1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) 1.2.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) General Examination 1, A. common application of an aluminium block containing quench cracks is to: - (@) Determine penetrant test sensitivity (b) Compare performance of penetrant materials or processes (©) Determine effects of mechanical cleaning methods on penetrant test results, (d) Determine effectiveness of cleaning techniques 2. Which of the following is not (!) an advantage of a water washable fluorescent penetrant process? (a) Excess penetrant is easily removed with a water wash (b) It is well suited to testing large quantities of small parts | (© tis realy removed from shallow discontinuities (d) It has low cost, low processing time compared to the post emulsified penetrant process 3. When using a water washable penetrant testing process, why should the water rinse temperature remain constant? (a) To avoid changes in rinse efficiency (b) To maintain the temperature of the part (d) To avoid under washing 4. What is the proper technique for removal of excess penetrant from a part when using a water washable penetrant process? (a) Fine spray normal to the surface (b) Coarse spray normal to the surface (6) Fine spray at 45 degrees to the surface CeSormnamnay atts deersen sp the surface 5. Which type of developer would you use to obtain the highest sensitivity test results? (a) Dry (©) Aqueous wet (d) Lipophilic 266, What type of penetrant process would be best suited to an application at near freezing temperatures? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable 7. Which type of developer does not (!) provide a contrasting background against which {to view penetrant indications? (b) Non-aqueous wet (c) Water soluble (d) Water suspendable 8. Which type of developer should not be used with a visible dye penetrant process? -@) Dry | (b) Non-aqueous wet (c) Water soluble (d) Water suspendable 9. Why might steel parts have a greater tendeney towards rusting after penetrant testing? (a) Penetrant materials are normally corrosive (b) Penetrant materials residues are hydroscopic (© Ay POtERtivE Gils are removed during penetrant testing (d) This is true only if the developer and penetrant residues are not removed after testing 10. The most significant advantage of the visible solvent removable penetrant process is? (a) Its suitability for penetrant testing of article with rough surfaces (0) Its non-corrosive properties (d) Ability to allow retest 2711, Correct developer coating thickness is indicated by: (a) An even, snowy white appearance (b) A slightly pinkish background (©) A fine, misting spray (@) A thin, translucent layer 12, Which penetrant test processes commonly use the same penetrants? (a) Water washable (b) Water washable and solvent removable - (ce) Solvent removable and post emulsifier (d) None of the above 13. Mercury vapour black lights may be extinguished if the supply voltage drops below about: (a) 120 volts (b) 90 volts (©) 220 volts 14, The output of a mercury vapour black light depends on: (a) Cleanliness of its filter (b) Age of the bulb (d) None of the above 15, When a mercury vapour black light is first turned on, what minimum warm-up time is normally required? (a) None (b) 2 to 3 minutes (d) 10 minutes 2816, When a mercury vapour black light is inadvertently cut off, approximately how long. should it be allowed to cool before attempting to restart? (a) Not required (b) 2 to 3 minutes qian (d) 10 minutes 17. A soft aluminium test piece is to be penetrant tested. The piece has previously been sand blasted to remove tightly adhering soils. What additional surface preparation should be performed? (a) Etching (b) Solvent cleaning _(e) Ultrasonic cleaning (d) Grinding 18. Dried, non-aqueous developers are best removed after penetrant testing by: (a) Solvent cleaning (b) Wiping with a water dampened cloth (c) Wiping with a dry towel -@) Any ofthe above 19. The most important penetrant test processing time to control is: (9 eat eine (b) Emulsifier dwell time (c) Water rinse time (d) Development time 20. A penetrant which contains an emulsifier is called: (a) Solvent removable _(b) Water washable _ (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Solvent suspended 2921. A penetrant which requires a separate emulsification step prior to removal from the surface of the test piece is called? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (©) Post emulsifiable (d) Solvent suspended 22. The chief advantage of using a water washable penetrant process is: (a) Sensitivity - (b) Safety — (c) Water tolerance (d) Economics 23. While performing a fluorescent water washable penetrant test, which of the following steps should be performed under black light? (a) Penetrant application ET ovel (©) Emulsification (d) Developer application 24. What are the two most important properties in determining the penetrating ability of a penetrant? (a) Viscosity and surface tension (b) Viscosity and contact angle | (© Src enson and wating abiiy (d) None of the above 25. The human eye is most sensitive to which of the following types of light? (a) Yellow-green (b) Red (d) Orange 3026. What amount of time is normally considered necessary for dark adaption of the eyes prior to performing a fluorescent penetrant test? (a) None required (b) 1 to 2 minutes (©) 3t0S minutes (d) 5 to 10 minutes 27. Which of the following is not normally recommended? (a) Performing a fluorescent penetrant test following a visible penetrant test? (b) Performing a visible penetrant test following a fluorescent test (c) Removing excess penetrant with a water spray (d) Removing excess penetrant with towels moistened with solvent 28. What is the most common source of penetrant bath contamination? (a) Emulsifier —— (b) Water (©) Developer (d) Solvent 29. Which of the following is normally considered acceptable practice? (a) Sand blasting a soft aluminium part during pre-cleaning (b) Performing a fluorescent penetrant test following a visible penetrant test (c) performing a re-test on a part tested with a water washable penetrant process " (d) Removing excess penetrant with a water spray 30. A penetrant testing method in which an emulsifier, separate from the penetrant, is used is called: (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable | (© Postemasifying (d) Self emulsifying 3131. A penetrant testing method in which the degree of washability can be controlled by the operator is called: (a) Self emulsifying (b) Post emulsifiable egitim (a) Solvent removable 32. Open, shallow discontinuities are best detected by which penetrant testing method? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable ©) Post emulsifiable — (a) None of the above 33. An advantage of the post emulsifiable penetrant testing process is that: \ @ Test pieces can be re-processed several times with little loss of sensitivity (b) It is the most economical penetrant testing process (6) It is highly susceptible to over washing (4) It is not self emulsifying 34. A disadvantage of the post emulsifiable penetrant process is that: (a) Test pieces can be re-processed several times with little loss of sensitivity (b) It is not very sensitive to open, shallow discontinuities (6) It is less sensitive to degradation in the presence of acids and chromates (@) Emulsifier application is an extra processing step 35. Acceptable methods to apply emulsifier are: (a) Dipping (b) Flowing (©) Spraying 3236. An advantage of emulsifier application by dipping is: (a) Excess penetrant is recovered in the emulsifier tank and reprocessed |b) Allof the test objet is coated at approximately the same time (c) Excess emulsifier drains back into the emulsifier tank for re-use (d) Hydrophilic scrubbing is then easier to perform 37. Emulsification time is less critical for the detection of: —— @) Fine, tight eracks (b) Wide, shallow discontinuities (c) Internal porosity (d) None of the above 38. Over washing during excess penetrant removal is less likely with which penetrant testing proc (a) Solvent removable - (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Self emusifying 39. The fluorescent dyes used in the liquid penetrant testing process are most active when energised with black light of what wavelengths? (A stands for angstrom units) (a) 2.0 * 10m (2000 A) (b) 2.5 * 10m (2500 A) (©) 3.25 « 107m (3250 A) — (@) 3.65 * 107m (3650 A) 40. Application of penetrant to a test piece may be by: ©) Dipping, bashing oF spraying (b) Spraying only (©) Bushing or spraying only (d) Dipping or spraying only 3334 41. The penetrant process best suited to use on parts with rough surfaces is: (a) Solvent removable (©) Water washable (0) Post emulsifiable (d) Magnetie particle 42. The penetrant process best suited for the detection of very fine discontinuities is: (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (©) Post emulsifiable (d) Magnetie particle 43. The penetrant process best suited for use on parts with keyways and threads is: (a) Solvent removable () Water washable (0) Post emulsifiable (d) None of the above 44. Indications which are caused by design or construction of the test piece are called? (a) Relevant (©) False (d) Real 48. Indications which are caused by something other than a discontinuity are called: (a) Relevant (©) False (d) Real46. Which of the following discontinuities would you not expect to find in a casting? (a) Shrinkage cracks (b) Incomplete penetration (©) Cold shuts (@) Porosity 47. Which type of casting is made in a metal mould? (a) Investment casting (b) Sand casting (©) Die casting | (d) Lost wax process 48. The act of determining the cause of an indication is called - (a) Interpretation (b) Inspection (©) Evaluation (d) Determination 49. The act of determining the effect of a discontinuity of the usefulness of a part is called: (a) Interpretation (b) Inspection ©) Evaluation (d) Determination 50. Contaminants which are commonly limited in penetrant materials are: (a) Hydrogen and chlorine (b) Carbon and sulphur (©) Hydrogen and carbon 351.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Specific Examination 1, The most likely result of a too short dwell time of an emulsifier is: (a) A tendeney to remove the penetrant from fine discontinuities (@) Incomplete removal of excess surface penetrant (©) An overactive emulsifier (@) All of the above 2. Diffusion of a lipophilic emulsifier penetrant into the test piece surface is stopped by: (a) The conclusion of the emulsifier dwell time (b) The penetrant (©) Application of developer 3. When using a post emulsifiable penetrant process, it is important to drain as much excess penetrant as possible from the surface of a test piece which has been immersed in the penetrant because: (a) Too much penetrant on the part surface may lead to more rapid penetration and over-sensitivity (b) A thinner layer of penetrant is likely to have higher capillary action and, thus, bbe more sensitive to fine discontinuities (©) A thinner layer of penetrant will result in less penetrant contamination in the emulsifier tank 4, When a drain-dwell technique is used during emulsification, what two mechanisms are responsible for combining the emulsifier and penetrant? (© ittasionanarapstet mining (b) Osmosis and agitation (©) Turbulent mixing and osmosis (d) Agitation and turbulent mixi is 365. When performing a post emulsifiable penetrant test, the test piece does not rinse acceptable clean during normal processing. What should be done? (a) Return the test piece to the emulsifier and repeat the step (b) Increase water temperature and pressure (©) Remove the excess penetrant with solvent remover and process the remainder of the test normally (@)Cleaittietestpiese aa F-process through the complete penetrant test process 6. The adequacy of excess penetrant removal, using water washable penetrant process, is judged and controlled by: (a) Water rinse time (b) Fluorescent brightness measurement OCD (d) Cleantiness of cloths used for removal 7. Another name for a self-emulsifying penetrant process is: (a) Solvent removable etiam (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Solvent emulsifiable 8. Which of the following is a function of an emulsifier? (a) To draw penetrant out of a discontinuity and form a visible indication (b) To increase the size of an indi ion through capillary action (o) To provide contrasting background for viewing penetrant indications 9. When viewed under black light, developer appears: (a) Yellow-green (©) White (d) Pinkish white 710, Penetrant developers are used in which of the following forms? (a) Water washable (b) Water suspendable (c) Solvent suspendable 11, Which of the following developers requires the test piece to be dried prior to its application? (a) Water washable (b) Water suspendable EB enlable (d) All of the above 12. An effect of a thick developer coating might be: EMOTE ity indications (b) To enhance discontinuity indications (c) To increase penetrant test sensitivity by providing more capillary paths (d) None of the above 13, Why is it important to view the test piece shortly after developer application and periodically through the development time? (a) To make sure the developer dries evenly (b) To guard against pooling of developer in low areas (To aVoid Missing Small flaw indications adjacent to areas of high bleed-out (d) To avoid missing transient indications against an otherwise clean background 14, Which of the following is an advantage of a dry developer? (a) Ease of handling (b) Non-corrosive (©) No hazardous vapours 38,15, Why is the need for a dry surface prior to developer application more of a disadvantage with a dry developer than with a non-aqueous wet developer? | (@) Because the dry developer only forms a thin film on the surface of the test piece (b) Because the solvent in a non-aqueous wet developer penetrates deeper into discontinuities to contact entrapped penetrant and draw it back out (©) Because the warm test piece causes evaporation of the solvent in the non- aqueous developer (d) All of the above 16. The preferred method of application of aqueous wet developer is: (a) Dipping (b) Spraying (©) Brushing 17. Itis easier to control developer coating thickness with a soluble developer than a water suspendable one because: (a) Less developer can be dissolved that suspended in water (b) It dries more rapidly on the test piece (0) Evaporation deposits a thin, even coating on the test piece 18. Which of the following is not an advantage of an aqueous wet developer? (b) It has no hazardous vapours (c) There is visible evidence of developer coverage (d) During drying, only water evaporates, not costly solvents 19. A disadvantage of water soluble developers is: (a) Agitation of the developer is not required (b) A uniform developer film is obtained (©) The dried developer is difficult to remove during post cleaning 3920. Fluorescent penetrant indications are more visible than colour contrast penetrant indications because: (a) They reflect more light (b) They emit rather than reflect light (0) They contain a higher concentration of dye particles (d) Yellow and green contrast more than red and white 21. The tendeney of a liquid to be drawn into small discontinuities is called: (a) Viscosity (b) Barometric (©) Capillary action (d) Surface tension 22. A liquid which reacts with a penetrant to render it water washable is called: (a) Developer © &) Emulsifier (c) Aqueous scrubber (d) Non-aqueous cleaner 23. A water tolerance test would be performed on: (a) Solvent removable penetrants (b) Water washable and post emulsifiable penetrant (c) Solvent removable penetrants and hydrophilic emulsifiers AES Peeants and lipophilic emulsifiers 24. A problem which could be caused by a penetrant with abnormally high water content is: (a) Hydrogen assisted cracking (c) Water contamination (d) Blurring of indications 4025. Deterioration of penetrant material performance may be caused by which of the following? (a) Water contamination (b) Heat (c) Cleaning solvents ~ @) Allofthe above 26. When adding water to a penetrant, the water tolerance limit is indicated when: (a) Opacity reaches 2% of International optical transmission standard (b) The penetrant material and dye separate into their constituent parts (CURSES curs (d) None of the above 27. Possible degradation of penetrant materials performance is often checked by: (§@) Performing penetra testing of comparator blocks using samples of new and used penetrant materials (b) Water tolerance test (©) Using a penetrant test penetrameter (d) Judgment of a qualified inspector during production testing 28. The most common biological effect of penetrant materials on personnel is: (a) Burns to the retina of the eye from over exposure to ultraviolet light SBE causes by removal of natural oils from the skin (©) Acute chlorine poisoning (d) No effect 29. Hydrophilic emulsifiers may be applied by: @) Di ng (b) Immersion (c) Spraying 4130. The term ‘drag out losses’ refers to: ° rials that are carried from one processing station to another on the test piece (b) Penetrant which is removed from discontinuities during the water washable process (©) Penetrant. which is removed from discontinuities because of over- emulsification prior to water removal (d) Both bande 31. The diffusion mechanism is used in the operation of: (a) Solvent removable penetrant qian: (©) Hydrophilic emulsifiers (@) Both band 32. The concentration of a hydrophilic emulsifier may be measured by: (a) Specific gravity (6) Fluorescent brightness (c) An optical refraction meter (d) A comparator block 33. When applied by immersion, an optimum concentration for a hydrophilic emulsifier is about: (a) 0.5-2% tomy (©) 2.5-20% (a) 50-80% 34, Hydrophilic emulsifier contact time depends on which of the following? (a) Surface finish of test piece (b) Emulsifier concentration (©) Method of application a235. How is the correct emulsifier contact time determined? (a) Manufacturer's recommendations (b) One half penetrant dwell time (d) Same as penetrant dwell time 36. Which of the following is used in connection with hydrophilic emulsifier applied by immersion? (a) Brushing ~ ) Agitation (c) Drain-dwell (d) All of the above 37. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a hydrophilic emulsifier? (a) Greater penetrant tolerance than lipophilic emulsifiers ~(b) Economical, (c) Low drag-out losses compared to lipophilic emulsifiers a, Versatile application 38. During excess penetrant removal, a water spray pre-rinse might be used with: (a) A lipophilic emulsifier (©) A hydrophobic emulsifier (d) None of the above 39. Re-cycling of penetrant and rinse water is facilitated with which of the following emulsifier types? (a) Hydrophobic (b) Hydrophilic (©) Lipophilic (d) Hygroscopie 4B40. Which type of emulsifier is intended for use without dilution? (a) Hydrophobic (b) Hydrophilic QeiamD (d) Hygroscopic 41. Halogen content of penetrant materials is limited because of the possibility of stress corrosion cracking in which of the following materials? (a) High tensile steel (b) Austenitic stainless steel (©) Titanium alloys | @) Allofthe above 42. The most likely cause of loss of performance in a lipophilic emulsifier is: (a) High viscosity ~ (b) Water contamination (©) Phase separation (d) Improper concentration 43. In performing a water content test of a lipophilic emulsifier per ASTM D-95, what solvent is used? (a) Naptha (b) Trichloroethane (©) Benzene 44. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the least sensitive? (a) Water suspendable wet (immersion) (b) Water suspendable wet (spray) (d) Non-aqueous wet (solvent spray) 45. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the most sensitive? (a) Water suspendable wet (immersion) (b) Water suspendable wet (spray) (©) Dry immersion (dip) 4446. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the least sensitive? (a) Water suspendable wet (immersion) | (&) Water suspendable wet pray) (c) Water soluble (spray) (d) Water soluble (immersion) 47. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the most sensitive? (a) Water suspendable wet (immersion) (b) Water suspendable wet (spray) (c) Water soluble (spray) @) Water soluble Gimmersion) 48. Dual purpose penetrants are viewed under what type of light? (a) White light (b) Black light (©) Bothaand (d) None of the above 49. When is it possible to detect slightly sub-surface defects using penetrant testing? (a) Only if you are using fluorescent penetrant (b) When using post-emulsifiable penetrant @ Wis not posible to etet Highly SibAueface defects using penetrant testing (d) When using dual sensitivity penetrants 50. Which of the following would be classed as an in-service fault? (a) A shrinkage crack YA fatigue cack (c) A grinding crack (d) All could be in-service faults 451.2.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Answers to Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 Answers to questions 46