OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this project

are present a full design of
wastewater treatment plant for an
intermediate town of 75000 capita.
This project will aim to Reach an
acceptable level for the disposed
domestic wastewater. Achieving a
safe level for re -use of the treated
wastewater in a different field e.g.
agricultural irrigation, ground
water recharge, cooling and other
DESIGN OF industrial purposes and to insure a
sufficient degree of protection of
health from adverse effects of
WASTEWATER pollution and disease transmission
by controlling the quality of
treated wastewater.
TREATMENT PLANT THORNG CHANDARAVUTH
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Contents

SECTION ONE: MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

1-1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...……………….5

1-2 COMPONENTS OF MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND…………………...………….5

1
1-3 QUALITY OF WASTEWATER………………………………………………..……...7

SECTION TWO: TREATMENT PROCESSES

2-1INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….….9

2-1 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT UNITS………………………………….……………….10

2-1-A SCREENS………………………………………………………………..……………...10

2-1-B GRIT CHAMBERS…………………………………………………….………………..13

2-2 PRIMARY TREATMENT…………………………………………………………………16

2-3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT………………………………………………………………18

2-3-1 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES…………………….………………...…….18

1-A- ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS………………………...……….…………………….19

1-B- AERATED LAGOON…………………………………………………….………………..22

1-C- STABILIZATION POND………………………………………………….……………....22

2-A- TRICKLING FILTER…………………………………………………….……………. …22

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

2-B- ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTAR………………………………………………23

SECTION THREE: SLUDGE TREATMENT

3-1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...…………24

3-2-SLUDGE THICKENING…………………………………………………………..……….24

2
3-2-1 GRAVITY THICKENING………………………………………………………...……...25

3-2-2 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF)…………………………………………...…….26

3-2-3 CENTRIFUGATION………………………………………………………………..……27

3-3 SLUDGE STABILIZATION……………………………………………………………..…27

3-3-1 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION……………………………………………………………....28

3-3-2 AEROBIC DIGESTION…………………………………………………………………..31

3-4 SLUDGE CONDITIONING AND DEWATERING………………………………………33

3-4-1 SLUDGE CONDITIONING………………………………………………………………33

3-4-2 SLUDGE DEWATERING………………………………………………………………..33

3-4-3 DRYING BEDS…………………………………………………………………………...34

SECTION FOUR: CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

4-1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...35

4-2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR SCREENS……………………………………………..36

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-3 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR AERATED GRIT……………………..………………40

4-3-1 CHAMBERS…...…………………………………………………………...……………..41

4-4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR PRIMARY………………………………..…………...42

4-5 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL……………………………..………….46

3
4-6 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR SECONDARY……………………………...…………53

4-7 SLUDGE CALCULATIONS………………………………………………………..………57

4-8 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR GRAVITY THICKENER…………………...…………59

4-9 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR DRYING BEDS……………………………….……….60

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………....……….63

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….………….………....64

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

CONTENTS OF FIGURES
FIG.(1) MECHANICAL BAR SCREENS 12
FIG.(2) GRIT CHAMBER 15
FIG.(3) TYPICAL SEDIMENTATION TANKS 17
FIG.(4) ACTIVATED SLUDGE 20
FIG.(5) DIFFUSED AERATION (BUBBLE DIFFUSER) 21
FIG.(6) DIFFUSED AERATION (TUBULAR DIFFUSER) 20 4

FIG.(7) TRICKLING FILTER 23

FIG.(8) ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR 23
FIG.(9) GRAVITY THICKENER 25
FIG.(10) DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF) 26
FIG.(11) ANAEROBIC DIGESTER 30
FIG.(12) STANDARD RATE ANAEROBIC DIGESTER 30
FIG.(13) HIGE RATE ANAEROBIC DIGESTER 31
FIG.(14) AEROBIC DIGESTER 32
FIG.(15) DRYING BED 35

FIG.(16) DESIGN DETAILS OF THE AERATED GRIT 43

CHAMBER

FIG.(17) DESIGN DETAILS OF THE PRIMARY 45

SEDIMENTATION TANK

FIG.(18) DESIGN DETAILS OF THE SECONDARY 57

CLARIFIER
FIG.(19) DESIGN DETAILS OF THE DRYING BEDS 62

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

SECTION ONE

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

1-1 Introduction

"Municipal wastewater" is the general term applied to the liquid wastes collected from

residential, commercial, and industrial areas and conveyed using a sewerage system to a 5

central location for treatment.

1- 2 Components of Municipal Water Demand :

Water demand data are beneficial in estimating the wastewater characteristics. The

average amount of municipal water withdrawn in this project is approximately 620 liters

per capita per day (lpcd) . This mount includes residential, commercial, light industrial,

fire fighting, public uses, and water lost or unaccounted for. Factors affecting water

withdrawal rates are:

1) climate, 2) geographic location, 3) size and economic conditions of the community,

4) degree of industrialization, 5) metered water supply, 6) cost of water, and 7) supply

pressure.

Various components of municipal water demand are discussed below.

1-2-1 Residential Water Use :

The residential or domestic water demand is the portion of the municipal water supply

that is used in homes. It includes toilet flush, cooking, drinking, washing, bathing, watering

lawn, and other uses.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

1-2-3 Commercial Water Use :

Commercial establishments include motels, hotels, office building shopping centers,

service stations, airports, and the like.

1-2-4 Industrial Water Use :

Water is used for industrial processes such as fabrication, processing, washing, cooling, 6

and the like.

1-2-5 Public Water Use :

Water used in public buildings (city halls, jails, schools, etc.) and water used for public

services, including fire protection, street washing, and park irrigation, is considered public

water use.

1-2-6 Water Unaccounted For :

In a water supply system, a certain amount of water is lost or unaccounted for because of

meter and pump slippage, leaks in mains, faulty meters, and authorized water connections.

1-2-7 Infiltration / Inflow :

Infiltration is the groundwater entering sewers through service connections, cracked

pipes, defective joints, and manhole walls.

Inflow is the surface runoff that may enter through a manhole cover, roof and area drains,

and cross-connections from storm sewers and combined sewers.

1-3 Quality of Wastewater :

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Municipal wastewater contains over 99.9 percent water, and the remaining materials

include suspended and dissolved organic and inorganic matter and microorganisms. These

materials give physical, chemical, and biological qualities that are characteristics of

residential and industrial wastewaters.

1-3-1 Physical Quality :

7
The physical quality of municipal wastewater is generally reported in terms of

temperature, color odor, and turbidity. These physical parameters are shown below:

1) Temperature: The temperature of wastewater is slightly higher than that of the

water supply. The temperature has an effect upon the microbial activity, the

solubility of gases and viscosity.

2) Color: fresh wastewater is light gray. Stale or septic wastewater is dark gray or

black

3) Odor: fresh wastewater may have a soapy or oily odor, which is somewhat

disagreeable. Stale wastewater has putrid odors due to hydrogen sulfide and other

products of decomposition.

4) Turbidity: turbidity in wastewater is caused by a wide variety of suspended solids- in

general, stronger wastewater has higher turbidity.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

1-3-2 Chemical Quality

The chemical quality of wastewater is expressed in terms of organic and inorganic

constituents-domestic wastewater generally contains 50 percent organic and 50 percent

inorganic matter. A general discussion on organic components, total suspended solids, and

inorganic slat of wastewater is given below:

8
1) total solids: organic and inorganic, settleable, suspended and dissolved matter.

*a* suspended (TSS) , mg/ℓ: portion of organic and inorganic solid that are not dissolved.

These solids are removed by coagulation or filtration.

*b* Dissolved (Total ), mg/ℓ: portion organic and smaller than one mill micron (m µ )

fall in this category.

2) BOD5 , mg/ ℓ : Biochemical oxygen demand (5-d, 20˚C) it represents the biodegradable

portion of the organic component.

It is a measure of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to stabilize the organic

matter in 5 days.

3) COD, mg/ℓ: chemical oxygen demand, it is the measure of organic matter and

represents the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter by strong oxidizing

chemical (potassium dichromate ) under acidic condition.

4) Total nitrogen (TN), mg/ℓ: total nitrogen includes organic nitrogen, ammonia,

nitrite, and nitrate.

5) PH: is an indication of the acidic or basic nature of wastewater. A solution is neutral

at PH 7.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

1-3-3 Microbiological Quality:

The municipal wastewater contains microorganisms that play an important role in

biological waste treatment the principal groups of microorganisms include bacteria,

fungi, protozoa, and algae.

Section two 9

Treatment Process

Introduction :

1) Preliminary Treatment Units: It includes unit operations such as :

A- Screens: The general purpose of screens is to remove large objects such as rags, paper,

plastics, metals, and the like. These objects, if not removed, may damage the pumping

and sludge- removal equipment, hangover wires, and block valves, thus creating

serious plant operation and maintenance problems.

B- Aerated Grit champers: It is used to remove dust, bone chips, coffee grounds, seeds,

eggshells, and other materials in wastewater that are non putrescible and higher than

organic matter. By the air, wastewater is freshened, thus the reduction in odors and

additional BOD5 Removal may be achieved.

2) Primary Treatment: It is including primary sedimentation. The purpose of this unit is

to remove the settleable organic solids. Normally primary sedimentation will remove 50-70

percent total suspended solids and 30-40 percent BOD5.

3) Biological Treatment (Secondary Treatment ) :

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

The purpose of secondary treatment is to remove the soluble organics that escape

the primary treatment and to provide further Removal of suspended solids.

Although secondary treatment may remove 85 percent of the BOD5 and suspended

solids, it does not remove a significant amount of nitrogen, phosphor heavy metals,

no degradable organics, bacteria and viruses. These pollutants may require further
10
Removal (advanced one).

4) Advanced treatment: It is an additional treatment process, such as filtration, carbon

adsorption, chemical precipitation of phosphorus, to remove those constituents that are not

adequately removed in the secondary treatment plant. These include nitrogen, phosphorus, and

other soluble organic and inorganic compounds.

2-1 Preliminary Treatment Units :

2-1-A- Screens :

Screening is normally the first unit operation used at the wastewater treatment plant to

remove large objects from wastewater. Screening devices can be broadly classified into

three types:

1- Coarse screening: for spacing of (50-150) mm.

2- Medium screening: for spacing of (20-50) mm.

3- Fine screening: for spacing of (5-20) mm.

Usually, fine screens are preceded b a preliminary screening for protection.

Screens may also be classified manually and mechanically cleaned.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Removal of screening:

Manually cleaned bar rakes have sloping bars that facilitate hand raking. The

screening is placed on a perforated plate for drainage and storage.

The mechanically cleaned bar rakes are front-cleaned or back–cleaned. The

traveling rake moves the screenings upward and drops them into a collection bin or
11
conveyor in both cases.

Disposal of screenings:

The disposal of the screenings is achieved by landfilling or incineration; often

screenings are ground and returned into the wastewater treatment plant.

Design factors for screens:

1- Slope from horizontal (degrees) = (45-70).

2- Clear spacing between bars (mm) = (10-40).

3- Velocity through rack (m/s) = (0.3-1).

4- Allowable head loss, clogged screen (mm) 150.

5- Maximum head loss, clogged screen (mm) = 800.

The comminutor devices :

Comminutes are grinders that cut up the material retained over screens. It is used

in conjunction with coarse screens. They utilize cutting teeth or shredding devices

on a rotating drum that pass through stationary combs, screens, or disks; large

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

objects are shredded that pass through thin openings (0.6-1) cm. the comminutes are

almost submerged.

12

2-1-B- Grit Chambers:

It is necessary to remove the grits and other materials that are heavier than

organic matter in order to:

(1) Protect moving mechanical equipment and pumps from unnecessary wear

and abrasion.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

(2) Prevent clogging in pipes heavy deposits in channels.

(3) Prevent cementing effects on the bottom of sludge digesters and primary

sedimentation tanks.

(4) Reduce the accumulation of inert material in aeration basins and sludge

digesters which would result in loss of usable Volume.

Type of grit removal : 13

1- Velocity – controlled grit channel :

It is a long narrow sedimentation basin with better control of flow-through velocity.

1- An aerated grit chamber :

A Spiral current within the basin is created by the use of diffused compressed air- the

air rate is adjusted to create a velocity near the bottom, low enough to allow the girt to

settle, whereas the lighter organic particles are carried with the roll and eventually out

basin.

Advantages of aerated grit chamber:

The aerated grit chambers are used at medium. and large size treatment plants. They

offer many advantages over the velocity–controlled grit channels. Some of the

advantages are as follows:

1- An aerated grit chamber can also be used for chemical addition, mixing, and

flocculation the head of primary treatment.

2- Wastewater is freshened by the air, thus a reduction in odors and additional BOD5

Removal may beachier.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

3- Grease removal may be achieved if skimming is provided.

4- By controlling the air supply, grit of any desired size can be removed.

Collection and cleaning of grit :

Cleaning of the grit chambers can be done either manually (for small grit chambers) ,

or mechanically (for large grit chambers).

14

Mechanical grit collection in velocity-controlled channels and aerated grit chambers is

achieved by conventional with scrapers, screws, buckets, or some combination of these.

Grit disposal :

Various methods of grit disposal include landfill, land spreading, and incineration with

sludge.

For small – and medium-sized plants, it is best to bury and cover the grit because the

residual organic content can be a nuisance.

Design factors and typical design values for aerated grit chambers:

1) Dimensions :

* Depth, (m) = (2-5)

* Length (m) = (7.5-20)

* Wide /depth ratio = (1:1)- (5:1)

* Length / width ratio = (2.5:1) (5-1)

2) Transfers velocity at the surface = (0.6-0.8)m/s

3) Detention time at maximum flow = (2-5) min

4) Air supply = 4.6 -12.4 ℓ/ s.m of tank length

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

15

2-2 Primary Treatment: (Primary Sedimentation Tanks):

Primary sedimentation (or clarification) is achieved in large

mechanical scrapers collect basins under relatively quiescent conditions . the settled solids

into the hopper, from which they are pumped to sludge – processing area oil, grease, and

other floating materials are skimmed from the surface. The effluent is discharged over

weirs into a collection trough.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Types of clarifiers:

In general, the design of most of the clarifiers falls into three categories:

(1) horizontal flow, (2) solids contact, and (3) inclined surface. The common types of

horizontal flow clarifiers are rectangular, square, or circular. On the other hand, the types

of include surface are tube settler and parallel plate settler.

16
Sludge collection:

- Bottom slope: The floor of the rectangular and circular toward the hopper. The slope was

made to facilitate draining of the tank and to move the sludge the hopper. Rectangular tanks

have a slope of 1-2 percent. In circular tanks, the slope is approximately 40-100 mm/m in

diameter.

- Equipment: In mechanized sedimentation tanks, the type of sludge collection

equipment varies with the size and shape of the tank. In rectangular tanks, the sludge

collection equipment may consist of (1) a pair of endless conveyor chains running over

sprockets attached to the shafts or (2) moving bridge sludge collectors having a scraper

to push the sludge into the hopper.

Sludge removal :

The sludge is Removal from the hopper by means of a pump.

Scum removal:

Scum that forms on the surface of the primary clarifiers is generally pushed off the

surface to a collection sump.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

17

2-3 Biological Treatment :

Biological waste treatment involves bringing the active microbial growth into contact

with wastewater to consume the impurities as food.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

A great variety of microorganisms come into play that includes bacteria, protozoa, rotifers,

fungi, algae, and so forth. These organisms in the presence of oxygen convert the

biodegradable organics into carbon dioxide, water, more cell material, and other inert

products.

2-3-1 Biological Treatment Process:

18
The biological treatment process can be achieved by two types of growth:

1- Suspended Growth Biological Treatment :

Suspended growth treatment systems are those in which the microorganisms remain in

suspension. Common suspended growth processes used for secondary treatment include A.

Activated sludge and other modifications.

B. Aerated lagoons.

C. High–rate stabilization ponds.

2- Attached Growth Biological Treatment

In the attached growth biological treatment process, the population of active

microorganisms is developed over a solid media (rock or plastic). The attached growth of

microorganisms stabilizes the organic matter as the wastewater passes over them. There

are two major types of attached growth processes:

A. Trickling filter.

B. Rotating Biological contractor.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

❖ 1-A- Activated sludge process:

In the activated sludge process, microorganisms (MO) are mixed thoroughly with

the organics so that they can grow and stabilize the organics. As the organisms grow

and are mixed by the agitation of the air, the individual organisms clump together

(flocculate) to form an active mass of microbial floc called " activated sludge" the

mixture of the activated sludge and wastewater in the aeration basin is called " mixed 19

liquor " the mixed liquor flows from the aeration basin to a secondary clarifier where

the activated sludge is settled. A portion of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration

basin to maintain the proper food-to-MO ratio permit rapid breakdown of the organic

matter. Because more activated sludge is produced than can be used in the process,

some of it is wasted from the aeration basin or from the returned sludge line to the

sludge–handling systems for treatment and disposal. Air is introduced into the aeration

basin either by diffusers or by mechanical mixers.

❖ Advantages of activated sludge process:

The main advantage of the activated sludge process is that it requires less space than

the biological Filter.

The second advantage is that a find effluent of high quality is produced such that it

does not require high dilution for disposal.

❖ Disadvantages of activated sludge process:

There are two disadvantages. Since the incoming effluent is introduced at one and

of the tank, the BOD value will be higher at this end than the other. Moreover, the

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

microorganisms at this end will be physiologically more active than those at the other

end. These defects are rectified in the complete mixing activated sludge process.

20

❖ Methods of aeration:

Two major types of aeration systems are used in the activated sludge process. These are :

(1) Diffused aeration: air is supplied through porous diffusers or through air

nozzles near the bottom of the tank. The air diffusers are of various types include the bubble

diffuser, tubular diffuser, and jet diffuser.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

(2) Mechanical aeration: in mechanical aeration, the oxygen is entrained from the

atmosphere. The aerators consist of submerged or partially submerged

impellers that are attached to motors mounted on floats or on fixed structures.

21

❖ 1-B- Aerated Lagoon :

The aerated lagoon is suspended growth reactors in earthen basins with no sludge

recycle. Mechanical aerators are normally used for mixing and supplying oxygen

demand. Since the aerated lagoon have a large detention period (2 -6 days), a certain

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

amount of nitrification is achieved. Higher temperature and lower organic loadings

generally encourage nitrification.

❖ 1-C- Stabilization Pond :

A stabilization pond is a relatively shallow body of water contained in an earthen

basin of a certain shape, designed to treat wastewater. The ponds have become a
22
popular means of wastewater treatment for small communities and industries that

produce organic waste streams. The major disadvantages are the large land area

required, odor and insect problems, possible groundwater contamination, and poor

effluent quality.

❖ 2- A- Trickling Filter :

The trickling filter consists of a shallow bed filled with crushed stones or synthetic

media. Wastewater is applied on by means of a self-propelled rotary distribution system.

The organics are removed by the attached layer of microorganisms (slim layer) that

develop over the media. The under-drain system collects the trickled liquid that also

contains the biological solids detached from the media. The air circulates through the

pores due to the natural draft caused by the thermal gradient. The trickled liquid and

detached biological solids are settled in a clarifier. A portion of the flow is recycled to

maintain a uniform hydraulic loading and to dilute the influent.

❖ 2- B - Rotating Biological Contactor:

A rotating biological contactor (also called the bio-disc process) consists of a series of circular

plastic plates (discs) mounted over a shaft that rotates slowly. These discs remain approximately

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

40 percent immersed in a contoured bottom tank. The discs are spaced so that wastewater and air

can enter space. The biological growth develops over the disc that receives alternating exposures

to organics and the air. The excess growth of microorganisms becomes detached, and therefore,

the effluent requires clarification.

23

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Section Three

Sludge Treatment

3-1: Introduction

The principal sources of sludge at municipal wastewater treatment plants are the primary 24
sedimentation basin and the secondary deifiers.

Additional sludge may also come from chemical precipitation, nitrification-denitrification

facilities, screening and grinder, and filtration devices if the plant has these processes.

Many times the sludge is produced in these processes treatment systems so that the sludge

is Removal as either primary or secondary sludge. In some cases, secondary sludge is

returned to the primary settling tank, ultimately giving a single stream consisting of

combined sludge.

Sludge contains a large volume of water. The small fraction of solids in the sludge is highly

offensive. Thus, the problem involved with the handling and disposal of sludge is complex.

Common sludge management processes include thickening, stabilization, dewatering, and

disposal.

3-2: Sludge Thickening :

Sludge contains a large volume of water thickening of sludge is used to concentrate solids

and reduce the Volume. Thickened sludge requires less tank capacity and chemical dosage

for stabilization and smaller piping and pumping equipment for transport.A common

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

method of sludge thickening used at medium to large plants is (1) gravity thickening, (2)

dissolved air floatation and (3) centrifugation. Each of these methods of thickening is

discussed.

3-2-1: Gravity Thickening:

Gravity thickening is accomplished in circular sedimentation basins similar to those used

25
for primary and secondary clarification of liquid waste. Solids are coming to the thickener

separated into three distinct zones. The top layer is the sedimentation zone, which usually

contains a stream of diner's sludge moving from the influent, and tow are the thickening

zone. In the thickening zone, the individual particles of the sludge agglomerate. A sludge

blanket is maintained in this zone where the mass of sludge is compressed by material

continuously added to the top.

Water is squeezed out of interstitial spaces and flows upward to the channels. Deep trusses

or vertical pickets are provided to gently stir the sludge blanket and move the gases and

liquid toward the surface. The supernatant from the sludge thickener passes over an effluent

weir and is returned to the plant. The thickened sludge is withdrawn from the bottom.

Gravity thickening is used to concentrate solids in sludge from the primary clarifier,

tickling Filter, and activated sludge.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

26

3-2-2: Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) :

Air flotation is primarily used to thicken the solids in chemical and waste-activated

sludge. The separation of solids is achieved by introducing fine air bubbles into the liquid.

The bubbles attach to the particulate matter, which then rise to the surface. In a dissolved

air flotation system, the air is dissolved in the incoming sludge under a pressure of several

atmospheres. The pressurized flow is the atmosphere. Fine air bubbles rise that cause

flotation of solids. The principal advantage of flotation over gravity thickening is the ability

to remove rapidly and completely those particles that settle slowly under gravity. The

amount of thickening achieved is 2-8 times the incoming solids. The maximum

concentration of solids in the float may reach 4-5 percent. Two radiations of the dissolved

air flotation process include (1) pressurizing the total or only a small portion of the

incoming sludge and (2) pressurizing the recycled flow from the flotation thickener. The

latter method is preferred because it eliminates the need for high-pressure sludge pumps,

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

which are generally associated with maintenance problems. Chemicals such as alum and

iron salts and organic polymers are often added to aid the flotation process.

27

3-2-3 : Centrifugation :

Centrifugations is a process by which solids are thickened or dewatered from the sludge

under the influence of a centrifugal field, many times the force of gravity. There are three

basic types of centrifuges available for sludge thickening : (1) basket, (2) disc nozzle, and

(3) solid bowl (or scroll–type decanter). The basket centrifuge operates on a batch basis.

The disc-nozzle and centrifuge are continuous types but require extensive and careful

prescreening and grit removal from the sludge.

The solid bowl centrifuges offered continuous operation and received widespread in sludge

thickening. Centrifugal, the thickening of sludge, requires high power and high

maintenance costs. Use should be limited to plants where space is limited, skilled

operations is available. And sludge is difficult to thicken by other means.

3-3: Sludge Stabilization:

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

The principal purposes of sludge stabilization are to reduce pathogens, eliminate

offensive odors, and, and control the potential for purification of organic matter. Sludge

stabilization can be accomplished by biological, chemical , or physical means. Selection of

any method depends largely on the ultimate sludge disposal method. As an example, if the

sludge is dewatered and incinerated, frequently no stabilization procedure is employed. On

the other hand, if the sludge is applied on land, stabilization is necessary to control odors 28

and pathogens.

Various methods of sludge stabilization are (1) anaerobic or aerobic digestion (Biological),

(2)chemical oxidation or lime stabilization (chemical), and (3) thermal conditioning

(physical). In recent years, because of its inherent energy efficiency and normally low

chemical requirements, the anaerobic digestion process most widely selected municipal

stabilization process at medium –and large-size municipal plants.

3-3-1: Anaerobic Digestion :

Anaerobic Digestion utilizes airtight tanks in which anaerobic microorganisms

stabilization the organic matter producing method and carbon dioxide.

The digested sludge is stable, inoffensive, low in pathogen count, and suitable for soil

conditioning. Major difficulties with anaerobic digestion are high capita cost, vulnerability

to operational upsets, and tendency to produce poor supernatant quality.

Anaerobic digestion involves a complex biochemical process in which several groups of

facultative and anaerobic and anaerobic organisms simultaneously assimilate and break down

organic matter. The process may be divided into two phases: acid and methane.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

In acid phase, facultative and anaerobic organisms simultaneously assimilate and break

down organic matter. The process may be divided into two phases: acid and methane.

In the acid phase, facultative acid-forming organisms convert the complex organic matter

to organic acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, and other acids).

In this phase, little change occurs in the total amount of organic material in the system,
29
although some lowering PH results.

The methane phase involves the conversion of volatile organic acids to methane and carbon

dioxide.

The anaerobic process is essentially controlled by the methane-forming bacteria. Methane

formers are very sensitive to PH, substrate

composition, and temperature if the PH drops below 6.0, methane formation essentially

ceases, and more acids accumulate, thus bringing the digestion process to standstill. Thus,

PH and acid measurements constitute important Operational parameters.

❖ Type of anaerobic digesters:

The anaerobic digesters are of two types: Standard rate and high rate; in the standard rate

digestion process, the digester contents are usually unheated and unmixed. The digestion

period may vary from 30 to 60 days. In a high–rate digestion process, the digester contents

are heated and completely mixed. The required retention period is 10 to 20 days.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Often a combination of standard – and high – rate digestion is achieved by two-stage digestion.

The second stage digester mainly separates the digested solids from the supernatant liquor:

Although additional digestion and g-s recovery may also be achieved.

30

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

31

3-3-2: Aerobic Digestion:

Aerobic sludge digestion is commonly used at small plants to stabilize the organic matter

in the sludge. The process involves the aeration of sludge for an extended period in open

tanks. The process is similar to activated sludge and involves the direct oxidation of

biodegradable matter and oxidation of microbial cellular material (endogenous respiration).

Stabilization is not complete until there has been an extended period of primarily

endogenous respiration (10-20 days).

The process has the following advantages:-

(1) it is simple to operate:

(2) it involves low capital cost.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

(3) the digested sludge is odorless, biologically stable, and has excellent

dewatering properties.

(4) the supernatant is low in BOD5 .

The digested sludge is normally dewatered on sand drying beds.

The disadvantage of aerobic digestion is the high operating cost. 32

❖ Other sludge stabilization processes:

(1) Chemical Oxidation.

(2) Lime stabilization.

(3) Heat treatment or thermal conditioning.

3-4: Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering :

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Sludge dewatering is necessary to remove moisture so that the sludge cake can be

transported by truck and can be composted or disposed of by landfilling or incineration.

The solid particles in municipal sludge are excellent, are hydrated, and carry electrostatic

charges.

These properties of sludge solids make dewatering quite difficult. Sludge conditioning is
33
necessary to destabilize the suspension so that proper sludge-dewatering devices can be

effectively used.

Sludge dewatering systems range from very simple devices to extremely complex

mechanical processes. The simple process involves natural evaporation and percolation

from sludge lagoons or drying beds.

Complex mechanical systems utilize sludge conditioning following by centrifugation,

vacuum filtration, filter presses, and belt filter. The selection of any device depends on the

quantity and type of sludge and the method of ultimate disposal.

3-4-1: Sludge Conditioning :

The condition involves chemical and/or physical treatment of the sludge to enhance

water removal. In addition, some conditioning processes also disinfect sludge, control

odors, alter the nature of solids, provide limited solids destruction, and improve solids

recovery.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

3-4-2: Sludge Dewatering :

A Number of sludge dewatering techniques are currently used. The selection of any

sludge dewatering system depends on (1) characteristics of sludge to be dewatered, (2)

space available, and (3) moisture content requirements of the sludge cake for ultimate

disposal. When land is available and the sludge quantity is small, natural dewatering
34
systems are most effective. These include drying beds and drying lagoons.

The mechanical dewatering systems are generally selected where land is not available.

common mechanical sludge-dewatering systems include centrifuge, vacuum filter, filter

press, and horizontal belt filter.

3-4-3: Drying Beds :

Sludge drying are the oldest method of sludge dewatering. These are still used

extensively in small- to medium-size plants to dewater digested sludge. Typical sand beds

consist of a layer of coarse sand 15-25 cm in-depth and are supported on a graded gravel

bed that incorporates selected files or perforated pipe under rains. Paved drying beds are

also used. Each section of the bed (8m x 30m) contains water-tight walls, underdrain

system, and vehicle tracks for Removing sludge cake.

Sludge is placed on the bed in 20-to 30 – cm (8 –to 12-in) layers and allowed to dry. The

under-drained liquid is returned to the plant. The drying period is 10-15 days and the

moisture content of the cake is 60 -70 percent. Poorly digested sludge may cause odor

problems. depending on the climatic condition and odor control.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Requirements, the drying bed may be open or covered. The sludge cake from drying beds

contains 20-40 percent solids, almost 90-100 percent solids capture occurs.

35

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Section Four

Calculations & Results

4-1: Introduction :

This project includes designing of a wastewater treatment plant for a residential

community with a population of (166066 people), and with a design period of (20 years). 36

❖ P166,066 = ‫ ە‬people
t = 20 years
k = 0.03 constant

❖ Assume the return amount of wastewater = 75% ❖ Pt =

P‫ە‬ + Kt P20

P20 = 166,066 + 0.03 *20 * 166,066

P20 = 265,705.6 person

❖ 620*0.75 = 465 ℓ/c.day

❖ Average flow = (465* 120000) / 1000

= 123553.1 m3/day

= 1.43 m3/sec

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

❖ Calculate the ratio of the maximum sewage flow to the average (M)

14
M=1+
4+ p

14

M =1+ 4 + 120 = 1.93 37

Say M = 2

❖ Max. flow = M * average flow

= 2 * 1.43 = 2.86 m3/sec

4- 2 : Design Calculations for Screen :

4- 2-1: Design Criteria Used:

a. Velocity through rack at max flow = 0.9m/sec

b. Bar spacing (clear) = 2.5cm

c. Provide two identical barracks, each capable of handling max flow

Conditions and each equipped with mechanical cleaning device, θ = 75˚

d. One screen champers could be taken out of service for routine maintenance

without interrupting the normal planet operation.

e. Max. flow = 2.86 m3/sec

Average flow = 1.43 m3/sec

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-2-2 Design of Rack ( Screen ) Chamber :

❖ Assume that the depth of the flow in the rack chamber =1.18 m

❖ Clear area through = Qave. ∕ Velocity through rack

The rack 1.43 2

= 0.9 = 1.588m 38

❖ Clear width of the = Area ∕ Depth of flow

opining at the

= 1.7889. = 1.5m
1.18
❖ Assume the wide of each bar = 1cm and the clear
space = 2.5 cm

1500mm
❖ No. of spacing = = 60space
25mm

❖ Total no. of bars = 60 - 1 = 59 bar.

❖ Provide bars with 10 mm width

❖ Width of the chamber = 1.5 + (10* 60)/1000

= 2.1 m

25 * 60
❖ Calculate the efficiency = 2100

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-2-3 Head Loss Calculation:

The head loss through the bar rack is calculated from equation

(1) and (2). Equation (1) is used to calculate head loss through clean screen only, while

equation (2) is used to calculate head loss through clean or partly clogged bars.

39
W 4/3
❖ hL = β hr sin Q.....(1)

V2 1
❖ hL = ( )...................(2) 2g 0.7
Where:

hL = Head loss through the rack , m

Vv = Velocity through the rack and in the channel upstream of the rack ,

m /s ( = 0.5 m/sec )

g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2

w = Maximum width of the bar= 10 mm

b = Minimum clear spacing of bars = 100 mm

h r = Velocity head of the flow approaching the bars =

Vv2 . 2g

θ = Angle of bars with horizontal.

ß = Bar shape factor = 2.42

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

❖ Case one : when the screen is clean :

w 4/3
hL = β * hrSinQ
b
10 4/3 40
h = 2.42 * * 0.025* Sin75
L
100
hL = 0.0027m
❖ Case two: when the screen is partly or completely clogged bars :

h =V2 − Vv21
L
2g0.7

h = 0.92 − 0.52 * 1
L
2 * 9.810.7

hL = 0.05m
4-3 : Design Calculations for The Aerated Grit Chambers :

4-3-1 Geometry of Grit Chamber

❖ provide three identical grit chambers for independent operation.

❖ Maximum design flow through each chamber

= (3.22m3/sec)/3

= 1.07334 m3/sec

❖ Volume of each chamber for 4-min detention period

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 1.07334 m3/s * 4 min * 60 sec/min

= 257.6 m3

❖ Provide average water depth at mid width

= 3.65 m

❖ provide freeboard

= 0.8 m 41

❖ Total depth of grit chamber

= 4.45 m

❖ Surface area of chamber

= 257.6 m3 /3.65m

= 73.6 m2

❖ provide length to width ratio

4:1 ⇒ area = 4w2

- Width of the chamber

= 4.28 m

❖ Length of the chamber

= 17.15 m

4-3-2 Select Diffuser Arrangement:

Locate diffusers along the length of the chamber on one side and place them 0.6 m above

the bottom. The upward draft of the air will create a spiral roll action of the liquid in the

chamber. The chamber bottom is sloped toward a collection channel located on the same

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

side as the air diffusers. A screw conveyor is provided to move the girt along the channel

length to a hopper at the downstream end.

4-3-3 Design the Air Supply System:

❖ Provide air supply at a rate of 7.8 ℓ/s per meter length of the chamber.

❖ Theoretical air is required per chamber.

42
= 7.8 ℓ /s.m * 17.15 m

= 133.77 ℓ/s

❖ Provide 150 percent capacity for peaking purpose.

= 1.5* 133.77

= 152.1 ℓ/s per chamber.

Fig (16) Design Details of the Aerated Grit Chamber

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-4: Design Calculations for Primary Sedimentation Tanks:

4-4-1 Design Critter Used:

a.Six rectangular units shall be designed for independent operation.A bypass to the aeration

basin shall be provided for emergency conditions when one unit is out of service. Most

regulatory agencies will allow such bypass.

43
b. Overflow rate and detention time shall be based on an average design flow of 1.61 m3/sec

c. The overflow rate shall be less than 36 m3 /m2—day (at average design flow).

d. The detention time shall be not less than 1.5 h.

e. All side streams shall be returned to aeration tanks.

f. The weir loading shall be less than 186 m3/m.d at average flow.

g. The liquid depth in the basin shall be no less than 2m.

h. In flute BOD5, and TSS, to the plant = 250 mg/ℓ, 260 mg/ℓ respectively.

4-4-2 Design Calculations:

A-Basin Geometry:

❖ Average design flow through each basin

= 1.61/6

= 0.26 m3/sec

❖ Overflow rate at an average flow

= 36 m3/m2.day

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

0.26m3 / sec*86400sec/ day

❖ Surface area = 36m3 / m2.day
= 624 m2
❖ Use length to width ratio (4:1)

→ A = 4W2

❖ Wide of each basin 44

= 12.5m

❖ Length of each basin

= 4*12.5

= 50 m

❖ Provide average water depth at mid. length of the tank.

= 3.1 m

❖ Provide Freeboard

= 0.6m

❖ Average depth of the basin

= 3.1+0.6

= 3.7 m

B- Check Overflow Rate:

0.26m3 / s *86400sec/ day

❖ Overflow rate at =
12.5*50
❖ Average design flow

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 35.94 m3 /m2.d

0.536m3 / sec*86400sec/
day
❖ Overage rate at = 45
12.5*50
max. design flow
= 74 m3/m2.d

C- Detention Time:

❖ Average Volume of the basin

= 3.1* 12.5*50

= 1937.5m3

1937.5m2
❖ Detention time of = 0.26m3 / sec*3600s / h
❖ Average design flow = 2.069
= 2.07 hr

1937.5m3
❖ Detention time at = 0.536m3 / sec*3600s / h
max design flow
THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 1 hr

46

4-5: Design Calculations for the Biological Reactor:

4-5- 1- Biological kinetic Equations Used:

Q QY (S−S )
V = 2 X (1 + kdQc)……………(1)

∆x xV
= .................(2)
∆t Qc
Qr . Xr = (Q + Qr) x ……… (3)
Q2 demand = 1.47 (So – S) Q - 1.4 X r (Q w) …….. (4)
Where:

V = Volume of aeration basin, m3

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Qc = Mean cell residence time based on solids in the aeration

basin , day

Q = Influent wastewater flow rate, m3/d

Y = Yield coefficient over finite period of log growth, g/g So = Influent soluble

BOD5 concentration mg/ℓ

47
S = Effluent soluble BOD5 concentration mg/ℓ

X = Concentration of MLVSS maintained in the aeration basin mg/ℓ (g/m3)

Kd = Endogenous decay coefficient, d-1

∆ x = Growth of biological sludge over time period

∆ t

∆t, mg/ℓ (g/m3)

Q r = Waste sludge flow rate from the sludge return line, m3/d

Xr = Concentration of sludge in the return sludge line, mg/ℓ (g/m3)

Qw =Waste sludge flow rate from aeration tank, m3/d

4-5-2 Design Criteria Used:

1. Provide complete mix activated sludge process using diffused aeration system.

2. The effluent shall have BOD5 and TSS of 20 mg/ℓ or less.

3. Provide eight aeration basins with common wall.

Each unit may be removed from operation for repairs and maintenance while other units

shall continue to operate under normal operating procedures.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4. The biological kinetic coefficients and operational parameters for the design purpose

shall be determined from carefully controlled laboratory Studies. The following kinetic

coefficients and design parameters shall be used.

❖ Qc = 10 d

X = MLVSS = 3000 mg/ℓ Kd = 0.06

d-1 48

❖ Ratio of MLVSS/MLSS = 0.8

❖ Return sludge concentration (Xr) = 15000 mg/ℓ (TSS)

❖ BOD5 for the effluent (SS) = 0.63

❖ Influent BOD5 and TSS = 200 and 150 (mg/ℓ) respectively.

❖ Average flow = 1.61 m3/s = 139104 m3/day.

4-5-3 -Design Calculations for the Aeration Basins:

A. Dimensions of aeration basin and sludge growth.

1- The concentration of soluble BOD5 in the effluent:

BOD5 exerted by the = 20 mg/ℓ * 0.63

Solids in the effluent = 12.6 mg/ℓ

Soluble portion of = 20 mg/ℓ - 12.6 mg/ℓ

the BOD5 in the effluent

= 7.4 mg/ℓ (g/m3)

- Treatment efficiency of biological treatment:

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

eff. = ((200 mg/ℓ - 7.4 mg/ℓ) /200 mg/ℓ) * 100 eff. = 96 percent

3 - Calculate the reactor volume:

QQcY (SO − S)
V = X (1+ kdQ ) =
c
49
139104m3 / d *10d * 0.5(200 − 7.4)g / m3
V= 3000g / m3 * (1+ 0.06d −1 *10d)

V = 133957152 = 27907.74m3
4800

4 - Dimensions of aeration basin:

❖ Provide eight rectangular aeration basins with common walls.

❖ Water depth = 4.5 m

2790774
❖ Volume for each basin =
8
= 3488.48 m3
3488.48
❖ Surface area for each basin =
4.5
❖ Provide length to width ratio = 2:1
∴A = 2W 2
∴

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

77.21 12
❖ Provide width for each basin =
2

= 20 m
❖ Provide length for each basin = 2 x 20
= 40 m 50
❖ Provide freeboard = 0.8 m

❖ Total depth for each basin = 4.5+0.8

= 5.3 m
B. Calculations for the detention time:
Detention time = volume /Q
27907.74 * 24
= = 4.815hr

139104
C. Calculations of Qw and Qr :

❖ Calculate the growth of biological sludge over time period:

∆x/∆t = XV/Qc = (3000 mg/ℓ * 27907.74 m3 * 1000 mg/ℓ) /

(10*1000000 mg/ m3)

= 8372.322 kg/day

❖ Assume (SS) contain 80 percent volatile matter

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

8372.322
∴ = 10465.4kg / day
0.8
❖ Qw = (10465.4 *10 mg/day) / (15000 mg/ℓ *10 ℓ/m3)

❖ Qw = 697.7 m3/day (for all basins)

697.9 51
❖ Qw = for each basin = 8
= 87.2 m3 day.

❖ Qr will be calculated from eq. (3)

Qr . Xr = (Q + Qr) x

X .Q 3000 *139104
Qr = (Xr − X ) = (15000 − 3000)
3
Qr = 34776 m /day (for all basins)

34776
Qr for each basin =
8
=4347 m3/day
Qr 34776
=
Q 139104 = 0.25 ⇒OK

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

D. Calculations of Oxygen Requirements :

139104
❖ Average flow for each basin =
8
m3
52
= 173388 day
697.7
❖ Qw for each basin = = 87.2125m3
/d8

❖ O2 demand = 1.47 ( So - S ) Q - 1.14 Xr ( Qw ) O2

demand = 1.47 ( 200 -7.4) * 17388 * 1000
- 114 * 15000 * 87.2125 * 1000
= 3.4*109 mg/d
= 3431.6 kg/d (for each basin).

❖ Compute the Volume of air required :

3
Assuming that air weights 1.2 kg/m and contains 23.2 percent oxygen
weight.

Theoretical air

3431.9
Required under =
0.232gQ2/ air
3
*1.2kg / m Filed condition

= 12327.2 m3/d

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Assume that the = 7 percent

Efficiency of air Diffusers

12327.2m3
Theoretical air = = 176102.85
0.07
3 53
= 176102.85 m /d

= 122.3 m3/min per basin

Provide design air at 150 percent of the theoretical air
Total design air = 176102.85*1.5

= 264154.275 m3 /d
= 183.44m3/min per basin.
4-6 : Design Calculations for the Secondary Clarifiers :
4-6-1 Design Criteria Used:

1-Provide eight circular clarifiers, each clarifier Shall have independent

operation with respect to the aeration basins.
2-Design the clarifiers for average design flow plus the recirculation.

3-The overflow rates at average and peak flow conditions shall not exceed
15 and 40 m3/m2 .d , respectively.
4-6-2 Design Calculations :
A- Surface Area of secondary clarifier.
❖ Design flow to the secondary clarifier
= Qav. + Qr – Qw
= 1.61 m3/s + 0.4025 m3/s + 0.008

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 2.007 m3/sec

❖ Design flow for each secondary clarifier

= 1/8 * 2.007 m3/s
= 0.25 m3/sec
❖ Assume SOR = 15 m/day
Area = Q ∕ SOR

0.25m3 / s *86400sec/ day 54

❖ Area =

15m / day
=1440 m2

❖ Diameter of the secondary clarifier

= 1440 * 4

=42.8 m
❖ Provide eight clarifier each of (42.8m) diameter.

(42.8)2
❖ Actual Area = 4

= 1438.72m2

❖ Check the overflow rate at average design flow.

The overflow rate = Q ∕ Area
0.25m3 / s *86400sec/ day
=
1438.72m2

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 15.01 ⇒∴ok

❖ Check the overflow rate at peak design flow

❖ At peak design flow plus recirculation the flow to each clarifier

3.22m3 / s + 0.425m3 / s
=
55
3 8
= 0.452 m /s
0.452m3 / s *86400s / d
Overflow = 1438.72m2

= 27.144 m3/m2.d (Satisfactory).

❖ At peak design flow plus recirculation when seven clarifiers

are in operation, the flow to each clarifier:

3.22m3 / s + 0.4025m3 / s
= 7

= 0.5175 m3/s

❖ Overflow rate when seven clarifiers are in operation.

0.5175m2 / s *86400s / d
=
1438.72m2

= 31.07 m3/m2 .d
3 2
(this is sati's factory being less than the design criteria of 40 m /m .d).

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

B. Depth of secondary clarifier :

❖ Provide average side water depth
= 3.5 m
❖ For additional safety provide a free board
= 0.5 m
❖ Total depth of clarifier 56
= 3.5+0.5
= 4m
C. Detention time
❖ Calculate the Volume of the clarifier

Average Volume of the clarifier

∏
= 4 * (42.8)2 m * 3.5m
3
= 5035.5 m

❖ Calculate Detention time under different flow conditions.

❖ Detention time under average design flow plus recirculation
5035.5m3
=
0.25m3 / sec*3600s / hr
= 5.6 hr

❖ Detention at peak design flow plus recirculation

5035.5m3
=
0.452m3 / s *3600s / hr
= 3.01 hr

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

❖ Detention time under emergency condition (peak design flow plus

recirculation when one clarifier is out of service)

5035.5m3

=
0.5175m3 / s * 3600s / hr

= 2.7 hr
57

4-7 : Sludge Calculation :

Calculate the amount and the Volume of the sludge produced from the
primary sedimentation tanks and from the aeration tanks.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-7-1: Sludge produced from primary sedimentation

g
❖ Specific gravity of sludge = 1.03 cm 3

Typical solids content = 4.5 percent

❖ Compute average quantity of sludge produced per day:

58
Amount of solids produced per basin per day at a removal rate of 63

percent.

3 3
= 260g/m * 0.36*0.26m /s*86400s/d* kg/1000g

= 3679.6 kg/d

Average quantity of sludge produced per day from the eight basins

= 8 *3679.6

= 29436.8kg

❖ Compute the Volume of sludge produced per day

Volume of sludge at specific gravity of 1.03 and 4.5 percent solids

29436.8kg / d
=
1
1.03g / cm3 * * 0.045* (100cm)3 / m3
1000g / kg

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

= 635m3/d
4-7-2: Sludge produced from aeration basins :

❖ Use the following equations to calculate the quantity of

sludge :
59
Υ

.....................................(1)
Yobs.= (1+ kd / Q2)

Px = Yobs Q ( So – S ) ………………..(2)

Where :

Yobs = Observed yield , g/g = 0.35 Px =

Waste activated sludge , kg/d

❖ Compute the of sludge produced per day

❖ Volume of sludge at specific gravity of 1.03 and 4.5 percent solids

8372.322kg / d
=
1.03g / cm3 * 1 * 0.045* (100cm)3 m3 1000g /
kg

= 180.632 m3/d

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

4-7-3: Total quantity and Volume of sludge :

❖ Total sludge quantity

= 29436.8kg/d+8372.322kg/d
= 37809.122 kg/d
❖ Total Volume of sludge
60
3 3
= 635 m /d + 180.632 m /d
3
= 815.632 m /d

4-8: Design Calculations for Gravity Thickener :

❖ Assume the drying ratio = 5 percent 37809.122

1 (100cm)3
❖ Thickener = 1.03g / cm3 * * * 0.05
3
1000g / kg m
❖ Provide 6 gravity thickeners for thickening of combined primary and waste

activated sludge.

❖ Volume for each thickener

= 734.15 = 122.3m3 / d

:4-9: Design Calculations for Drying Beds:

❖ Assume the depth of sludge over drying bed = 0.25

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

❖ Total volume of sludge

= 815.632m3/day

❖ Surface area

= 815.632m3 / d = 326.53m2 / day

61
0.25m

❖ Provide seven drying beds

❖ Surface area for each bed

= 3262.53m2 = 466m2 / d

❖ Assume length of each bed = 30 m

❖ The width of each bed

= 466m2 / d = 15.5m

30m

❖ Actual area for one bed

= 30 * 15.5 = 465 m2/d

❖ Area need per week

= 7*465=3255m2

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

62

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Discussion and Conclusions :

1- Design of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), is highly effected by the

population density , population growth and period of broadcasting.

2- Design parameters should be carefully considered for each part of the (WWTP) .

3-In this project the population density used was "75 000" capita ,which resulted 63

in large and added basins were used.

4- In addition to physical , chemical , and biological treatment processes , there is an

advanced treatment used to remove those constituents , that are not adequately

removed by the previous methods of treatment , and the produced water can be used

for cooling and for several industries .

5- Disinfection unit could also be added to this designed project to get higher water

quality.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

References :

1- Syed R. Qasim "Waste water treatment plant Planning , Design , and

Operation ", 1985 .

2- Steel , E.W. & T.J. McGhee " Water Supply and Sewerage" Fifth Edition ,
64
McGraw_ Hill Book Co. New York ,1979 .

3- Benefield , L.D. , And C.W. Randall , "Biological Process Design Of Waste Water

Treatment", Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. 1980.

THORNG CHANDARAVUTH U
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT