HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)

UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Topic Learning Outcomes (TLO)

a. Solve problems related to the use of energy and mass conservation law.
b. Determine discharge in closed conduits and open channels.

OPEN CHANNELS

Uniform Steady Continuous Flow

Flow on open channel with constant discharge and constant velocity.

S
V12/2g
2
V2 /2g

d1
d2
1
S0
2

With the discharge constant (steady flow) and velocity constant (uniform flow), the cross-
sectional area of the wetted area of the channel will also be constant. That is V 1 and V2
are equal and d1 and d2 are also equal. Meaning the EGL, HGL (ws), and channel bed
are parallel to each other. And further, S (hydraulic slope) and S o (channel bed slope) are
equal or the same.

Formulas for analysis

1. Continuity Flow Formula

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
2. Manning’s Equations
1 2 1
𝑉= 𝑅3𝑆 2
𝑛

Where:
V = mean velocity of flow, m/s
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
S = SO = channel bed slope (true for uniform steady flow only), m/m
R = hydraulic radius, m

ws
θ
r r
D
d

Circular section

1|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝑫𝟐
𝐴𝑤 (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝑅= = 𝟖
𝑃𝑤 𝑫
(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽)
𝟐

𝐷 (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝑅=( )
4 (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽)

3. Chezy Formula

𝑉 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
Kutter’s C Formula
1 0.00155
+ 23 +
𝐶= 𝑛 𝑆
𝑛 0.00155
1+ (23 + )
√𝑅 𝑆

Most Efficient Sections (MES)

The most efficient section is the section carrying the maximum discharge with least wetted
perimeter. From continuity flow formula.

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸

𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛

So to relate the dimensions of any section for most efficient section (section with the
greatest hydraulic efficiency), establish the area equation and maximize the area with
respect to any independent variable, also establish the perimeter equation and minimize
with respect to the same independent variable used the maximizing the area equation.

For the most common cross-section of an open channel

1. Rectangular Section

Water surface
width
ws Freeboard ht.

D = depth of flow

b
Base width

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑏
= 𝑏 ( ) + 𝑑 ( ) = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐴
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑏 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑑 𝑑

𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑑
= +2 = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑃
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑏
= −2
𝑑𝑑

equate the two equations

𝑑𝑏 −𝑏
= = −2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑

𝑏 = 2𝑑

The base width, b is equal to twice the depth of flow, d.

Check:
1. The hydraulic radius is equal to one-half the depth of flow. (except for triangular
section)
2. The water surface width is equal to the sum of the sides. (except for triangular
and circular sections)
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 2𝑑(𝑑) 𝑑
𝑅= = = = 𝑜𝑘
𝑃 𝑏 + 2𝑑 2𝑑 + 2𝑑 2

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝑏 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 = 2𝑑
2𝑑 = 2𝑑 𝑜𝑘

2. Triangular Sections

x
ws

y 2θ y d

𝟏
𝑨= 𝒙𝒅(𝟐) = 𝒙𝒅 = (𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽)𝒅 = 𝒅𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝟐
𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝒅
= 𝒅𝟐 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽) ( ) + (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽)(𝟐𝒅) ( ) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒅𝜽 −𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
= 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
= ( )=
𝒅𝒅 𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅 𝒅

3|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽)
𝒅𝑷 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝒅
= 𝟐 [𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽) ( ) + (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽) ( )] = 𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝜽 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
= =
𝒅𝒅 𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

equate the two equations

𝒅𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

= =
𝒅𝒅 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 =
𝟐
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
√𝟐
𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
The vertex angle is equal to 900

ws Freeboard ht.

d = depth of flow
900

3. Circular Section

ws
θ

𝑫𝟐
𝑨= (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝟖
𝒅𝑨 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝑫
= {𝑫 [− + (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽) ( )] + (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)(𝟐𝑫) }=𝟎
𝒅𝜽 𝟖 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝑫
𝑫𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟏) + 𝟐𝑫(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) =𝟎
𝒅𝜽
4|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝒅𝑫 −𝑫(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟏)
=
𝒅𝜽 𝟐(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝑫
𝑷 = (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽)
𝟐
𝒅𝑷 𝟏 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝑫
= [𝑫 (− ) + (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽) ]=𝟎
𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝑫
−𝑫 + (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽) =𝟎
𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝑫 𝑫
=
𝒅𝜽 𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽

Equate the two equations

𝒅𝑫 −𝑫(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟏) 𝑫
= =
𝒅𝜽 𝟐(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽
(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽) = 𝟐(𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)

Let 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝝅 radians

(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 𝟖𝟎𝟎 )(𝟐𝝅 − 𝝅) = 𝟐(𝟐𝝅 − 𝝅 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝟖𝟎𝟎 )

(𝟏 + 𝟏)𝝅 = 𝟐𝝅
𝟐𝝅 = 𝟐𝝅

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
THE SECTION IS A SEMI-CIRCLE

1800
ws D

d = depth of flow D/2

4. Trapezoidal Section

x b x
Freeboard
ws
β
1
y d
s
θ θ

5|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

𝟏
𝑨= (𝟐𝒃 + 𝟐𝒙)𝒅 = 𝒃𝒅 + 𝒙𝒅
𝟐
𝒙
but: 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 = = 𝒔, 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒅
𝒅
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒅 + 𝒔𝒅𝟐
𝑨
𝒃 = − 𝒔𝒅
𝒅

𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚
but: 𝒚 = √𝒅𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 = √𝒅𝟐 + (𝒔𝒅)𝟐 = 𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐
𝑨
𝑷 = − 𝒔𝒅 + 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒅
Take the partial derivative of P with respect to d
𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝑷 𝒅(𝟎) − 𝑨 (𝒅𝒅) 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
= 𝟐
− 𝒔 ( ) + 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
𝑨
− 𝟐 − 𝒔 + 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒅𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝒅𝟐

𝑨 = 𝒃𝒅 + 𝒔𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐𝒅𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝒅𝟐

𝑨
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝒅 = − 𝒔𝒅
𝒅
𝑨
= 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝒅
𝒅
𝑨
𝒅𝟐 =
𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔
𝟏
𝑨 𝟐
𝒅=[ ]
𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔

𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝒅 + 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐
𝑷 = 𝟒𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝒅 = 𝟐 (𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔) 𝒅

√𝑨
𝑷 = 𝟐 (𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔) [ 𝟏]
𝟐
(𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔)
𝟏
𝟐
𝑷 = 𝟐√𝑨 (𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔)

take the partial derivative of P with respect to s;

𝟏
𝒅𝑷 𝟏 −
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔
= 𝟐√𝑨 [ (𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒔 − 𝒔) {𝟐 ( ) (𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 )−𝟐 (𝟐𝒔)
√ 𝟐 − }] = 𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝟐𝒔
𝟏−𝟏=𝟎
𝟐
(𝟏 + 𝒔 )𝟐
𝟏
𝟐𝒔 = 𝟏(𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 )𝟐
𝟒𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐
𝟑𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏

6|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝟏
𝒔=
√𝟑

𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝒅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒅
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅√𝟏 + − 𝟐 ( ) 𝒅 = 𝟐𝒅√ −
𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑
𝟒𝒅 𝟐𝒅
𝒃= −
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐𝒅
𝒃=
√𝟑

𝟏 𝟒
𝒚 = 𝒅√𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 = 𝒅√𝟏 + = 𝒅√
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝒅
𝒚= =𝒃
√𝟑
THE SECTION IS A REGULAR HALF HEXAGON


b = 2d tan
2
OR
𝟏
𝑨 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒃)𝒅 = 𝒙𝒅 + 𝒃𝒅
𝟐
𝒃𝒖𝒕:
𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 = ; 𝒙 = 𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝒅
𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 = ; 𝒚 = 𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷
𝒚
𝑨 = 𝒅𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 + 𝒃𝒅
𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷
𝒃𝒖𝒕:
𝑨
𝒃 = − 𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝒅
𝑨
𝑷 = − 𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 + 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷
𝒅
minimixe P, get partial derivative with respect to d;
𝒅𝑷 𝒅(𝟎) − 𝑨(𝟏)
= − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 + 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝟐
𝑨 = 𝒅𝟐 (𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷)
√𝑨
𝒅= 𝟏
(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷)𝟐
𝑨 = 𝒅𝟐 (𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) = 𝒅𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 + 𝒃𝒅
𝟐𝒅𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒅𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 − 𝒅𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 = 𝒃𝒅
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 + 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷
𝑷 = 𝟒𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝟐√𝑨(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) 𝟏
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒅(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) = 𝟏 = 𝟐√𝑨(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) 𝟐
(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷)𝟐

Minimize P; partial derivative of P with respect to β

𝟏
𝑷 = 𝟐√𝑨(𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷)𝟐

7|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝒅𝑷 𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝟐√𝑨 [ (𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) 𝟐 (𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜷)] = 𝟎
𝒅𝜷 𝟐
𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜷 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 𝟏
𝟐( )=
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 = 𝟏
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 =
𝟐
𝜷 = 𝟑𝟎𝒐
𝑻𝑯𝑼𝑺
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜷 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅(𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷) − 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷
For regular half-hexagon section only

For other symmetrical sections:

𝑏 = 2𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛽 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽)
but if 𝛽 + 𝜃 = 90
sin𝛽 = cos𝜃
tan𝛽 = cot𝜃
sec𝛽 = csc𝜃
thus
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑏 = 2𝑑(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃) = 2𝑑 ( − ) = 2𝑑 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑏𝑢𝑡
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠
𝜃 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
2𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑏 = 2𝑑 ( ) = 2𝑑 ( )
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜃
𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

Sample Problem no. 1

Design a trapezoidal open channel of most efficient section with one side slope at 2:3
(V:H) and the other at 3:4 (V:H) to carry 5 cubic meters of water through a slope of 9 m
per kilometer. Use Manning’s Equation with n = 0.025.

Given:
Q = 5 m3/s
n = 0.025

8|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

X1 b X2
freeboard ws

2 √13 5 3
d
3 4
Y1 Y2

Solution:
Determine the relationship of b and d
1 1
𝐴 = [𝑏 + (𝑋1 + 𝑏 + 𝑋2 )]𝑑 = 𝑏𝑑 + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )𝑑
2 2
𝑋1 3 3𝑑
= ; 𝑋1 =
𝑑 2 2

𝑋2 4 4𝑑
= ; 𝑋2 =
𝑑 3 3

1 3𝑑 4𝑑 17𝑑 2
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 + ( + ) 𝑑 = 𝑏𝑑 +
2 2 3 12

Differentiate A with respect to d, maximize A, dA/dd = 0

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑏 17 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑏 ( ) + 𝑑 ( ) + [2𝑑 ( )] = 0
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 12 𝑑𝑑

17
𝑑𝑏 𝑏+ 6 𝑑
=− 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝑑𝑑 𝑑

𝑃 = 𝑌1 + 𝑏 + 𝑌2

𝑌1 √13 𝑑√13
= ; 𝑌1 =
𝑑 2 2

𝑌2 5 5𝑑
= ; 𝑌2 =
𝑑 3 3

𝑑√13 5𝑑
𝑃= +𝑏+
2 3

Differentiate P with respect to d, minimize P, dP/dd = 0

𝑑𝑃 √13 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑏 5 𝑑𝑑
= ( )+ + ( )=0
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑏 √13 5
= −( + ) 𝑒𝑞. 2
𝑑𝑑 2 3

9|28 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

17
𝑑𝑏 𝑏+ 6 𝑑 √13 5
=− = −( + )
𝑑𝑑 𝑑 2 3
√𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝒃=( + − ) 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝒅
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
Check:
Hydraulic radius
17𝑑2
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑 +
12

17𝑑 2
𝐴 = 0.636𝑑 2 + = 2.053𝑑 2
12

𝑑√13 5𝑑
𝑃= +𝑏+
2 3

𝑑√13 5𝑑
𝑃= + 0.636𝑑 + = 4.105𝑑
2 3
𝐴 2.053𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑅= = = 𝑜𝑘
𝑃 4.105𝑑 2

Water surface width equals sum of sides

𝑋1 + 𝑏 + 𝑋2 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2

3𝑑 4𝑑 𝑑√13 5𝑑
+ 0.636𝑑 + = +
2 3 2 3

3.469 𝑑 = 3.469 𝑑 𝑜𝑘

Hydraulic Design
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

Where:
Q = 5 m3/s
A = 2.053d2
2 1
1
𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑅3 𝑆 2
n = 0.025
S = So = 0.009
R = d/2

Substitute

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
2
1 𝑑 3 1
5 = (2.053𝑑 2 ) [ ( ) (0.009)2 ]
0.025 2
3
2 8
5(0.025)(2)3
𝑑=[ 1] = 1.019 𝑚
2.053(0.009)2

𝑏 = 0.636𝑑 = 0.648 𝑚

10 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
Freeboard height may be taken as equal to d/4 or 0.30 m which ever is greater in value.

𝑑
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 0.30 𝑚 > = 0.25475 𝑚
4

Total depth of channel, H = d + freeboard = 1.019 + 0.30 = 1.319 m

Total width at the top bank, T = 3d/2 + b + 4d/3 = 3.535 m

T = 3.535 m

freeboard
ws

H = 1.319 m
2 √13 5 3
d = 1.019 m
3 4

b = 0.648 m

Section

Sample Problem no. 2

A 1.50 m diameter circular channel flowing at maximum discharge is to be substituted by

a triangular channel of most efficient section. The two channels have the same
longitudinal slopes of 0.010 and same roughness coefficient, n = 0.030. Determine the
dimensions of the triangular channel using Chezy and Kutter’s C formula.

Given:

X = 2d

ws Freeboard ht.

d = depth of flow
Y 900
Y

Solution:

Hydraulic Design for the triangular channel

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

Where Q will be determined from the circular channel flowing at maximum discharge.

11 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

ws
θ
r r
d = 0.938D
D = 1.50 m

D/2

Section of a circular section flowing at maximum discharge

From the figure just above

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

𝑫𝟐
𝑨= (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝟖

𝜃 0.438𝐷 0.438𝐷
cos = =
2 𝑟 0.50𝐷

𝜃 = 57.6730 = 1.0066 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑫𝟐
𝑨= (𝟐𝝅 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟎 ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟓𝑫𝟐
𝟖
𝑫
𝑷= (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽)
𝟐
𝑫
𝑷= (𝟐𝝅 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔) = 2.638𝐷
𝟐

𝐴 0.765𝐷2
𝑅= = = 0.290 𝐷
𝑃 2.638𝐷

Solve V using Chezy and Kutter’s C formula

𝑽 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆𝑜

1 0.00155
+ 23 +
𝐶= 𝑛 𝑆
𝑛 0.00155
1+ (23 + )
√𝑅 𝑆

1 0.00155
+ 23 + 0.010 56.488 56.488√𝐷
𝐶= 0.030 = =
0.030 0.00155 1.29 √𝐷 + 1.29
1+ (23 + 0.010 ) 1 +
√0.29𝐷 √𝐷

56.488√𝐷 1
𝑽 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆𝑜 = [(0.29𝐷)(0.010)]2
√𝐷 + 1.29

3.042𝐷
𝑉=
√𝐷 + 1.29

12 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
3.042𝐷
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟓𝑫𝟐 [ ] 𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
√𝐷 + 1.29
𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒎 ⁄𝒔

Continuing the hydraulic design of the triangular channel

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 3.123
1
𝐴 = 𝑋𝑑 = 𝑑2
2

𝑽 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆𝑜
𝑃 = 2𝑌 = 2 dsec 45 = 2√2𝑑
𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑅= = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑅 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝐸𝑆
2√2𝑑 2√2 2

1 0.00155
+ 23 + 0.010 56.488 56.488√𝑑
𝐶= 0.030 = =
0.030 0.00155 1.168 √𝑑 + 1.168
1+ (23 + 0.010 ) 1 +
𝑑 √𝑑
√
2√2

𝑽 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆𝑜

1
56.488√𝑑 𝑑 2 3.359𝑑
𝑽= [ (0.01)] =
√𝑑 + 1.168 2√2 √𝑑 + 1.168

3.359𝑑
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑑2 [ ] = 3.123
√𝑑 + 1.168

1.0756𝑑 3 − √𝑑 − 1.168 = 0

𝑑 = 1.289 𝑚

Freeboard = d/4 = 0.322 m > 0.30 m

Total depth of channel, H = d + freeboard = 1.611 m
Total width of channel at the top bank = 2H = 3.222 m

3.222 m

ws Freeboard ht. = 0.322 m

d = depth of flow = 1.289 m

Y 900
Y

13 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Non-Uniform Steady Continuous Flow

Flow on open channel with constant discharge (steady flow) and variable velocity (non-
uniform flow). With the velocity of flow variable, the cross-sectional area (wetted area) at
any section of the channel will be different from each other, that is the depth of flow at
any section is unequal. It will also follow that the EGL and channel bed are non-parallel.
Hydraulic slope is not equal to the channel bed slope.

Alternate Stages of Flow

1. Subcritical Flow (upper stage) – the flow is described by the following conditions
a. The velocity of flow is slow
b. The depth of flow is deeper
c. The nominal depth is higher than the critical depth
d. The Froude number is less than 1.0

2. Supercritical flow (lower stage) – the flow is described by the following conditions
a. The velocity of flow is fast
b. The depth of flow is shallow
c. The nominal depth is lower than the critical depth
d. The Froude number is greater than 1.0

3. Critical Flow – critical flow is the flow when the discharge is maximum for a given
specific energy or the flow when the specific energy is minimum for a given
discharge. The flow is described by the following conditions
a. The nominal depth is equal to the critical depth
b. The Froude number is exactly equal to 1.0

d = depth of flow
EGL
E = specific energy

ws Q1
d1

d1 = nominal depth
ws Qmax
dc
ws Q2
d2
dc = critical depth d2 = nominal depth
Channel bed
1 2 Q = discharge
Critical Flow Upper Stage Lower Stage

Graph of depth of flow against discharge for a given specific Energy

With the channel bed as the datum line

Specific Energy, E = depth of flow plus velocity head

𝑉2
𝐸=𝑑+
2𝑔

𝑉 = √2𝑔(𝐸 − 𝑑)

14 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

d = depth of flow
Subcritical flow
d1

dc Critical flow

d2 Supercritical flow

E = specific energy
Emin
Any specific energy, E

Graph of the depth of flow against the specific energy for a given discharge

The graph just above, shows that for a given discharge the graph is asymptotical to the
line E = d and the horizontal axis. For any specific energy, there are two depths (d1 and
d2). These depths represent the depth of flow in the subcritical and supercritical stage
respectively. If the specific energy is minimum, there is only one depth, dc, and that depth
is the depth of flow at critical stage.

Determination of the critical depth for the common sections of an open channel

1. For rectangular sections:

ws freeboard

a d

1m

For given E, maximize the discharge

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑏𝑑𝑉
𝑄
= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞 = 𝑑√2𝑔(𝐸 − 𝑑) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
𝑏
𝑑𝑞 1 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑑 [ (√2𝑔){𝐸 − 𝑑}−2 (− )] + √2𝑔(𝐸 − 𝑑) ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
−𝑑 1
√2𝑔 [ 1 ] + √2𝑔(𝐸 − 𝑑) = 0
2
2(𝐸 − 𝑑) 2
𝑑 = 2(𝐸 − 𝑑)
3𝑑 = 2𝐸

15 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
2
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑐
3
1 1
3 2 1 2
𝑞 = √2𝑔𝑑𝑐 [ 𝑑𝑐 − 𝑑𝑐 ] = √2𝑔𝑑𝑐 ( 𝑑𝑐 )
2 2
1
𝑞 2 = 2𝑔𝑑𝑐2 ( 𝑑𝑐 ) = 𝑔𝑑𝑐3
2
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝟑 𝑸𝟐 𝟑
𝒅𝒄 = √ = ( ) = ( 𝟐 )
𝒈 𝒈 𝒃 𝒈

2. For non-rectangular sections:

B
Freeboard
dA dd
d

For given Q, minimize the total energy, E;

𝑉2 1 𝑄 2 𝑄2
𝐸=𝑑+ = 𝑑 + ( )( ) = 𝑑 +
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐴 2𝑔𝐴2

2 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑑 2𝑔𝐴 (0) − 𝑄 [2𝑔(2𝐴) (𝑑𝑑 )] 𝑄 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑄 2 (𝐵)𝑑𝑑
= + = 1 − ( ) = 1 − [ ]
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 4𝑔2 𝐴4 𝑔𝐴3 𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝐴3 𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝐸 𝑄2𝐵
=1− == 0
𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝐴3

𝑄 2 𝐴3𝑐
=
𝑔 𝐵𝐶

Where:
AC = critical area = wetted area when the flow is critical flow
BC = critical water surface width = water surface width when flow is critical flow

16 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Sample Illustration

Derive the critical depth formula for a triangular section of MES

BC

ws

θ dC

If θ = 900:

d = dc
BC = 2dc
Ac = dc2

𝑄 2 𝐴3𝑐 (𝑑𝑐2 )3 𝑑𝑐5

= = =
𝑔 𝐵𝐶 2𝑑𝑐 2
1
2𝑄 2 5 5 2𝑄 2
𝑑𝑐 = ( ) =√
𝑔 𝑔

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑑 2 √2𝑔(𝐸 − 𝑑)

𝑑𝑄 1 1 1
= √2𝑔 [𝑑 2 { (𝐸 − 𝑑)−2 (−1)} + (𝐸 − 𝑑)2 (2𝑑)] = 0
𝑑𝑑 2

−𝑑2 1
1 + (𝐸 − 𝑑) (2𝑑) = 0
2
2(𝐸 − 𝑑)2

𝑑 = 4(𝐸 − 𝑑)

5
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑐
4
1 1
5𝑑 𝑐 2 𝑑 𝑐 2
𝑄 = √2𝑔𝑑𝑐2 ( − 𝑑𝑐 ) = √2𝑔𝑑𝑐2 ( )
4 4

2
𝑑𝑐 𝑔𝑑𝑐5
𝑄 = 2𝑔𝑑𝑐4 ( ) =
4 2
𝟏
𝟐𝑸𝟐 𝟓
𝒅𝒄 = ( ) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑬𝑺 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚
𝒈

17 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

For vertex angle other than 900

1
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝑑
2 𝑐 𝐶
But
𝐵𝐶
𝜃 𝐵𝐶
tan = 2 =
2 𝑑𝐶 2𝑑𝐶

𝜃
𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑑𝐶 tan
2
3
1
𝑄 2 (2 𝐵𝐶 𝑑𝐶 ) 1 2 3 1 𝜃 2 1 𝜃
= = 𝐵𝐶 𝑑𝑐 = [2𝑑𝐶 tan ] 𝑑𝑐 3 = 𝑑𝐶 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
𝑔 𝐵𝐶 8 8 2 2 2
𝟏
𝟓
𝟐
𝟐𝑸
𝒅𝑪 = [ ]
𝜽
𝒈 (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟐)

Froude Number, Fr
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘, 𝑽
𝑭𝒓 =
√𝒈(𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉)

𝒘𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 =
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

For rectangular open channel

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑏

𝑏𝑑
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = = 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑑
𝑽
𝑭𝒓 = 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
√𝒈𝒅

For triangular open channel of any vertex angle, θ

1
𝐴 = 𝐵𝑑
2

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝐵

1
𝐵𝑑 𝑑
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 2 = = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐵 2

18 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

𝑽 √𝟐 𝑽
𝑭𝒓 = = 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
√𝒈 (𝒅) √𝒈𝒅
𝟐

Sample illustration

Determine the type of stage flow in a trapezoidal channel of MES carrying a 3 m 3/s
discharge in 1% longitudinal slope. Use Manning’s Equation with n = 0.025.

Given: a trapezoidal section of MES or the sides are inclined from horizontal by an angle
equal to sixty degrees, (regular half-hexagon).

x b x
Freeboard
ws
β
√3
y d
1
θ θ = 600

Solution:

2𝑑
𝑏= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝐸𝑆
√3
Hydraulic Design
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

1 𝑑 2𝑑 3𝑑 2
𝐴 = (2𝑋 + 2𝑏)𝑑 = 𝑋𝑑 + 𝑏𝑑 = (𝑑) + ( ) 𝑑 = = 𝑑 2 √3
2 √3 √3 √3

𝑃 = 𝑌 + 𝑏 + 𝑌 = 𝑏 + 2𝑌 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑏 = 𝑌

2𝑑 6𝑑
𝑃 = 3𝑏 = 3 ( )= = 2𝑑√3
√3 √3

𝐴 𝑑 2 √3 𝑑
𝑅= = =
𝑃 2𝑑√3 2
2
1 2 1 1 𝑑 3 1 2
𝑉 = 𝑅3𝑆 2 = ( ) (0.01)2 = 2.520𝑑 3
𝑛 0.025 2
Substitute

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

19 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
2 8
3 = (𝑑 2 √3) (2.520𝑑 3 ) = 4.365𝑑3

𝑑 = 0.869 𝑚

Then
2
𝑉 = 2.520𝑑 3 = 2.295 𝑚⁄𝑠
And

𝐴 = 𝑑 2 √3 = 1.308 𝑚2

2𝑑
𝑏= = 1.003 𝑚
√3

𝑑
𝑋= = 0.502 𝑚
√3

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2𝑋 + 𝑏 = 2.007 𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = = 0.652 𝑚
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
and

𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘, 𝑽
𝑭𝒓 =
√𝒈(𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉)

𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟓
𝑭𝒓 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟕 < 𝟏. 𝟎
√𝒈(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟐)
Thus
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

20 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Hydraulic Jump

The sudden rise in the liquid water surface profile due to sudden change in longitudinal
slope from a very steep slope to nearly horizontal slope in an open channel. Other cause
of the occurrence of hydraulic jump may be due to obstruction to flow like sluice gate or
boulders at the channel bed.

V12/2g 2 2
V2 /2g V3 /2g

dC ws
d3
d2
d1
Channel bed
1 SO 2 3
L LJ
La

Section where the

ends. The flow

jump

stage must be
Section where the

starts. The flow

stage must be
portion. The flow

jump
stage must be
steeper
Lowest point of

supercritical
supercritical

subcritical
hydraulic
hydraulic
the

L = length of reach = location of the hydraulic jump

LJ = length of the hydraulic jump
La = length of apron = length of channel where non-uniform flow occurs
S = hydraulic slope
SO = channel bed slope
d2 and d3 = are alternate/sequent depths
dC = critical depth

Note:
The critical depth is constant at any section of the channel if there is no change in the
cross-sectional area of the channel and the discharge flowing. The critical depth is not
affected by the channel bed slope.

21 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Sequent Depth Relationships

Rectangular Section

Isolate section 2 (start of hydraulic jump) to section 3 (end of hydraulic jump)

ws freeboard

a d

1m
b

d3 P3
P2 F
d2

2 So 3
LJ

𝐹 = 𝑃3 − 𝑃2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑊𝑡 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 𝑉𝑜𝑙(𝛾) 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝛾 𝛾 𝑄 𝑄
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = ( )= (𝑉2 − 𝑉3 ) = ( ) ( ) (𝑉2 − 𝑉3 ) = 𝑄 ( ) ( − )
𝑔 𝑇 𝑔𝑇 𝑇 𝑔 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝛾 1 1
𝐹 = 𝑄2 ( ) ( − )
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴3

Considering 1-meter width of channel;

Q
q= = discharge per meter width of channel
b
Q = qb
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = (1)𝑑

𝛾 𝑏𝑑3 − 𝑏𝑑2 𝛾 𝑑3 − 𝑑2
𝐹 = (𝑞𝑏)2 ( ) ( ) = 𝑞2 ( ) ( )
𝑔 (𝑏𝑑2 )(𝑏𝑑3 ) 𝑔 𝑑2 𝑑3

1 1 1 1
𝑃3 − 𝑃2 = (𝛾𝑑3 )(𝑑3 )(1𝑚) − (𝛾𝑑2 )(𝑑2 )(1𝑚) = 𝛾(𝑑32 − 𝑑22 ) = 𝛾(𝑑3 − 𝑑2 )(𝑑3 + 𝑑2 )
2 2 2 2

𝛾 𝑑3 − 𝑑2 1
𝐹 = 𝑞2 ( ) ( ) = 𝛾(𝑑3 − 𝑑2 )(𝑑3 + 𝑑2 ) = 𝑃3 − 𝑃2
𝑔 𝑑2 𝑑3 2

𝑞2 1
= (𝑑2 𝑑3 )(𝑑2 + 𝑑3 )
𝑔 2

22 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝑞
𝑉 𝑞
𝐹𝑟 = = 𝑑 =
√𝑔𝑑 √𝑔𝑑 𝑑√𝑔𝑑
2
𝑞2
𝐹𝑟 =
𝑔𝑑 3

𝑞2 1 𝑑2 𝑑3
3 = 2
(𝑑2 + 𝑑3 )
𝑔𝑑2 𝑑23

1 𝑑3
𝐹𝑟22 = (𝑑 + 𝑑3 )
2 𝑑22 2

𝑑3 𝑑32
2𝐹𝑟22 = +
𝑑2 𝑑22

1 2
𝑑3 2 𝑑3 1 2
2𝐹𝑟22 + [( ) (1)] = ( ) + ( ) + [( ) (1)]
2 𝑑2 𝑑2 2

1 𝑑3 1 2
2𝐹𝑟22 + =( + )
4 𝑑2 2

8𝐹𝑟22 + 1 𝑑3 1 2
=( + )
4 𝑑2 2
1
8𝐹𝑟22 + 1 2 𝑑3 1
( ) = +
4 𝑑2 2

𝑑3 √8𝐹𝑟22 + 1 1
= −
𝑑2 2 2

𝒅𝟑 𝟏
= (√𝟖𝑭𝒓𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝟐 𝟐
And

𝒅𝟐 𝟏
= (√𝟏 + 𝟖𝑭𝒓𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝟑 𝟐

Empirical formula for Length of hydraulic jump, L j,, for rectangular sections given by
Silvester (1964)

𝐿𝐽 = 9.75𝑑2 (𝐹𝑟2 − 1)1.01

Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump by Hager, W.H. 1992 By experiment:

𝐹𝑟2 − 1
𝐿𝐽 = 220𝑑2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
22

23 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS

Sample Illustration

Analyze the water surface profile in a rectangular canal 3.0 m wide carrying 15 CMS of water.
The bottom longitudinal slope from A to B is 0.30 and changed to 0.003 from B to C. Is there a
hydraulic jump formed between A and C? If so, determine the location of the hydraulic jump and
the energy lost in the jump. Assume 𝐿𝐽 = 9.75𝑑2 (𝐹𝑟2 − 1)1.01 and n = 0.020 for Manning’s
formula.

Given:

V12/2g 2 2
V2 /2g V3 /2g

dC ws
d3
d2
d1
Channel bed C
B
1 2 3
Uniform Flow L LJ Uniform Flow
La
nonuniform Flow
ws
ws
ws
d2 d3
d1

b=3m b=3m b=3m

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Solution:

Determine the critical depth, dC

𝟏 𝟏
𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 𝑸𝟐 𝟑
𝒅𝒄 = √ = ( ) = ( 𝟐 )
𝒈 𝒈 𝒃 𝒈
𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟑
𝒅𝒄 = ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝒎
𝟑 𝒈

Consider portion A-B of the open channel. It is assumed that the flow in this portion is
supercritical uniform, that is the depth of flow from point A to point B are the same.

At section 1
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1

24 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
2
1 3𝑑1 3 1
𝑄 = (3𝑑1 ) [ ( ) (0.30)2 ] = 15
0.020 3 + 2𝑑1

𝑑1 = 0.396 𝑚 < 𝑑𝐶 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1

Consider the portion beyond point C. If there is no change in the channel bed slope
beyond point C, the flow can be considered as subcritical uniform flow. So

At section 3

𝑄 = 𝐴3 𝑉3
2
1 3𝑑3 3 1
𝑄 = (3𝑑3 ) [ ( ) (0.003)2 ] = 15
0.020 3 + 2𝑑3

𝑑3 = 2.018 𝑚 > 𝑑𝐶 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3

Since the flow at section 1 (supercritical stage) changes to subcritical stage at

section 3, a hydraulic jump occurs between points A and C.

Determine the location of the hydraulic jump

S HL
2
V12/2g N V2 /2g

d2
d1

Y 1 D. L.
2

Write Bernoulli’s Energy Equation between points M and N

𝑉𝑀 2 𝑝𝑀 𝑉𝑁 2 𝑝𝑁
+ + 𝑍𝑀 = + + 𝑍𝑁 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+ 0 + (𝑌 + 𝑑1 ) = + 0 + 𝑑2 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+ 𝑆𝑂 𝐿 + 𝑑1 = + 𝑑2 + 𝑆𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
2𝑔 + 𝑑 2 − 2𝑔 − 𝑑1
𝐿=
𝑆𝑂 − 𝑆

25 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
Where:
𝑆𝑂 = 0.003

𝑑1 = 0.396 𝑚

𝑄 15
𝑉1 = = = 12.626 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴1 3𝑑1

Using the sequent depths relationship of a hydraulic jump, determine d2

S1 HLJ
2
V22/2g T V3 /2g

R
d3 = 2.018 m
d2

Y1 2
D. L.
3

LJ

𝑑2 1
= (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟3 2 − 1)
𝑑3 2
Where:
𝑑3 = 2.018 𝑚

𝑄 15
𝑉3 = = = 2.478 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴3 3𝑑3

𝑉3 2.478
𝐹𝑟3 = = = 0.557 < 1.0 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝒐𝒌
√𝑔𝑑3 √𝑔(2.018)

Substitute
𝑑2 1
= (√1 + 8(0.557)2 − 1)
2.018 2

𝑑2 = 0.874 𝑚 < 𝑑𝐶 = 1.366 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑘

And
𝑄 15
𝑉2 = = = 5.721 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴2 3𝑑2

Determine the hydraulic slope from Manning’s Equation.

1 2 1
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚 3 𝑆 2
𝑛
Where:
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑚 = = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
2

26 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅𝑚 = = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
2
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 12.626 + 5.721
𝑉𝑚 = = = 9.1735 𝑚⁄𝑠
2 2
3𝑑1 3𝑑2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 3 + 2𝑑1 + 3 + 2𝑑2
𝑅𝑚 = = = 0.433 𝑚
2 2
Then
2 2
𝑛𝑉𝑚 (0.020)(9.1735)
𝑆=[ 2] =[ 2 ] = 0.10276
𝑅𝑚 3 (0.433)3

Substitute

𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
2𝑔 + 𝑑2 − 2𝑔 − 𝑑1
𝐿=
𝑆𝑂 − 𝑆

(5.721)2 (12.626)2
+ 0.874 − − 0.396
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐿= = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝒎
0.003 − 0.10276

The hydraulic jump is approximately located 59.934 m from point 1 (point B).

Determine the energy lost due to the hydraulic jump

S1 HLJ
2
V22/2g T V3 /2g

O
d3 = 2.018 m
d2

Y1 2
D. L.
3

LJ

Write Bernoulli’s Energy Equation between points O and T, determine the head loss
between points 2 and 3.

𝑉𝑂 2 𝑝𝑂 𝑉𝑇 2 𝑝𝑇
+ + 𝑍𝑂 = + + 𝑍𝑇 + 𝐻𝐿𝐽
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

𝑉2 2 𝑉3 2
+ 0 + (𝑌1 + 𝑑2 ) = + 0 + 𝑑3 + 𝐻𝐿𝐽
2𝑔 2𝑔

27 | 2 8 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS OPEN CHANNELS
(5.721)2 (2.478)2
+ 𝑆𝑂 𝐿𝐽 + 0.874 = + 2.018 + 𝐻𝐿𝐽
2𝑔 2𝑔

Determine LJ, from Silvester formula

𝐿𝐽 = 9.75𝑑2 (𝐹𝑟2 − 1)1.01

𝑉2 5.721
𝐹𝑟2 = = = 1.954 > 1.0 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝒐𝒌
√𝑔𝑑2 √𝑔(0.874)

𝐿𝐽 = 9.75𝑑2 (𝐹𝑟2 − 1)1.01

𝑳𝑱 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟒)(𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 − 𝟏)𝟏.𝟎𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝒎

OR

Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump by Hager, W.H. 1992 By experiment:

𝐹𝑟2 − 1
𝐿𝐽 = 220𝑑2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
22

1.954 − 1
𝐿𝐽 = 220(0.874) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( ) = 8.333 𝑚
22

And using the result from Silvester formula

(5.721)2 (2.478)2
+ (0.003)(8.126) + 0.874 = + 2.018 + 𝐻𝐿𝐽
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐻𝐿𝐽 = 0.236 𝑚

Energy Lost due to Hydraulic Jump

𝑄𝑤𝐻𝐿𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
746

(𝟏𝟓)(𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟔)
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 = = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟏 𝒉𝒑
𝟕𝟒𝟔

28 | 2 8 cblamsis