moment at each

sectio due to applied loads
Prestressing component (Vp)

 0.135   8 
The angle of inclination for depressed cables is
calculated as following:  0.135  8
 0.135  8
1- For the span (109 ft), α = 53"/(0.3*109'*12)    
0.135
α = 0.135 rad   8
 0  0
2- For the span (131 ft), α= 51"/(0.3*131'*12)  0  0
α= 0.108 rad    
 0  0
 0.135  8
 0.135  8
Number of depressed strands:    
 0.135  8
1- For the span (109 ft), nos_dep = 8 strands  0.135  8
   
2-For the span (131 ft), nos_dep = 10 strands  0.108   10 
 0.108   10 
 0.108   10 
   
 0.108   10 
 0  0
αα :=  0  nnos_dep :=  0 
   
 0  0
 0.108   10 
   
 0.108   10 
α := αα
i i
Depresed strands inclination  0.108   10 
at each point  0.108   10 
   
Number of depressed strands  0.135  8
nos_dep := nnos_dep
i i at each point  0.135  8
 0.135  8
   
Vp := α ⋅ nos_dep ⋅ ( fpe ⋅ Apt ) Prestressing vertical  0.135  8
i i i i
component  0  0
   
 0  0
Vp5 = 0⋅ kip Prestresseng component at  0  0
mid-span  0.135  8
   
Vp0 = 39.812⋅ kip
Prestresseng component span  0.135  8
(109 ft) ends  0.135  8
 0.135   8 
Prestresseng component span
Vp11 = 37.9⋅ kip
(131 ft) ends
 Flexural-shear cracking strength

Moment causing flexural cracking due to

 Mdhc 
i applied loads for each section
Mcre := Sc⋅  0.20⋅ fcg⋅ ksi − fcpe − 
i
 i Snc  All termes are defined and calculated in
flexural ultimate design

Vcci := 0.02⋅ fcg⋅ ksi⋅ bv⋅ dv + Vd +

( Vii ⋅ Mcrei)
i i i Mmax
i
Flexural-shear cracking strength

i (
Vci := max Vcci , 0.06⋅ fcg⋅ ksi⋅ bv⋅ dv
i i)

dv0 = 51.979⋅ in Vd0 = −127.85⋅ kip Vu0 = −327.87⋅ kip

3
Mmax0 = 488.05⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mcre0 = 4.773 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft

3
Vci 0 = 2.107 × 10 ⋅ kip Flexural-shear cracking strength at span (109 ft) end

Web-shear cracking strength (tension field)

Compressive stresses at CG of
PTf PTf ⋅ es ⋅ ( ycgb − ygb) Mdhc ⋅ ( ycgb − ygb) composite section under
i i i i
fpc := − − (Prestressing force and MDC1)
i Ag Ig Ig after losses, prestressing force
has a -Ve sign

(
Vcw := 0.06⋅ fcg⋅ ksi + 0.30⋅ fpc
i i )⋅bv⋅dvi + Vpi
Web shear cracking strength (tension field)

Compressive stresses at CG of composite section, span

fpc 0 = −0.829⋅ ksi
(109 ft) end

Web shear cracking strength (tension field), span (109 ft)

Vcw0 = 213.81⋅ kip
end
Nominal shear strength provided br concrete

Vc := min Vci , Vcw

i ( i i) Nominal shear strength provided by concrete

Vc0 = 213.81⋅ kip Nominal concrete shear strength at span (109 ft) end

Flexural Shear Strength Verses Web Shear Strength

2200 2200
Flexural-Shear Cracking Str.

Web-Shear Cracking Str.

1925 1925

1650 1650

1375 1375
Vcii Vcwi
1100 1100
kip kip
825 825

550 550

275 275

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

Nom. Concrete Shear Strength and Ultimate Shear

450 450

360 360 Nominal Concrete Shear Str.

Factored Shear Forse

270 270
Vui Vci
kip kip
180 180

90 90

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Calculating required reinfocement

Vu
i
Vs := − Vc Shear strength to be provided by reinforcement
i ϕv i

Vs0 = 150.49⋅ kip Shear strength to be provided by reinforcement at span

(109 ft) end

cotθ :=
i
1.0 if (Vci < Vcwi) ∨ (MUpoi > Mcrei) Angle of inclination of diagonal
 fpc 
i compression stress
min 1.80 , 1 + 3⋅  otherwise
 fcg⋅ ksi 

 fcg⋅ ksi   Vsi 

Av_s := max 0.0316⋅ bv⋅ ,
Required shear reinforcement
i  fy   fy⋅ dvi⋅ cotθi  (Av/s) at each location


Vu − ϕv⋅ Vp
i i
vu := Ultimte shear stresses
i ϕv⋅ bv⋅ dv
i
  π⋅ d_stirup2 
A_stirup := n_legs⋅   = 0.393⋅ in2 Area of provided stirups
 4 

A_stirup Required stirups spacing to provide the

s_req :=
i Av_s required Vs
i

s_max :=
i (
min 0.80⋅ dv , 24in
i ) if (vui < 0.125⋅ fcg) Maximum allowed stirups spacing
min( 0.40⋅ dv , 12in) otherwise
i

( )
Used stirups spacing as the minimum of
s_used := min s_req , s_max
i i i s_req and s_max

  A_stirup⋅ fy⋅ dvi⋅ cotθi  

Vn := minVc + Vp + , ( 0.25⋅ fcg⋅ bv⋅ dv + Vp )
i  i i  s_used  i i
  i  
Nominal Shear Resistance as the minimum
of two equations

Shear reinforcement calculations for span (109 ft) end

Vu0 = −327.87⋅ kip Factored shear force

vu0 = 0.78⋅ ksi Factored shear stresses

3
Vci 0 = 2.107 × 10 ⋅ kip Flexural-shear cracking strength

Vcw0 = 213.81⋅ kip Web shear cracking strength (tension field)

Vc0 = 213.81⋅ kip Nominal shear strength provided by concrete

cotθ0 = 1.8
2
in Required shear reinforcement (Av/s)
Av_s0 = 0.027⋅
in

s_req0 = 14.649⋅ in Required stirups spacing to provide Vs

s_max0 = 24⋅ in Maximum allowed stirups spacing

s_used = 14.649⋅ in Used stirups spacing

0
 Required Shear Reinforcement Along Span Length
Required Shear Reinforcement (Av/s) 0.03

0.02

Av_si
2
in
in

0.01

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

Required Spacing for Stirups # 4

25
Required Stirups Spacing

20

15
s_usedi
in
10

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
 Nominal Shear Resistance Verses Ultimate Shear
500 500

Nominal Shear Resistance

400 400
Factored Shear Forse

300 300
Vui Vni
kip kip
200 200

100 100

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
 77

6.4B. Appendix 4B: Assignment 4B

Appendix 4B.1: Shear and moment envelope recalculation

Appendix 4B.2: Mathcad Worksheet

Appendix 4B.3: Sample hand calculations

1. Bridge description and Materials:

1.1. Bridge description:

- The bridge consists of three spans having lengths of 113’, 123’ and 113’, respectively.

- Six built-up I-shaped steel girders spaced at (S = 11’-2”).

- Two section dimensions used along the bridge length:

a- SEC-1, for positive moments regions:

• Girder depth, d = 51.625 in

• Top flange, bf * tf = 15 * 5/8 in

• Web, Dw * tw = 50 * 1/2 in

• Bottom flange width, bf * tf = 25 * 1.0 in

1
 b- SEC-2, for negative moments regions:

• Girder depth, d = 54.00 in

• Top flange, bf * tf = 15 * 2.0 in

• Web, Dw * tw = 50 * 1/2 in

• Bottom flange width, bf * tf = 25 * 2.0 in

- Deck slab thickness, ts, is 10.0 in (includes ½ in integral wearing surface which is not

included in the composite cross section properties)

- Haunch assumed to be 2.0 in depth, but not included in the composite section properties, and

it is included in dead loads calculations

1.2. Materials:

- Deck slab concrete properties:

• Deck slab compressive strength, f’cd = 4.0 ksi

• Deck slab modulus of elasticity, Ecd = 3834 ksi

- Steel girders and cross frames properties:

• Steel used is, A588 weathering steel

• Steel girders yield strength, Fy = 50 ksi

• Steel girders modulus of elasticity, Es = 29000 ksi

• Cross frames have the same properties as the plate girders

2
2. Cross section properties:

2.1. Effective deck slab width:

- Effective span length:

Effective span length is the actual span length for simply supported beams or the distance

between points of permanent dead load inflection for continuous spans. This length is nearly

equals 75% of the span length for a span continuous from one side, or 56% of the span for a

span continuous from both sides. These lengths are calculated from the bridge analysis

under uniform loads using SAP.

• For exterior spans, = 0.75 ∗ ℎ = 0.75 ∗ 113 = 84.75

• For interior span, = 0.56 ∗ ℎ = 0.56 ∗ 123 = 68.88

• Effective span lengths found from SAP are = 88 and = 63

- Effective slab width:

Effective slab width is the lesser of the following,

• For exterior spans, = 0.25 ∗ = 0.25 ∗ 88 ∗ 12 = 264

• For interior span, = 0.25 ∗ = 0.25 ∗ 63 ∗ 12 = 189

• = 12 ∗ + . = 12 ∗ 9.5 + 0.5 ∗ 15 = 120

• , = 11 ∗ 12 + 2 = 134

• The effective slab width for both spans is = 120

3
2.2. Steel girder properties of sections:

a- SEC-1 Properties:

- Girder area, = 15 ∗ + 50 ∗ + 25 ∗ 1 = 59.375

∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗( ) ∗ ∗( . ∗ )
- C.G to girder bottom, = .
= 19.26

- C.G to girder top, = 50 + + 1 − 19.26 = 32.37

- girder moment of inertia,

= 25 ∗ + 25 ∗ 1 ∗ (19.26 − 0.5) + 0.5 ∗ + 0.5 ∗ 50 ∗ (26 − 19.26) +

.
15 ∗ + 15 ∗ 0.625 ∗ (51.3125 − 19.26)

= 24776.38

b- SEC-2 Properties:

- Girder area, = 15 ∗ 2 + 50 ∗ + 25 ∗ 2 = 105

∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗( ) ∗ ∗( . ∗ )
- C.G to girder bottom, = = 22.05

- C.G to girder top, = 50 + 2 + 2 − 22.05 = 31.95

- girder moment of inertia,

= 25 ∗ + 25 ∗ 2 ∗ (22.05 − 1) + 0.5 ∗ + 0.5 ∗ 50 ∗ (27 − 22.05) +

15 ∗ + 15 ∗ 2 ∗ (53 − 22.05)

= 56739.76

4
2.3. Composite girder properties of section:

- Modular ratio , = = = 7.56

∗ ∗ .
- Deck slab area, = = = 150.80
.

∗ ∗ .
- Deck slab moment of inertia, = = = 1134.10
∗ . ∗

a- SEC-1 Composite Properties:

∗ ∗ . ∗ . . ∗( . ∗ . . )
- C.G to girder bottom, = = . .

= 45.89

- C.G to girder top, = 51.625 − 45.89 = 5.735

- C.G to deck slab top, = 51.625 + 9.50 − 45.89 = 15.24

- Moment of inertia, = + ∗( − ) +[ + ∗( − 0.50 ∗ ) ]

= [24776.38 + 59.375 ∗ (45.89 − 19.26) ] + [1134.1 + 150.8 ∗ (15.27 − 0.50 ∗ 9.5) ]

= 84705.77
.
- Top section modulus at slab, = = = 5547
.

.
- Top section modulus at girder, = = = 14770
.

.
- Bottom section modulus at girder, = = = 1846
.

b- SEC-2 Composite Properties:

- In support regions, the concrete deck experience tensile stresses, therefore there is no

composite action. The properties of the steel section SEC-2 is used.

5
6
3. Live load distribution factors:

Live load distribution factors will be calculated for bending moments and shear forces. The bending

moment distribution factors will be calculated three times. The first time considers the positive

bending moments for exterior spans, the second one considers the positive moments affecting the

interior span, and the last one for the support negative moments.

3.1. Moment distribution factors:

3.1.1. Calculating the longitudinal stiffness parameter, Kg:

- Modular ratio, = = = 7.564

- Girder SEC-1 C.G. to Deck C.G distance, = + 0.50 ∗ = 32.37 + 0.5 ∗ 9.5 = 37.12

- Girder SEC-2 C.G. to Deck C.G distance, = + 0.50 ∗ = 31.95 + 0.5 ∗ 9.5 = 36.70

- Longitudinal stiffness parameter at SEC-1, = ∗ + ∗

= 7.564 ∗ (24776.38 + 59.375 ∗ 37.12 ) = 806238

- Longitudinal stiffness parameter at SEC-2, = ∗ + ∗

= 7.564 ∗ (56739.76 + 105 ∗ 36.70 ) = 1498904

∗ ∗
- Longitudinal stiffness parameter used is, =

806238 ∗ (88 + 73 + 88) + 1498904 ∗ (50 + 50)

= = 1004709
349

7
3.1.2. Check the applicability using AASHTO tabels:

- Girder spacing, 3.5′ < = 11 − 2" < 16.0′ →

- Slab thickness, 4.5" < = 9.5" < 12.0" →

- Lengths, 20 < = 113 , 123 118′ < 240′ →

- Number of girders, =8 >4 →

- Longitudinal stiffness parameter, 10000 < = 1004709 < 7000000 →

3.1.3. Positive moment distribution factor, exterior span:

- The length used is the span length under consideration, = 113

. . .
- For one lane loaded, = 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ .

= 0.510

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, = 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

= 0.759

- The maximum (g) is used, = .

8
3.1.4. Positive moment distribution factor, interior span:

- The length used is the span length under consideration, = 123

. . .
- For one lane loaded, = 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ .

= 0.495

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, = 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

= 0.741

- The maximum (g) is used, = .

3.1.5. Negative moment at support distribution factor:

- The length used is the average of the span lengths, = = 118

. . .
- For one lane loaded, = 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.06 + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ .

= 0.502

. . .
- For two or more lanes loaded, = 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗

. . . . .
= 0.075 + ∗ ∗
. ∗ ∗ .

= 0.750

- The maximum (g) is used, = .

9
 3.2. Shear distribution factors:

.
- For one lane loaded, = 0.36 + = 0.36 +

= 0.807

. .
- For two or more lanes loaded, = 0.20 + − = 0.20 + −

= 1.029

- The maximum (g) is used, = .

4. Design internal forces:

In this section, the previously calculated load distribution factors are applied to the live load

envelopes, then the different load combinations are generated.

4.1. Design live load internal forces:

Live load distribution factors are applied to the bending moments and shear forces envelopes in

order to obtain the live load internal forces.

The exterior span positive bending moments are multiplied by a distribution factor of (g = 0.759

lanes), while the interior span positive bending moments are multiplied by a distribution factor

of (g = 0.741 lanes). The support region negative moments are multiplied by (g = 0.750 lanes).

The support region is defined as the distance between points of contra-flexure under a uniform

load on all spans, and this distance found from the SAP analysis file. The support region length

is 55.0 ft. which presents 25.0 ft. from the exterior span and 30.0 ft. from the interior span.

The shear distribution factor used for all spans is (g = 1.029).

10
The figures below illustrates the used load distribution factors for bending moments and shear

forces, respectively.

Live loads bending moments and shear forces envelopes including the load distribution factors

are shown in the figures below. The generated tables are also presented below the internal forces

envelopes.

Live Load Moment Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(g)]

2100
1750 2057.79
2057.79
1400 1776.83
1050
700
Moment (kip-ft)

350 -60.73 -59.29

0
-350 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-700
-1050 -569.96

-1400
-1750 -1977.77
-1977.77
-2100
Span Distances (ft)

11
 Live Load Shear Envelopes [(Trucks + Lane Load)*(g)]
175
150 150.99 148.09
125 123.33
100
75
50
Shear (kips)

25
0
-25 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-50
-75
-100
-125 -123.33 -150.99
-150 -148.09

-175
Span Distances (ft)

Distribution Factors Moving Loads Envelopes (Without DF) Moving Loads Envelopes * g (With DF)
Point Loc.
M(+ve) M(-ve) V V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve) V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 0.76 0.76 1.03 12.80 0.00 -119.86 0.00 13.17 0.00 -123.33 0.00
1.1 11.3 0.76 0.76 1.03 12.80 1166.36 -99.54 -144.67 13.17 885.26 -102.42 -109.81
1.2 22.6 0.76 0.76 1.03 19.55 1988.60 -80.74 -289.24 20.12 1509.34 -83.08 -219.53
1.3 33.9 0.76 0.76 1.03 30.23 2486.36 -62.35 -433.80 31.11 1887.15 -64.16 -329.26
1.4 45.2 0.76 0.76 1.03 41.67 2711.19 -44.54 -578.37 42.88 2057.79 -45.83 -438.98
B=1.5 56.5 0.76 0.76 1.03 57.29 2672.36 -27.64 -722.93 58.95 2028.32 -28.44 -548.71
1.6 67.8 0.76 0.76 1.03 74.87 2398.69 -18.62 -867.50 77.05 1820.61 -19.17 -658.43
1.7 79.1 0.76 0.76 1.03 91.70 1881.16 -10.61 -1012.07 94.36 1427.80 -10.92 -768.16
1.8 90.4 0.76 0.75 1.03 107.61 1161.03 -4.34 -1156.63 110.74 881.22 -4.47 -867.47
1.9 101.7 0.76 0.75 1.03 124.34 349.11 0.15 -1445.12 127.95 264.97 0.15 -1083.84
C=2.0 113 0.76 0.75 1.03 146.74 -80.01 0.71 -2637.03 150.99 -60.73 0.73 -1977.77
C'=2.0 113.0001 0.74 0.75 1.03 10.56 -80.01 -143.92 -2637.03 10.87 -59.29 -148.09 -1977.77
2.1 125.3 0.74 0.75 1.03 10.56 384.51 -120.64 -1423.77 10.87 284.93 -124.13 -1067.83
2.2 137.6 0.74 0.75 1.03 10.56 1180.98 -101.08 -1158.95 10.87 875.11 -104.01 -869.21
2.3 149.9 0.74 0.74 1.03 18.62 1858.49 -82.83 -1029.02 19.16 1377.14 -85.24 -762.51
2.4 162.2 0.74 0.74 1.03 28.70 2273.64 -63.84 -899.10 29.53 1684.77 -65.69 -666.23
D = 2.5 174.5 0.74 0.74 1.03 44.87 2397.88 -44.87 -769.18 46.17 1776.83 -46.17 -569.96
2.6 186.8 0.74 0.74 1.03 63.84 2273.64 -28.70 -899.10 65.69 1684.77 -29.53 -666.23
2.7 199.1 0.74 0.74 1.03 82.83 1858.49 -18.62 -1029.02 85.24 1377.14 -19.16 -762.51
2.8 211.4 0.74 0.75 1.03 101.08 1180.98 -10.56 -1158.95 104.01 875.11 -10.87 -869.21
2.9 223.7 0.74 0.75 1.03 120.64 384.51 -10.56 -1423.77 124.13 284.93 -10.87 -1067.83
E=3.0 236 0.74 0.75 1.03 143.92 -80.01 -10.56 -2637.03 148.09 -59.29 -10.87 -1977.77
E'=3.0 236.0001 0.76 0.75 1.03 -0.71 -80.01 -146.74 -2637.03 -0.73 -60.73 -150.99 -1977.77
3.1 247.3 0.76 0.75 1.03 -0.15 349.11 -124.34 -1445.12 -0.15 264.97 -127.95 -1083.84
3.2 258.6 0.76 0.75 1.03 4.34 1161.03 -107.61 -1156.63 4.47 881.22 -110.74 -867.47
3.3 269.9 0.76 0.76 1.03 10.61 1881.16 -91.70 -1012.07 10.92 1427.80 -94.36 -768.16
3.4 281.2 0.76 0.76 1.03 18.62 2398.69 -74.87 -867.50 19.17 1820.61 -77.05 -658.43
F=3.5 292.5 0.76 0.76 1.03 27.64 2672.36 -57.29 -722.93 28.44 2028.32 -58.95 -548.71
3.6 303.8 0.76 0.76 1.03 44.54 2711.19 -41.67 -578.37 45.83 2057.79 -42.88 -438.98
3.7 315.1 0.76 0.76 1.03 62.35 2486.36 -30.23 -433.80 64.16 1887.15 -31.11 -329.26
3.8 326.4 0.76 0.76 1.03 80.74 1988.60 -19.55 -289.24 83.08 1509.34 -20.12 -219.53
3.9 337.7 0.76 0.76 1.03 99.54 1166.36 -12.80 -144.67 102.42 885.26 -13.17 -109.81
G=4.0 349 0.76 0.76 1.03 119.86 0.00 -12.80 0.00 123.33 0.00 -13.17 0.00

12
4.2. Dead loads Internal forces (DC1, DC2 and DW):

Dead loads bending moments and shear forces plotted here are the same values previously

calculated because no change in load values or internal forces.

Moments (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

2000
1690.33 1690.33
1600
1200 870.37
800
244.27 244.27
400 125.78
Moment (kip-ft)

0
-400 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-800 -347.00
-1200
-1600
-2000
-2400 -2401.27 -2401.27

-2800
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Forces (Lane Load-LL)

DC1 DC2 DW

125
119.00 106.40
100
76.50
75
50
25
Shear (kip)

15.38 11.05
0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-25
-17.20
-50
-75 -76.50
-100 -106.40 -119.00
-125
Span Distances (ft)

13
 DC1 DC2 DW
Point Loc.
V M V M V M
A=1.0 0 -76.50 0.00 -6.19 0.00 -11.05 0.00
1.1 11.3 -56.93 754.32 -4.61 61.04 -8.23 109.01
1.2 22.6 -37.39 1287.16 -3.03 104.16 -5.40 186.01
1.3 33.9 -17.84 1599.17 -1.44 129.41 -2.58 231.09
1.4 45.2 1.70 1690.33 0.14 136.79 0.25 244.27
B=1.5 56.5 21.25 1560.66 1.72 126.30 3.07 225.53
1.6 67.8 40.80 1210.15 3.30 97.93 5.90 174.88
1.7 79.1 60.34 638.80 4.88 51.69 8.72 92.31
1.8 90.4 79.89 -153.39 6.47 -12.41 11.55 -22.17
1.9 101.7 99.44 -1166.42 8.05 -94.39 14.37 -168.56
C=2.0 113 119.00 -2401.27 9.63 -194.32 17.20 -347.00
C'=2.0 113.0001 -106.40 -2401.27 -8.61 -194.32 -15.38 -347.00
2.1 125.3 -85.10 -1222.91 -6.89 -98.96 -12.30 -176.72
2.2 137.6 -63.83 -307.10 -5.17 -24.85 -9.22 -44.38
2.3 149.9 -42.55 347.05 -3.44 28.09 -6.15 50.15
2.4 162.2 -21.28 739.54 -1.72 59.85 -3.08 106.87
D = 2.5 174.5 0.00 870.37 0.00 70.43 0.00 125.78
2.6 186.8 21.28 739.54 1.72 59.85 3.08 106.87
2.7 199.1 42.55 347.05 3.44 28.09 6.15 50.15
2.8 211.4 63.83 -307.10 5.17 -24.85 9.22 -44.38
2.9 223.7 85.10 -1222.91 6.89 -98.96 12.30 -176.72
E=3.0 236 106.40 -2401.27 8.61 -194.32 15.38 -347.00
E'=3.0 236.0001 -119.00 -2401.27 -9.63 -194.32 -17.20 -347.00
3.1 247.3 -99.44 -1166.42 -8.05 -94.39 -14.37 -168.56
3.2 258.6 -79.89 -153.39 -6.47 -12.41 -11.55 -22.17
3.3 269.9 -60.34 638.80 -4.88 51.69 -8.72 92.31
3.4 281.2 -40.80 1210.15 -3.30 97.93 -5.90 174.88
F=3.5 292.5 -21.25 1560.66 -1.72 126.30 -3.07 225.53
3.6 303.8 -1.70 1690.33 -0.14 136.79 -0.25 244.27
3.7 315.1 17.84 1599.17 1.44 129.41 2.58 231.09
3.8 326.4 37.39 1287.16 3.03 104.16 5.40 186.01
3.9 337.7 56.93 754.32 4.61 61.04 8.23 109.01
G=4.0 349 76.50 0.00 6.19 0.00 11.05 0.00

14
4.3. Steel Bridge factored design envelopes:

In this section, the dead loads (DC1, DC2 and DW) internal forces presented in section (4.2) are

combined with live loads envelopes calculated in (4.1).

- Load combinations used are:

= 1.25 ∗ ( + ) + 1.50 + 1.75 ∗

= 1.0 ∗ ( + ) + 1.0 + 1.30 ∗

- Using these load combinations with the tabulated values in Excel gives the following

factored internal forces.

4.3.1. Load Combination (STR I) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (STR I)

7000
6000 6251.44 6251.44
4474.13
5000
4000
3000
2000
Moment (kip-ft)

1000
0
-1000 0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000 -7226.10 -7226.10
-7000
-8000
Span Distances (ft)

15
 Shear Envelopes Load Combination (STR I)
500
450.81
425.98
400 335.77
300
200
100
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-100
-200
-300
-335.77
-400 -425.98
-450.81
-500
Span Distances (ft)

Load Combination STR I

Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -96.90 0.00 -335.77 0.00
1.1 11.3 -66.23 2731.92 -268.51 990.55
1.2 22.6 -23.41 4659.52 -204.01 1633.99
1.3 33.9 26.46 5809.88 -140.26 1931.16
1.4 45.2 77.71 6251.44 -77.53 1882.09
B=1.5 56.5 136.48 5996.55 -16.46 1486.75
1.6 67.8 198.79 5083.48 30.42 745.16
1.7 79.1 259.74 3500.24 75.50 -342.69
1.8 90.4 319.05 1301.64 117.44 -1758.58
1.9 101.7 379.81 -1365.14 156.17 -3725.57
C=2.0 113 450.81 -3871.28 187.85 -7226.10
C'=2.0 113.0001 -147.80 -3868.76 -425.98 -7226.10
2.1 125.3 -114.41 -1418.81 -350.67 -3786.13
2.2 137.6 -81.05 1049.93 -282.10 -2002.62
2.3 149.9 -33.19 2954.15 -215.88 -790.24
2.4 162.2 18.32 4107.89 -148.32 -6.37
D = 2.5 174.5 80.80 4474.13 -80.80 367.24
2.6 186.8 148.32 4107.89 -18.32 -6.37
2.7 199.1 215.88 2954.15 33.19 -790.24
2.8 211.4 282.10 1049.93 81.05 -2002.62
2.9 223.7 350.67 -1418.81 114.41 -3786.13
E=3.0 236 425.98 -3868.76 147.80 -7226.10
E'=3.0 236.0001 -187.85 -3871.28 -450.81 -7226.10
3.1 247.3 -156.17 -1365.14 -379.81 -3725.57
3.2 258.6 -117.44 1301.64 -319.05 -1758.58
3.3 269.9 -75.50 3500.24 -259.74 -342.69
3.4 281.2 -30.42 5083.48 -198.79 745.16
F=3.5 292.5 16.46 5996.55 -136.48 1486.75
3.6 303.8 77.53 6251.44 -77.71 1882.09
3.7 315.1 140.26 5809.88 -26.46 1931.16
3.8 326.4 204.01 4659.52 23.41 1633.99
3.9 337.7 268.51 2731.92 66.23 990.55
G=4.0 349 335.77 0.00 96.90 0.00

16
4.3.2. Load Combination (SVC II) results:

Moment Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

5000
3376.47
4000
4746.52 4746.52
3000
2000
1000
Moment (kip-ft)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000 -5513.70 -5513.70

-6000
Span Distances (ft)

Shear Envelopes Load Combination (SVC II)

350
342.11 322.90
280 254.07

210
140
70
Shear (kips)

0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350
-70
-140
-210
-254.07
-280
-322.90 -342.11
-350
Span Distances (ft)

17
 Load Combination SVC II
Point Loc.
V(+ve) M(+ve) V(-ve) M(-ve)
A=1.0 0 -76.62 0.00 -254.07 0.00
1.1 11.3 -52.65 2075.21 -202.92 781.62
1.2 22.6 -19.66 3539.48 -153.82 1291.94
1.3 33.9 18.57 4412.97 -105.27 1531.64
1.4 45.2 57.83 4746.52 -57.49 1500.71
B=1.5 56.5 102.67 4549.30 -10.94 1199.17
1.6 67.8 150.15 3849.75 25.08 626.99
1.7 79.1 196.61 2638.95 59.75 -215.80
1.8 90.4 241.85 957.62 92.09 -1315.68
1.9 101.7 288.18 -1084.90 122.05 -2838.36
C=2.0 113 342.11 -3021.55 146.77 -5513.70
C'=2.0 113.0001 -116.25 -3019.67 -322.90 -5513.70
2.1 125.3 -90.16 -1128.19 -265.66 -2886.77
2.2 137.6 -64.09 761.31 -213.43 -1506.30
2.3 149.9 -27.24 2215.57 -162.95 -565.97
2.4 162.2 12.32 3096.46 -111.47 40.16
D = 2.5 174.5 60.02 3376.47 -60.02 325.63
2.6 186.8 111.47 3096.46 -12.32 40.16
2.7 199.1 162.95 2215.57 27.24 -565.97
2.8 211.4 213.43 761.31 64.09 -1506.30
2.9 223.7 265.66 -1128.19 90.16 -2886.77
E=3.0 236 322.90 -3019.67 116.25 -5513.70
E'=3.0 236.0001 -146.77 -3021.55 -342.11 -5513.70
3.1 247.3 -122.05 -1084.90 -288.18 -2838.36
3.2 258.6 -92.09 957.62 -241.85 -1315.68
3.3 269.9 -59.75 2638.95 -196.61 -215.80
3.4 281.2 -25.08 3849.75 -150.15 626.99
F=3.5 292.5 10.94 4549.30 -102.67 1199.17
3.6 303.8 57.49 4746.52 -57.83 1500.71
3.7 315.1 105.27 4412.97 -18.57 1531.64
3.8 326.4 153.82 3539.48 19.66 1291.94
3.9 337.7 202.92 2075.21 52.65 781.62
G=4.0 349 254.07 0.00 76.62 0.00

18
 DESIGN OF COMPOEITE STEEL I GIRDERS BRIDGE
Span := 349
nop := 32 Number of Nodes In the whole Bridge Point
Ls := 349⋅ ft Bridge Total Length
 0  A=1.0
i := 0 .. nop  11.3  1.1
 22.6  1.2
 33.9 
  1.3
 45.2  1.4
 56.5  B=1.5
 
 67.8  1.6
 79.1  1.7
 90.4 
1.8
 
 101.7  1.9
 113  C=2.0
 113.0001 
  C'=2.0
 125.3  2.1
 137.6  2.2
 
 149.9  2.3
 162.2  2.4
xx :=  174.5  D = 2.5
 
 186.8  2.6
 199.1  2.7
 211.4 
2.8
Location in Foot Along the Bridge  
Length along with Point numbering  223.7  2.9
 236  E=3.0
x := xx ⋅ ft
i i  
 236.0001  E'=3.0
 247.3  3.1
 258.6  3.2
 
 269.9  3.3
 281.2  3.4
 292.5  F=3.5
 
 303.8  3.6
 315.1  3.7
  3.8
 326.4 
 337.7  3.9
 349  G=4.0
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

Girder Mid-Span Sectio Dimensions

Btfm := 16.in Mid-span section top flange width

7
ttfm := in Mid-span section top flange thick
8
Bbfm := 18in Mid-span section bot flange width

tbfm := 1.0in Mid-span section bot flange thick

Dwm := 50.in Mid-span section web depth

1
twm := in Mid-span section web thick
2

Girder Support Sectio Dimensions

Btfs := 20.in Support section top flange width

ttfs := 1.6875in Support section top flange thick

Bbfs := 20.in Support section bot flange width

tbfs := 1.6875in Support section bot flange thick

Dws := 50.in Support section web depth

1
tws := in Support section web thick
2

Deck Slab Dimensions

Bd := 11.167ft Concret deck width width

hd := 9.5in Concrete deck thick

Material Properties

Es := 29000ksi Mod Elast Reinf

fy := 50ksi Yeild Strength of steel girder

fu := 50ksi Ultimate Strength of steel girder

Ecd := 3834ksi Mod Elast Deck

fcd := 4ksi Characteristic Strength of Concrete of Deck at 28 days

frd := 0.24⋅ fcd ⋅ ksi Modulus of Rupture of Concrete

frd = 0.48⋅ ksi

Es
n := = 7.564 Modular ratio
Ecd

ϕf := 1.0 Flexure resistance factor

Rh := 1.0 Hybird factor, web and flanges have the same material

Rb := 1.0 Web load-shedding factor

Girder Mid-Span Section Non-Composite Propertise
Area
2
Ancm := Btfm⋅ ttfm + Bbfm ⋅ tbfm + Dwm⋅ twm = 57⋅ in

Centroied

Bbfm ⋅ tbfm⋅ 
tbfm   Dwm   ttfm 
 + Dwm⋅ twm⋅  2 + tbfm + Btfm⋅ ttfm⋅  2 + Dwm + tbfm
yncm_b :=
 2     
Ancm
yncm_b = 24.195⋅ in

Second Moment of Inertia

 twm⋅ Dwm3 2
 ttfm3⋅ Btfm
+ twm⋅ Dwm⋅  yncm_b − − tbfm  +  + ttfm⋅ Btfm⋅ yncm_b
Dwm
Incm := 
 12  2   12 

4 4
Incm = 2.579 × 10 ⋅ in

Incm 3 Mid-span NC bottom

Sncm_b := Sncm_b = 1065.852 ⋅ in
yncm_b section Modulus

−Incm 3 Mid-span NC top

Sncm_t := Sncm_t = −931.671 ⋅ in
Dwm + ttfm + tbfm − yncm_b section Modulus

Girder Support Section Non-Composite Propertise

Area
2
Ancs := Btfs⋅ ttfs + Bbfs ⋅ tbfs + Dws ⋅ tws = 92.5⋅ in

Centroied

Bbfs ⋅ tbfs ⋅ 
tbfs   Dws   ttfs 
 + Dws⋅ tws⋅  2 + tbfs + Btfs⋅ ttfs⋅  2 + Dws + tbfs
yncs_b :=
 2     
Ancs

yncs_b = 26.688⋅ in
Second Moment of Inertia

 tws⋅ Dws3 2
  ttfs3⋅ Btfs
+ tws⋅ Dws ⋅  yncs_b − − tbfs  +  + ttfs⋅ Btfs ⋅ yncs_b − 
Dws ttfs
Incs :=  + Dws
 12  2   12   2

4 4
Incs = 5.031 × 10 ⋅ in

Incs 3 3
Sncs_b := = 1.885 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span NC bottom section Modulus
yncs_b

−Incs 3 3
Sncs_t := = −1.885 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span NC top section Modulus
Dws + ttfs + tbfs − yncs_b

Girder Mid-Span Section Composite Propertise

Short Term
Bd⋅ hd 2 Short term cross sectional area
Acstm := Ancm + = 225.304 ⋅ in
n

Hcm := ttfm + Dwm + tbfm + hd = 61.375⋅ in

⋅  Hcm −
Bd⋅ hd hd 
Ancm⋅ yncm_b + 
ycstm_b :=
n  2  = 48.421⋅ in
Acstm

 hd3⋅ Bd hd⋅ Bd  hd  
2
Icstm := Incm + Ancm⋅ ( ycstm_b − yncm_b )  +  ⋅ ycstm_b −  Hcm −  
2
+
 12⋅ n n   2  

4 4 Short term moment of inertia

Icstm = 7.183 × 10 ⋅ in

Icstm 3 3
Scstm_b := = 1.484 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span short term bottom section Modulus
ycstm_b

−Icstm 4 3
Scstm_t := = −2.079 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span short term top section Modulus
Hcm − ycstm_b − hd

−Icstm 3 3
Scstm_D := = −5.545 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span short term deck section Modulus
Hcm − ycstm_b
Long Term
Bd⋅ hd 2 Long term cross sectional area
Acltm := Ancm + = 113.101 ⋅ in
3n

⋅  Hcm −
Bd⋅ hd hd 
Ancm⋅ yncm_b + 
ycltm_b :=
3n  2  = 40.281⋅ in
Acltm

 hd3⋅ Bd hd⋅ Bd  hd  
2
Icltm := Incm + Ancm⋅ ( ycltm_b − yncm_b )  +  ⋅ ycltm_b −  Hcm − 
2
+ 
 3⋅ 12⋅ n 3n   2  

4 4 Long term moment of inertia

Icltm = 5.595 × 10 ⋅ in

Icltm 3 3
Scltm_b := = 1.389 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span long term bottom section Modulus
ycltm_b

−Icltm 3 3
Scltm_t := = −4.826 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span long term top section Modulus
Hcm − ycltm_b − hd

−Icltm 3 3
Scltm_D := = −2.652 × 10 ⋅ in Mid-span long term deck section Modulus
Hcm − ycltm_b

Girder Support Section Composite Propertise

Short Term
Bd⋅ hd 2 Short term cross sectional area
Acsts := Ancs + = 260.804 ⋅ in
n

Hcs := ttfs + Dws + tbfs + hd = 62.875⋅ in

⋅  Hcs −
Bd⋅ hd hd 
Ancs ⋅ yncs_b + 
ycsts_b :=
n  2  = 46.975⋅ in
Acsts

 hd3⋅ Bd hd⋅ Bd  hd  
2
Icsts := Incs + Ancs ⋅ ( ycsts_b − yncs_b )  +  ⋅ ycsts_b −  Hcs −  
2
+
 12⋅ n n   2  

5 4 Short term moment of inertia

Icsts = 1.106 × 10 ⋅ in
 Icsts 3 3
Scsts_b := = 2.354 × 10 ⋅ in Support short term bottom section Modulus
ycsts_b

−Icsts 4 3
Scsts_t := = −1.728 × 10 ⋅ in Support short term top section Modulus
Hcs − ycsts_b − hd

−Icsts 3 3
Scsts_D := = −6.954 × 10 ⋅ in Support short term deck section Modulus
Hcs − ycsts_b

Long Term
Bd⋅ hd 2 Long term cross sectional area
Aclts := Ancs + = 148.601 ⋅ in
3n

⋅  Hcs −
Bd⋅ hd hd 
Ancs ⋅ yncs_b + 
yclts_b :=
3n  2  = 38.556⋅ in
Aclts

 hd3⋅ Bd hd⋅ Bd  hd  
2
Iclts := Incs + Ancs⋅ ( yclts_b − yncs_b )  +  ⋅ yclts_b −  Hcs − 
2
+ 
 3⋅ 12⋅ n 3n   2  

4 4
Iclts = 8.524 × 10 ⋅ in Long term moment of inertia

Iclts 3 3
Sclts_b := = 2.211 × 10 ⋅ in Support long term bottom section Modulus
yclts_b

−Iclts 3 3
Sclts_t := = −5.752 × 10 ⋅ in Support long term top section Modulus
Hcs − yclts_b − hd

−Iclts 3 3
Sclts_D := = −3.505 × 10 ⋅ in Support long term deck section Modulus
Hcs − yclts_b
INTERNAL FORCES
Dead and Live Loads Moments

 0.00  
0.00 
 
0.00 

 754.32   61.04   109.01 
 1287.16   104.16   186.01 
 1599.17   129.41   231.09 
     
 1690.33   136.79   244.27 
 1560.66   126.30   225.53 
     
 1210.15   97.93   174.88 
 638.80   51.69   92.31 
 −153.39   −12.41   −22.17 
     
 −1166.42   −94.39   −168.56 
 −2401.27   −194.32   −347.00 
 −2401.27   −194.32   −347.00 
     
 −1222.91   −98.96   −176.72 
 −307.10   −24.85   −44.38 
     
 347.05   28.09   50.15 
 739.54   59.85   106.87 
MMDC1 :=  870.37  MMDC2 :=  70.43  MMDW :=  125.78 
     
 739.54   59.85   106.87 
 347.05   28.09   50.15 
 −307.10   −24.85   −44.38 
     
 −1222.91   −98.96   −176.72 
 −2401.27   −194.32   −347.00 
     
 −2401.27   −194.32   −347.00 
 −1166.42   −94.39   −168.56 
 −153.39   −12.41   −22.17 
     
 638.80   51.69   92.31 
 1210.15   97.93   174.88 
 1560.66   126.30   225.53 
     
 1690.33   136.79   244.27 
 1599.17   129.41   231.09 
     
 1287.16   104.16   186.01 
 754.32   61.04   109.01 
 0.00   0.00   0.00 
  0.00   0.00   0.00  
0.00 

 −109.81   885.26   2731.92   990.55 
 −219.53   1509.34   4659.52   1633.99 
 −329.26   1887.15   5809.88   1931.16 
       
 −438.98   2057.79   6251.44   1882.09 
 −548.71   2028.32   5996.55   1486.75 
       
 −658.43   1820.61   5083.48   745.16 
 −768.16   1427.80   3500.24   −342.69 
 −867.47   881.22   1301.64   −1758.58 
       
 −1083.84   264.97   −1365.14   −3725.57 
 −1977.77   −60.73   −3871.28   −7226.10 
 −1977.77   −59.29   −3868.76   −7226.10 
       
 −1067.83   284.93   −1418.81   −3786.13 
 −869.21   875.11   1049.93   −2002.62 
       
 −762.51   1377.14   2954.15   −790.24 
 −666.23   1684.77   4107.89   −6.37 
MMLne :=  −569.96  MMLpo :=  1776.83  MMUpo :=  4474.13  MMUne :=  367.24 
       
 −666.23   1684.77   4107.89   −6.37 
 −762.51   1377.14   2954.15   −790.24 
 −869.21   875.11   1049.93   −2002.62 
       
 −1067.83   284.93   −1418.81   −3786.13 
 −1977.77   −59.29   −3868.76   −7226.10 
       
 −1977.77   −60.73   −3871.28   −7226.10 
 −1083.84   264.97   −1365.14   −3725.57 
 −867.47   881.22   1301.64   −1758.58 
       
 −768.16   1427.80   3500.24   −342.69 
 −658.43   1820.61   5083.48   745.16 
 −548.71   2028.32   5996.55   1486.75 
       
 −438.98   2057.79   6251.44   1882.09 
 −329.26   1887.15   5809.88   1931.16 
       
 −219.53   1509.34   4659.52   1633.99 
 −109.81   885.26   2731.92   990.55 
 0.00   0.00   0.00   0.00 
 3
MDC1 := MMDC1 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC15 = 1.561 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Deck + Girder Weight Moments
i i

MDC2 := MMDC2 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDC25 = 126.3⋅ kip ⋅ ft Parapet Weight Moments

i i

MDW := MMDW ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MDW5 = 225.53⋅ kip ⋅ ft Wearing Weight Moments

i i

MLne := MMLne ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLne5 = −548.71⋅ kip ⋅ ft Live Load Negative Moments
i i

3
MLpo := MMLpo ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MLpo5 = 2.028 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Live Load Positive Moments
i i

3
MUne := MMUne ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MUne5 = 1.487 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Ultimate (STR I) Negative Moments
i i

3
MUpo := MMUpo ⋅ kip ⋅ ft MUpo5 = 5.997 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Ultimate (STR I) Positive Moments
i i
 Girder Check for Constructibility (DC1)

Constructibility of tension flange

the used section modulus here is the bottom section modulus for positive bending regions or
the top section modulus for negative moments

Snc_ten := Sncs_t if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section top modulus, in tension
i i
Sncm_b otherwise NC mid-span section bottom modulus, in tension

1.25⋅ MDC1
i
fbu_ten := Tensile stresses along the bridge length
i Snc_ten
i

fbu_ten_max := ϕf ⋅ Rh⋅ fy = 50⋅ ksi Allwoable construction tensile stresses

fbu_ten5 = 21.964⋅ ksi Mid-span section bottom tensile stresses,(113 ft.)

fbu_ten10 = 19.108⋅ ksi Suppot section top tensile stresses

Constructibility Tensile Stresses

50

Allowable Tensile Stresses

40 40
Tensile Stresses

30
fbu_teni ϕf ⋅ Rh⋅ fy
ksi ksi
20 20

10

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Constructibility of Compression flange
the used section modulus here is the top section modulus for positive bending regions or the
bottom section modulus for negative moments

Snc_com := Sncs_b if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section bottom modulus, in compression
i i
Sncm_t otherwise NC mid-span section top modulus, in compression

1.25⋅ MDC1
i
fbu_com := Compressive stresses along the bridge length
i Snc_com
i

bfc_c := Bbfs if MDC1 < 0.0 Compression flange width at support, bottom flange
i i
Btfm otherwise Copression flange width at mid-spans, top flange

tfc_c := tbfs if MDC1 < 0.0 Compression flange thick. at support, bottom flange
i i
ttfm otherwise Copression flange thick. at mid-spans, top flange

tw_c := tws if MDC1 < 0.0 Web thickness at support

i i
twm otherwise Web thickess at mid-spans

d_c := Dws + ttfs + tbfs if MDC1 < 0.0 Steel section depth at support
i i
Dwm + ttfm + tbfm otherwise Steel section depth at mid-spans

 fbu_com
i 
Dc_c := ⋅ d_c − tfc_c
i  fbu_comi + fbu_teni  i i Depth of web in compression
 

bfc_c
i
rts :=
i Effective radius of gyration for LTB
 Dc_c ⋅ tw_c 
12⋅  1 + ⋅
1 i i
 3 bfc_c ⋅ tfc_c 
 i i

Es
Lp := 1.0⋅ rts ⋅ Limiting unbraced length to achieve plastic Moment
i i fy
 Es
Lr := π⋅ rts ⋅
i i fy

Lb_c := 24.5ft if MDC1 < 0.0

i i Distance between lateral bracing at support and at
19.375ft otherwise
mid-span

Cb := 1.15 if MDC1 < 0.0

i i Moment gradient factor, assumed = 1.0 at mid-spans,
1.0 otherwise
and assumed to be = 1.15 at supports

Fnc2 :=
i
Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy if Lb_c < Lp ( i )
i
Lateral torsional Buckling resistance

  Lb_ci − Lpi   

min1 −  1 −
0.7⋅ fy 
 ⋅ ⋅ Cb ⋅ Rh⋅ Rb⋅ fy , ( Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy) otherwise
  Rh⋅ fy   Lr − Lp  i  
  i i   

bfc_c
i
λf := Flange slenderness ratio
i 2⋅ tfc_c
i

Es
λpf := 0.38⋅ = 9.152 Compacte slenderness ratio limit
fy

Es
λrf := 0.56⋅ = 16.12 Non-compact slenderness ratio limit
0.7fy

Fnc1 :=
i
Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy if λf < λpf ( i ) Local buckling resistence for compression flanges

  λf i − λpf   
min1 −  1 −
0.7⋅ fy 
⋅  ⋅ Rh⋅ Rb⋅ fy , ( Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy) otherwise
  Rh⋅ fy   λrf − λpf   

9
k_c :=
i 2
 Dc_ci  Bend-buckling coefficient
 
 Dwm 

 0.9⋅ Es⋅ k_c 

i
Fcrw := minfy, 
i Nominal web bend-buckling resistance
  Dwm   2

  tw_c  
  i 
 ( ( ))
Allowable copressive stresses for
Fnc_c := ϕf ⋅ min Fnc1 , Fnc2 , Fcrw , Rh⋅ fy
i i i i compression flange during constrution

fbu_com5 = −25.127⋅ ksi Mid-span section top compressive stresses,(113 ft.)

Fnc_c5 = 40.19⋅ ksi Mid-span allowable compressive stresses,(113 ft.)

fbu_com10 = −19.108⋅ ksi Suppot section bottom compressive stresses

Fnc_c8 = 47.503⋅ ksi Suppot section allowable compressive stresses

Constructibility Compressive Stresses

50 50

Allowable Construction Compressive Stresses

40 40
Compressive Stresses

30 30

− fbu_comi Fnc_ci
ksi ksi
20 20

10 10

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Service stresses Check SVC (II)

Defining the used section modulus

Snc_top := Sncs_t if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section top modulus
i i
Sncm_t otherwise NC mid-span section top modulus

Snc_bot := Sncs_b if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section bottom modulus

i i
Sncm_b otherwise NC mid-span section bottom modulus

Sclt_top := Sncs_t if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section top modulus

i i
Scltm_t otherwise Composite long-term mid-span section top modulus

Sclt_bot := Sncs_b if MDC1 < 0.0 NC support section bottom modulus

i i
Scltm_b otherwise Composite long-term mid-span section bottom modulus

Scst_top := Scsts_t if MDC1 < 0.0 Composite short-term support section top modulus
i i
Scstm_t otherwise Composite short-term mid-span section top modulus

Scst_bot := Scsts_b if MDC1 < 0.0 Composite short-term support section bottom modulus
i i
Scstm_b otherwise Composite long-term mid-span section bottom modulus

Service stresses due to live load positive bending moment envelopes

The steel section modulus is used for MDC1 for each section. The long term section modulus
for each section is used for MDC2+MDW. The short-term modulus for each section is used
for live loads positive moment envelopes

1.00⋅ MDC1 1.00⋅ MDC2 + 1.00 MDW 1.30⋅ MLpo

i i i i
fbs_top_po := + +
i Snc_top Sclt_top Scst_top
i i i

1.00⋅ MDC1 1.00⋅ MDC2 + 1.00 MDW 1.30⋅ MLpo

i i i i
fbs_bot_po := + +
i Snc_bot Sclt_bot Scst_bot
i i i
Service stresses due to live load negative bending moment envelopes

The steel section modulus is used for MDC1 for each section. The long term section modulus
for each section is used for MDC2+MDW. The steel section modulus for each section is used
for live loads moments because it is a negative envelope

1.00⋅ MDC1 1.00⋅ MDC2 + 1.00 MDW 1.30⋅ MLne

i i i i
fbs_top_ne := + +
i Snc_top Sclt_top Snc_top
i i i

1.00⋅ MDC1 1.00⋅ MDC2 + 1.00 MDW 1.30⋅ MLne

i i i i
fbs_bot_ne := + +
i Snc_bot Sclt_bot Snc_bot
i i i

Web depth in compression for live load negative moment envelopes

  ⋅ d_c − tfc_c if fbs_bot_ne < 0

fbs_bot_ne Depth of web in
Dc :=  ( )
i
compression at
i  fbs_bot_nei + fbs_top_nei  i i i
  support

  ⋅ d_c − tfc_c otherwise

fbs_top_ne
i Depth of web in
 fbs_top_nei + fbs_bot_nei  i i compression at
  mid-span

Dc11 = 25⋅ in Depth of web in compression at support, negative bending

Dc5 = 24.221⋅ in Depth of web in compression at mid-span Positive bending

 SVC (II) Stresses Live Positive Envelopes

40 40

20 20

Bottom Stresses
Top Stresses

fbs_top_poi fbs_bot_poi
0 0
ksi ksi

− 20 − 20

− 40 − 40

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

SVC (II) Stresses Live Negative Envelopes

40 40

20 20

Bottom Stresses
Top Stresses

fbs_top_nei fbs_bot_nei
0 0
ksi ksi

− 20 − 20

− 40 − 40

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
 Flexural Nominal Strength For Composite Sections, Positive Bending
Plastic Moment Capacity

In This section, the Plastic Moment Capacity of Mid-span composite section is calculated

Pt := Bbfm⋅ tbfm ⋅ fy = 900⋅ kip Bottom flange ultimate capacity

3
Pw := Dwm ⋅ twm⋅ fy = 1.25 × 10 ⋅ kip Web ultimate capacity

Pc := Btfm⋅ ttfm⋅ fy = 700⋅ kip Top flange ultimate capacity

3
Ps := 0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ Bd⋅ hd = 4.328 × 10 ⋅ kip Concrete deck ultimate capacity

Distance between PNA and web mid-depth

 Dwm   Pt − Pc − Ps + 1 if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)
Y :=  2  
  Pw  PNA in web

 ttfm   Pw + Pt − Ps + 1 if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
   PNA in top flange
 2  Pc 
( hd) ⋅   otherwise
Pw + Pt + Pc
 PNA in slab
 Ps 

 Y + tbfm + Dwm  if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)

dt :=   Distance between PNA and
 2 2  bottom flange CG
 ttfm − Y + tbfm + Dwm if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
 
 2 
 hd − Y + ttfm + tbfm
+ Dwm otherwise

 2 

 Dwm − Y + ttfm  if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)

dc :=  2 
 2  Distance between PNA and top
flange CG
 ttfm − Y  if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
 
 2 
 hd − Y + ttfm  otherwise
 
 2 

dw := ( Y) if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)
Distance between PNA and web
 Dwm + ttfm − Y if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
 2  CG
 
 Dwm + ttfm − Y + hd otherwise
 2 
 
  Dwm − Y + ttfm + hd  if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)
ds :=  2  Distance between PNA and deck
 2  CG
 hd + Y if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
2 
 
 Y − hd  otherwise
 
 2 

 Pw ⋅ Y2 − ( Dwm − Y) 2 + ( Ps⋅ ds + Pc⋅ dc + Pt⋅ dt) if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)

Mp_comp :=  2Dwm  
 
 Pc ⋅ Y2 − ( ttfm − Y) 2 + ( Ps⋅ ds + Pw⋅ dw + Pt⋅ dt) if ( Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps)
 2ttfm 
 
 Ps⋅ Y2  
  + ( Pw⋅ dw + Pc⋅ dc + Pt⋅ dt) otherwise
 2hd  
Composite section plastic moment capasity

 Dwm − Y if ( Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps)
Dcp_comp :=  2 
 
Composite section depth of web in
0 otherwise compression at the plastic moment

hd
Dp_comp := ds + = 6.255⋅ in Depth of PNA measured from deck top fiber
2

Y = 6.255⋅ in Disance between PNA and deck slab top

dt = 54.62⋅ in Distance between PNA and tension flange CG

dw = 29.12⋅ in Distance between PNA and web CG

dc = 3.682⋅ in Distance between PNA and compression flange CG

3
Mp_comp = 8.087 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span composite section plastic capacity

Dcp_comp = 0 ft Depth of web in compression at the plastic moment

Yeild Moment Capacity

In This section, the Yeild Moment Capacity of Mid-span composite section is calculated

 1.25⋅ MDC1
i
1.25⋅ MDC2 + 1.5⋅ MDW 
i i
Additional moment
Mad_bot := Scstm_b⋅  fy − −  causing yeilding at
i
 Sncm_b Scltm_b  bottom flange


Mad_top := −Scstm_t⋅ fy −
(1.25⋅ MDC1i) + (1.25⋅ MDC2i + 1.5⋅ MDWi)  Additional moment
causing yeilding at top
i
 Sncm_t Scltm_t  flange

i (
My_bot := Mad_bot + 1.25⋅ MDC1 + MDC2 + 1.5⋅ MDW
i i i) i
Bottom flange yeild moment
capacity

i i (
My_top := Mad_top + 1.25⋅ MDC1 + MDC2 + 1.5⋅ MDW
i i) i
Top flange yeild moment capacity

i (
My := min My_bot , My_top
i i ) Yeild moment capacity, the minium of both values

3
My_bot5 = 5.383 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span bottom flange yeild moment capacity

4
My_top5 = 4.341 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span top flange yeild moment capacity

3
My5 = 5.383 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span yeild moment capacity
 Nominal Moment Capacity

2⋅ Dcp_comp Es
=0 3.76⋅ = 90.553
twm fy

Dt := Dwm + ttfm + tbfm + hd = 61.375⋅ in Total depth of the section, including deck

i (
Mn := min 1.3⋅ Rh⋅ My , Mp_comp if ( 0.10⋅ Dt ≥ Dp_comp)
 i) 

Mp_comp ⋅  1.07 − 0.7⋅
Dp_comp 
  otherwise 
  Dt  
Nominal Moment capacity, the minimum of two values

3
MUpo5 = 5.997 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span maximum positive moment, (STR I)

3
Mn5 = 6.998 × 10 ⋅ kip ⋅ ft Mid-span nominal moment capacity

Moment Capacity Verses Positive Moments

9000 9000
Composite Section Moment Capacity

Positive Moments STR (I)

6750 6750

MUpo i ϕf ⋅ Mni
4500 4500
kip⋅ ft kip⋅ ft

2250 2250

0 0
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
Flexural Nominal Strength For Steel Sections, Negative Bending
Compression flange allowable stresses

Dc10 Es
2⋅ = 100 5.70⋅ = 137.274 Non-slender Web
tws fy

bfc_c
i
rtss :=
i Effective radius of gyration for LTB, for service stresses
 Dc ⋅ tw_c 
12⋅  1 + ⋅
1 i i 
 3 bfc_c ⋅ tfc_c 
 i i

Es
Lps := 1.0⋅ rtss ⋅ Limiting unbraced length to achieve plastic Moment
i i fy

Es
Lrs := π⋅ rtss ⋅ Limiting unbraced length to achieve yield Moment
i i fy

Lbs := 24.5ft if MDC1 < 0.0 Distance between lateral bracing at support and at
i i
mid-span
19.375ft otherwise

Fncu2 :=
i
Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy if Lbs < Lps ( i i) Lateral torsional Buckling resistance

  Lbs i − Lps i   

min1 −  1 −
0.7⋅ fy 
 ⋅ ⋅ Cb ⋅ Rh⋅ Rb⋅ fy , ( Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy) otherwise
  Rh⋅ fy   Lrs − Lps  i  
  i i   

Fncu1 :=
i
Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy if λf < λpf ( i ) Local buckling resistence for compression flanges

  λf i − λpf   
min1 −  1 −
0.7⋅ fy 
 ⋅  ⋅ Rh⋅ Rb⋅ fy , ( Rb⋅ Rh⋅ fy) otherwise
  Rh⋅ fy   λrf − λpf   

9
k :=
i 2
 Dci  Web bend-buckling coefficient
 
 Dwm 
  0.9⋅ Es⋅ k 
Fcrwu := minfy,
i
i   Dws  
2 Nominal web bend-buckling resistance
  tws  
  

( ( ))
Allowable copressive stresses for
Fncu := ϕf ⋅ min Fncu1 , Fncu2 , Fcrwu , Rh⋅ fy
i i i i compression flange at ultimate

Mid-span allowable compressive stresses,(113 ft.)

Fncu5 = 40.387⋅ ksi
to be used for negative moments only

Fncu10 = 47.503⋅ ksi Suppot section allowable compressive stresses

Ultimate STR (I) stresses due to live load positive bending moment envelopes

The steel section modulus is used for MDC1 for each section. The long term section modulus
for each section is used for MDC2+MDW. The short-term modulus for each section is used
for live loads positive moment envelopes

1.25⋅ MDC1 1.25⋅ MDC2 + 1.50 MDW 1.75⋅ MLpo

i i i i
fbu_top_po := + +
i Snc_top Sclt_top Scst_top
i i i

1.25⋅ MDC1 1.25⋅ MDC2 + 1.50 MDW 1.75⋅ MLpo

i i i i
fbu_bot_po := + +
i Snc_bot Sclt_bot Scst_bot
i i i

Ultimate STR (I) stresses due to live load negative bending moment envelopes

The steel section modulus is used for MDC1 for each section. The long term section modulus
for each section is used for MDC2+MDW. The steel section modulus for each section is used
for live loads moments because it is a negative envelope

1.25⋅ MDC1 1.25⋅ MDC2 + 1.50 MDW 1.75⋅ MLne

i i i i
fbu_top_ne := + +
i Snc_top Sclt_top Snc_top
i i i

1.25⋅ MDC1 1.25⋅ MDC2 + 1.50 MDW 1.75⋅ MLne

i i i i
fbu_bot_ne := + +
i Snc_bot Sclt_bot Snc_bot
i i i
 STR(I) Bot. Flange Stresses-Negative LL Env.

Allowable Compressive Stresses

40 40
Bot. Flange Stresses

20 20

fbu_bot_nei ( − Fncu) i
0 0
ksi ksi

− 20 − 20

− 40 − 40

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

STR(I) Top Flange Stresses-Negative LL Env.

55 55

Allowable Tensile Stresses

33 33
Top Flange Stresses

11 11
fbu_top_nei ϕf ⋅ Rh⋅ fy
ksi ksi
− 11 − 11

− 33 − 33

− 55 − 55
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
 STR(I) Bot. Flange Stresses-Positive LL Env.

Allowable Compressive Stresses

40 40
Bot. Flange Stresses

20 20

fbu_bot_poi ( − Fncu)
i
0 0
ksi ksi

− 20 − 20

− 40 − 40

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances

STR(I) Top Flange Stresses-Positive LL Env.

55 55

Allowable Tensile Stresses

33 33
Top Flange Stresses

11 11
fbu_top_poi ϕf ⋅ Rh⋅ fy
ksi ksi
− 11 − 11

− 33 − 33

− 55 − 55
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350

xi
ft

Span Distances
 78

6.6. Appendix 6: Project Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details

Appendix 6.1: Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge Drawings

Appendix 6.2: Steel Girder Bridge Drawings

 CL. ABUTMENT 1 CL. PIER 1 CL. PIER 2 CL. ABUTMENT 2
Sta. 40+50.50 Sta. 41+59.50 Sta. 42+90.50 Sta. 43+99.50
1' 349' 1'
109' 131' 109'
TRANSITION SLAB EL. 1334.00 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1334.00 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1334.00 TRANSITION SLAB
5'-11"

5'-11"

5'-11"

5'-11"

5'-11"

5'-11"
2'-3"

2'-3"
EL. 1331.76 EL. 1331.76 EL. 1331.76
18'-11"

PIER PIER
16'-8"

16'-8"
ABUTMENT EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10 ABUTMENT
COMPOSITE PRE-STRESSED BRIDGE PROPOSED ELEVATION
1:200
CL. ABUTMENT 1 CL. PIER 1 CL. PIER 2 CL. ABUTMENT 2
Sta. 40+50.50 Sta. 41+59.50 Sta. 42+90.50 Sta. 43+99.50
349'
109' 131' 109'
7x8'-2" = 57'-2"

7x8'-2" = 57'-2"
4x27'-2.75"=109' 4x32'-9"=131' 4x27'-2.75"=109'
CAST IN-PLACE INTERNAL DIAPHRAGMS CAST IN-PLACE INTERNAL DIAPHRAGMS CAST IN-PLACE INTERNAL DIAPHRAGMS
COMPOSITE PRE-STRESSED BRIDGE PROPOSED ELEVATION
1:200
 63'
1'-6" 12' 12' 12' 12' 12' 1'-6"
TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE
EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08
8"

8" WEARING SURFACE CONCRETE SLAB

42

8
5'-11"

5'-11"

4 3 5
EL. EL.
1334.00 1334.00
13 4 8 4 13
PRE-STRESSED
GIRDER
2'-11" 7x8'-2" = 57'-2" 2'-11" AASHTO GIR

33
GIRDERS SPACING TYPE V

63

63
AASHTO GIRDER
TYPE V 10 8 10

10
14' 40' 14'

8
28 28
COMPOSITE SECTION PRE-STRESSED GIRDER
28'-6"

1:20 1:20
EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10
6' 40' 6'
BRIDGE PROPOSED CROSS SECTION
1:50
 SIMPLE END CONTINUOUS END
STIRRUPS SPACING 2" 11 # 4 @ 14" = 11'-8" 6 # 4 @ 20" = 10' 27 # 4 @ 23.4375" = 54'-8" 6 # 4 @ 20" = 10' 8 # 4 @ 16" = 10'-8" 11 # 4 @ 14" = 11'-8" 2" STIRRUPS SPACING
8" 3'-11" 8"

8" 3'-11" 8"

5'-3"

5'-3"
DEPRESSING POINTS SPACING 0.30 x L = 32'-8" 0.40 x L = 43'-7" 0.30 x L = 32'-8" DEPRESSING POINTS SPACING
PRECAST GIRDER LENGTH EXTERIOR SPAN L = 109' PRECAST GIRDER LENGTH
EXTERIOR PRECAST GIRDER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
1:50
CONTINUOUS END CONTINUOUS END
STIRRUPS SPACING 2" 11 # 4 @ 14" = 11'-8" 8 # 4 @ 16" = 10'-8" 6 # 4 @ 20" = 10' 32 # 4 @ 24" = 66' 6 # 4 @ 20" = 10' 8 # 4 @ 16" = 10'-8" 11 # 4 @ 14" = 11'-8" 2" STIRRUPS SPACING
8" 3'-11" 8"

8" 3'-11" 8"

5'-3"

5'-3"
DEPRESSING POINTS SPACING 0.30 x L = 39'-4" 0.40 x L = 52'-5" 0.30 x L = 39'-4" DEPRESSING POINTS SPACING
PRECAST GIRDER LENGTH INTERIOR SPAN SPAN L = 131' PRECAST GIRDER LENGTH
INTERIOR PRECAST GIRDER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
1:50
10 STRANDS 0.6" 8 STRANDS 0.6"
DRAPED DRAPED

2222
22222
STIRRUP # 4 STIRRUP # 4 STIRRUP # 4 STIRRUP # 4
@24" @14" @23.4375" @14"
44 STRANDS 0.6" 34 STRANDS 0.6" C.G of 32 STRANDS 0.6" 24 STRANDS 0.6" C.G of
STRAIGHT Strands STRAIGHT Strands

17.125
16.41

22222
22222

C.G of C.G of

2222
2222

3.875
4.82
Strands Strands
STRANDS ARRANGEMENTS STRANDS ARRANGEMENTS STRANDS ARRANGEMENTS STRANDS ARRANGEMENTS
MID-SPAN END-SPAN MID-SPAN END-SPAN
FOR INTERIOR SPAN FOR INTERIOR SPAN FOR EXTERIOR SPAN FOR EXTERIOR SPAN
1:20 1:20 1:20 1:20
CAST IN PLACE DECK 28#7 Girder Negative Rft.
Spaced @ 7", Extended 35' CAST IN PLACE DECK 28#7 Girder Negative Rft.
Each Side of support Spaced @ 7"

2.5
1
Slab Main Rft.
CAST IN PLACE Slab Main Rft.
DIAPHRAGM PRECAST GIRDER
PRECAST GIRDER PRECAST GIRDER
CONTINUITY SECTION
1:20
CONTINUITY DETAI ELEVATION
1:20
 #[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN) #3@8" (TEMP) #3@8" (TEMP) #[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)
#4@4" #[email protected]" (DIST) #[email protected]" (DIST) #4@4"
(+Ve MAIN) (+Ve MAIN)
DECK REINFORCEMENT DETAILS CROSS SECTION
1:50
#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#3@8" (TEMP) #3@8" (TEMP)
#3@8" (TEMP)
#[email protected]" (DIST)
#[email protected]" (DIST) #[email protected]" (DIST)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)
DECK REINFORCEMENT DETAILS PLAN
1:50
 CL. ABUTMENT 1 CL. PIER 1 CL. PIER 2 CL. ABUTMENT 2
Sta. 40+50.50 Sta. 41+63.50 Sta. 42+86.50 Sta. 43+99.50
1' 349' 1'
PIERS SPACING 113' 123' 113' PIERS SPACING
STEEL SECTIONS LENGTHS SEC (1) L = 88' SEC (2) L = 50' 73' SEC (2) L = 50' SEC (1) L = 88' STEEL SECTIONS LENGTHS
TRANSITION SLAB EL. 1334.91 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1334.91 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1334.91 TRANSITION SLAB
5'

5'

5'

5'

5'

5'
3'-2"

3'-2"
EL. 1331.76 EL. 1331.76 EL. 1331.76
19'-10"

PIER PIER
16'-8"

16'-8"
ABUTMENT EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10 ABUTMENT
COMPOSITE STEEL BRIDGE PROPOSED ELEVATION
1:200
CL. ABUTMENT 1 CL. PIER 1 CL. PIER 2 CL. ABUTMENT 2
Sta. 40+50.50 Sta. 41+63.50 Sta. 42+86.50 Sta. 43+99.50
349'
PIERS SPACING 113' 123' 113' PIERS SPACING
STEEL SECTIONS LENGTHS SEC (1) L = 88' SEC (2) L = 50' 73' SEC (2) L = 50' SEC (1) L = 88' STEEL SECTIONS LENGTHS
5x11'-2" = 55'-10"

5x11'-2" = 55'-10"
CROSS FRAME SPACING 4x19'-4.5"=77'-6" 2x17'-9"=35'-6" 24'-6" 4x18'-6"=74' 24'-6" 2x17'-9"=35'-6" 4x19'-4.5"=77'-6" CROSS FRAME SPACING
FIELD SPLICE SPACING 84'-6" 60' 60' 60' 84'-6" FIELD SPLICE SPACING
COMPOSITE STEEL BRIDGE PROPOSED PLAN
1:200
 0.875
16

51.875
50
63'

1
18
1'-6" 12' 12' 12' 12' 12' 1'-6"
TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE TRAFFIC LANE
STEEL GIRDER
SEC (1)
EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08 EL. 1340.08 AT MID-SPAN
10"

10"

1:20
5'-2"

5'-2"

EL. 1334.91 EL. 1334.91

1.6875
20
3'-7" 5x11'-2" = 55'-10" 3'-7"
GIRDERS SPACING

53.375
50
14' 40' 14'

1.6875
29'-3"

20
STEEL GIRDER
EL. 1315.10 EL. 1315.10 SEC (2)
AT INTERIOR SUPPORT
1:20
6' 40' 6'
WEARING SURFACE CONCRETE SLAB

10

2
BRIDGE PROPOSED CROSS SECTION
1:50
STEEL GIRDER

51.875
18
COMPOSITE SECTION
1:20
 #[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN) #3@8" (TEMP) #3@8" (TEMP) #[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)
#5@8" #[email protected]" (DIST) #[email protected]" (DIST) #5@8"
(+Ve MAIN) (+Ve MAIN)
DECK REINFORCEMENT DETAILS CROSS SECTION
1:50
#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#3@8" (TEMP) #3@8" (TEMP)
#3@8" (TEMP)
#[email protected]" (DIST)
#[email protected]" (DIST) #[email protected]" (DIST)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (+Ve MAIN)

#[email protected]" (-Ve MAIN)
DECK REINFORCEMENT DETAILS PLAN
1:50