INTEGRATOR:-

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:- Cf=0.01uf
 R
f
=
1
5
k
+
1
5
v
R1=1.5k 2 - 7
6
Sig IC 741
nal
Generat ors +
+ 3 4 +
V ~in 1.
5K
RL=10
k
CRO
Rco -
-
mp 15v

TABULATION:

input Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
2.2V 296µs 3.38Hkz

Outpuit Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
13.86V 296µs 3.38Hkz

MOD
ELGR
APH:
10
 INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR USING OP-AMP.
EXP.NO: 02 DATE:
AIM:
To design an Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp IC 741 and to test their
performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. IC 741 --- 01
100 Ω, 1.5KΩ Each 02
2. RESISTORS
10KΩ, 15KΩ Each 01
0.1μf, 0.01μf Each 01
3. CAPACITOR
0.001μf, 05
4. DIGITAL TRAINER KIT --- 01
5. SIGNAL GENERATOR (0-3)MHz 01
6. CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (0-30)MHz 01
7. CONNECTING WIRES --- FEW
THEORY – (INTEGRATOR):-
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the
input voltage waveform is the integrator or integration amplifier; Such a circuit is
obtained by using basic inverting amplifier configuration, if the feed back resistor R f
is replaced by a capacitor Cf. The Output voltage expression is given as

11
 t

O
V Vin dt C .
1 o
R1C f

The frequency of input at which the gain is 0 1

db is given as fb 2 R
1
C
f

The point up to which the gain is constant & maximum is

called as gain limiting
frequency & 1
Where Rf is the feedback resistor
given as fa
used to correct
R2 f Cf
the stability & roll-off problems. Between fa & fb the circuit
acts as an integrator and it is similar to a LPF. Integrator is
most commonly used in analog computers, A/D converter &
signal wave shaping circuits.
Integrator as LPF
(Characteristics of
integrator)
Design of integrator with a lower frequency
(Break Frequency) limit of integration at fa = 1 KHz &
the frequency at which 0dB results fb = 10 KHz.
P
R
O
C
E
D
U
R
E
:
1. From the given frequency fa & fb, the values of
Rf, Cf, R1 & Rcomp are calculated as given in
the design procedure.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Apply the sinusoidal input as the constant amplitude
to the inverting terminal of op-amp.
4. Gradually increase the frequency & observe the output
amplitude.
5. Calculate the gain with respect to frequency & plot its
graph.

12
 Cf=0.005μf
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:

R
f
=
1
.
5
k
+
1
5
v
R1=100Ω C1=0.1μf
- 2 7
6
I
C

7
4
1
+ 3 +
+ R3=
Sign 4
al 10K
C
ROM=100Ω
R
O
Gene -15v
rato
rs -

0
TABULATION:

input Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
2.28V 330µs 3.03Hkz

Outpuit Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
20.2V 330µs 3.03Hkz

MODEL GRAPH:
(i) SINE WAVE INPUT
THEORY- (DIFFERENTIATOR):-
A differentiator or differentiation amplifier is a circuit which performs
the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is, the output waveform is the
derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be constructed from the
basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R1 is replaced by capacitor C1. The
differentiation is very useful to find the rate at which a signal varies with time. For
maintaining the stability of differentiator, a series resistor R1 is connected with input
capacitor C1. the circuit will provide differentiation function but only over a limited
frequency range & over this range differentiator tend to oscillate (or) poor stability
 d
results. The expression for output f
R
CV
voltage is Vo 1 i
n
d
t

PROCEDURE:
1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input
signal to be differentiated.
Calculate the component values of C1 & Rf.
2. Choose fb = 20fa & calculate the values of R1 & Cf, so
that R1C1=Rf Cf.
3. Connect the components as shown in the circuit
diagram.
4. Apply a sinusoidal & square wave input to the
inverting terminal of op-amp through R1 C1.
5. Observe the shape of the output signal for the given
input in CRO.
6. Note down the reading and plot the graph of input
versus output wave for both cases.
(ii) SQUARE WAVE INPUT
DIFFERENTIATOR

input Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
2.28V 330µs 3.03Hkz

Outpuit Signal
Time
Amplitute Period Frequency
20.2V 330µs 3.03Hkz
DESIGN PROCEDURE-(INTEGRATOR):-
Design of integrator to integrate at cut-off frequency 1 KHz.
 1
Take fa
= f Cf
R 2
= 1KHz.
A
l
w
a
y
s

t
a
k
e

C
f

<

μ
f

a
n
d
Cf = 0.01μf
Let

1
Rf
= f fa
C 2

Rf = 15.9KΩ ≡

Rf = 15KΩ

1
Take fb = 10KHz.
= 1
R 2 C
f

1
R1 = 1.59KΩ.
= Cf
f 2

R1 ≡ 1.5KΩ

R1
Rcomp = ≡ R1, Assume RL = 10KΩ
R1 // Rf = Rf
 R1 Rf

Rcomp = 1.5KΩ

DESIGN PROCEDURE-(DIFFERENTIATOR):-
Design a differentiator to differentiate an input
signal that varies in frequency from 10Hz to 1KHz. Apply a
sine wave & square wave of 2Vp-p & 1KHz frequency
&

o
b
s
e
r
v
e

t
h
e

o
u
t
p
u
t
.

T
o

f
i
n
d
R
f

&

C
1
Given: fa = 1KHz.
1
f
a
=
R 2
 f C1

f
C1 =
a 0.1μf

Rf = 1.59KΩ ≡ 1.5KΩ
To find R1 & Cf
Select fb = 20fa with R1 C1 = Rf Cf
1
 fb =
20KHz 1 C1
=
R 2

R1 = 79.5Ω ≡ 100Ω

R1C1 8
Cf 2
=
=
Rf X

0
.
1
X

1
0
6

1
.
5
K

Cf = 0.005μf.

Rom ≡ R1 // Rf = 100Ω

S
I
N
E

W
A
V
E

I
N
P
U
T
:

V
p
-
p

2
V

f
=
1
K
H
z

V
p

1
V
,
V
i
n

V
p

s
i
n

t
 3
= sin (2 )(10 )t
d
Vo =
-Rf c1 V
i

d
t
d 3
= -(1.5KΩ) [sin [(2 )(10 )t]
(0.1μf) dt
 3 3
= -(1.5KΩ) (0.1μf) (2 ) (10 ) cos [(2 )(10 )t]
3
= - 0.94 cos [(2 )(10 )t]

RESULT:
Thus an Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp
are designed and their performance was successfully tested
using op-amp IC 741.

104